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Nixon CA. The Composition and Chemistry of Titan's Atmosphere. ACS EARTH & SPACE CHEMISTRY 2024; 8:406-456. [PMID: 38533193 PMCID: PMC10961852 DOI: 10.1021/acsearthspacechem.2c00041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
In this review I summarize the current state of knowledge about the composition of Titan's atmosphere and our current understanding of the suggested chemistry that leads to that observed composition. I begin with our present knowledge of the atmospheric composition, garnered from a variety of measurements including Cassini-Huygens, the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array, and other ground- and space-based telescopes. This review focuses on the typical vertical profiles of gases at low latitudes rather than global and temporal variations. The main body of the review presents a chemical description of how complex molecules are believed to arise from simpler species, considering all known "stable" molecules-those that have been uniquely identified in the neutral atmosphere. The last section of the review is devoted to the gaps in our present knowledge of Titan's chemical composition and how further work may fill those gaps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conor A. Nixon
- Planetary Systems Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, 8800 Greenbelt Road, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, United
States
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2
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Perlin AL, Wolff W, Oliveira RR. Low Energy Isomers and Infrared Spectra Simulations of C 4H 3N, C 4H 4N, and C 4H 5N and Related Ions. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:2481-2488. [PMID: 36913600 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c09098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/15/2023]
Abstract
The relative stability of pyrrole derivatives were investigated by applying a global minimum (GM) search for the low-lying energy structures of C4HnN (n = 3-5) clusters at neutral, anionic, and cationic states. Several low-energy structures, previously not reported, were identified. The present results reveal a preference for cyclic and conjugated systems for the C4H5N and C4H4N compounds. In particular, the structures of the cationic and neutral C4H3N species are different from the anionic ones. For the neutrals and cations, cumulenic carbon chains were found, while for the anions, conjugated open chains were obtained. Of particular relevance, the GM candidates C4H4N+ and C4H4N are different from those reported previously. For the most stable structures, infrared spectra were simulated and the main vibrational bands were assigned. Also, a comparison with available laboratory data was done aiming to corroborate with experimental detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir L Perlin
- Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-909, Brazil
| | - Wania Wolff
- Physics Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-909, Brazil
| | - Ricardo R Oliveira
- Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-909, Brazil
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3
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Cabezas C, Roueff E, Tercero B, Agúndez M, Marcelino N, de Vicente P, Cernicharo J. Detection of deuterated methylcyanoacetylene, CH 2DC 3N, in TMC-1. ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS 2021; 650:L15. [PMID: 34321677 PMCID: PMC7611387 DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361/202141371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We report the first detection in space of the single deuterated isotopologue of methylcyanoacetylene, CH2DC3N. A total of fifteen rotational transitions, with J = 8-12 and Ka = 0 and 1, were identified for this species in TMC-1 in the 31.0-50.4 GHz range using the Yebes 40m radio telescope. The observed frequencies were used to derive for the first time the spectroscopic parameters of this deuterated isotopologue. We derive a column density of (8.0 ± 0.4) × 1010 cm-2. The abundance ratio between CH3C3N and CH2DC3N is ∼22. We also theoretically computed the principal spectroscopic constants of 13C isotopologues of CH3C3N and CH3C4H and those of the deuterated isotopologues of CH3C4H for which we could expect a similar degree of deuteration enhancement. However, we have not detected either CH2DC4H nor CH3C4D nor any 13C isotopologue. The different observed deuterium ratios in TMC-1 are reasonably accounted for by a gas phase chemical model where the low temperature conditions favor deuteron transfer through reactions with H2D+.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Cabezas
