Female house mice develop a unique ovarian lesion in colonies that are at maximum population density

Consequences of serotonin transporter genotype and early adversity on behavioral profile - pathology or adaptation?

This review focuses on how behavioral profile is shaped by early adversity in individuals with varying serotonin transporter (5-HTT) genotype. In a recent study on 5-HTT knockout mice Heiming et al. (2009) simulated a 'dangerous environment' by confronting pregnant and lactating females with odor cues of unfamiliar males, indicating the risk of infant killing. Growing up in a dangerous environment induced increased anxiety-related behavior and decreased exploratory locomotion in the offspring, the effects being most pronounced in mice lacking 5-HTT expression. We argue that these alterations in behavioral profile represent adaptive maternal effects that help the individuals to cope with adversity. In principle, such effects of adversity on behavioral profile should not automatically be regarded as pathological. Rather and in accordance with modern evolutionary theory they may represent adaptations, although individuals with 5-HTT genotype induced susceptibility to adversity may be at risk of developing pathologies.

Adaptive modulation of behavioural profiles by social stress during early phases of life and adolescence

The development of individual behavioural profiles can be powerfully influenced by stressful social experiences. Using a comparative approach, we focus on the role of social stressors for the modulation of behavioural profile during early phases of life and adolescence. For gregarious species, the stability of the social environment in which the pregnant and lactating female lives is of major importance for foetal brain development and the behavioural profile of the offspring in later life. Social instability during these critical periods of development generally brings about a behavioural and neuroendocrine masculinisation in daughters and a less pronounced expression of male-typical traits in sons. Moreover, when mothers live in a socially threatening world during this time, anxiety-like behaviour of their offspring often is elevated in adulthood. These effects of the social environment are likely to be mediated by maternal hormones and/or maternal behaviour. In addition, they can be modulated significantly by offspring genotype. We favour the hypothesis that the behavioural effects of social stress during this phase of life are not necessarily "pathological" (nonadaptive) consequences or constraints of adverse social conditions. Rather, mothers could be adjusting the offspring to their environment in an adaptive way. Adolescence is another period in which behavioural development is particularly susceptible to social influences. There is some evidence that stressful social events experienced at this time alter and canalize behaviour in an adaptive fashion, so that earlier influences on behavioural profile development can be complemented and readjusted, if necessary, to meet current environmental conditions. In terms of underlying neuroendocrine mechanism, a central role for the interaction of testosterone and stress hormones is suggested. In summary, the modulation of behavioural profiles by social stress from the prenatal phase through adolescence appears to represent an effective mechanism for repeated and rapid adaptation.

Interactions between seabirds and endemic deer mouse populations on Santa Barbara Island, California

Nesting seabirds alter habitat and food availability for insular rodent populations; in turn, rodents can reduce seabird nest success by consuming eggs and chicks. Predation by deer mice ( Peromyscus maniculatus elusus Nelson and Goldman, 1931) is considered a significant threat to reproductive success of Xantus’ Murrelet ( Synthliboramphus hypoleucus (Xantus de Vesey, 1860)), a small, burrow-nesting seabird that breeds off the coast of southern California and Baja California. We live-trapped mice in and out of seabird colonies on Santa Barbara Island, California, USA, to determine the effects of seabirds on mouse populations. We used stable isotope analysis to determine if mice fed on murrelet eggs and chicks. Mouse densities increased significantly on all sites from winter to summer, but there were no significant differences in densities between areas with and without seabirds. Although mice were abundant in murrelet colonies, mouse populations appeared to be affected more by habitat factors than seabird populations: areas with greater rock cover supported higher densities, fewer juveniles, and larger adults in winter and spring, whereas grassland sites had high densities and more reproductive adults in summer. We found no evidence of consumption of murrelet chicks or eggs, suggesting that eggs are not a major component of the diet of most mice. However, mice can still have a significant impact on local murrelet productivity because few eggs are laid each season relative to the high numbers of mice present.