- Grupo de Astrofísica Molecular, Instituto de Física Fundamental (IFF-CSIC), C/ Serrano 121, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - E Roueff
- LERMA, Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University, CNRS, Sorbonne Universités, 92190 Meudon, France
| | - B Tercero
- Observatorio Astronómico Nacional (IGN), C/ Alfonso XII, 3, 28014, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Desarrollos Tecnológicos, Observatorio de Yebes (IGN), 19141 Yebes, Guadalajara, Spain
| | - M Agúndez
- Grupo de Astrofísica Molecular, Instituto de Física Fundamental (IFF-CSIC), C/ Serrano 121, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - N Marcelino
- Grupo de Astrofísica Molecular, Instituto de Física Fundamental (IFF-CSIC), C/ Serrano 121, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - P de Vicente
- Observatorio Astronómico Nacional (IGN), C/ Alfonso XII, 3, 28014, Madrid, Spain
| | - J Cernicharo
- Grupo de Astrofísica Molecular, Instituto de Física Fundamental (IFF-CSIC), C/ Serrano 121, 28006 Madrid, Spain
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Cernicharo J, Agúndez M, Cabezas C, Tercero B, Marcelino N, Pardo JR, de Vicente P. Pure hydrocarbon cycles in TMC-1: Discovery of ethynyl cyclopropenylidene, cyclopentadiene and indene. ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS 2021; 649:L15. [PMID: 34257463 PMCID: PMC7611194 DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361/202141156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We report the detection for the first time in space of three new pure hydrocarbon cycles in TMC-1: c-C3HCCH (ethynyl cyclopropenylidene), c-C5H6 (cyclopentadiene) and c-C9H8 (indene). We derive a column density of 3.1 × 1011 cm-2 for the former cycle and similar values, in the range (1-2) × 1013 cm-2, for the two latter molecules. This means that cyclopentadiene and indene, in spite of their large size, are exceptionally abundant, only a factor of five less abundant than the ubiquitous cyclic hydrocarbon c-C3H2. The high abundance found for these two hydrocarbon cycles, together with the high abundance previously found for the propargyl radical (CH2CCH) and other hydrocarbons like vinyl and allenyl acetylene (Agúndez et al. 2021; Cernicharo et al. 2021a,b), start to allow us to quantify the abundant content of hydrocarbon rings in cold dark clouds and to identify the intermediate species that are probably behind the in situ bottom-up synthesis of aromatic cycles in these environments. While c-C3HCCH is most likely formed through the reaction between the radical CCH and c-C3H2, the high observed abundances of cyclopentadiene and indene are difficult to explain through currently proposed chemical mechanisms. Further studies are needed to identify how are five- and six-membered rings formed under the cold conditions of clouds like TMC-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Cernicharo
- Grupo de Astrofísica Molecular, Instituto de Física Fundamental (IFF-CSIC), C/Serrano 121, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - M. Agúndez
- Grupo de Astrofísica Molecular, Instituto de Física Fundamental (IFF-CSIC), C/Serrano 121, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - C. Cabezas
- Grupo de Astrofísica Molecular, Instituto de Física Fundamental (IFF-CSIC), C/Serrano 121, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - B. Tercero
- Centro de Desarrollos Tecnológicos, Observatorio de Yebes (IGN), 19141 Yebes, Guadalajara, Spain
- Observatorio Astronómico Nacional (OAN, IGN), Madrid, Spain
| | - N. Marcelino
- Grupo de Astrofísica Molecular, Instituto de Física Fundamental (IFF-CSIC), C/Serrano 121, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - J. R. Pardo
- Grupo de Astrofísica Molecular, Instituto de Física Fundamental (IFF-CSIC), C/Serrano 121, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - P. de Vicente
- Centro de Desarrollos Tecnológicos, Observatorio de Yebes (IGN), 19141 Yebes, Guadalajara, Spain
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Agúndez M, Marcelino N, Tercero B, Cabezas C, de Vicente P, Cernicharo J. O-bearing complex organic molecules at the cyanopolyyne peak of TMC-1: detection of C 2H 3CHO, C 2H 3OH, HCOOCH 3, and CH 3OCH 3. ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS 2021; 649:L4. [PMID: 34334796 PMCID: PMC7611417 DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361/202140978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
We report the detection of the oxygen-bearing complex organic molecules propenal (C2H3CHO), vinyl alcohol (C2H3OH), methyl formate (HCOOCH3), and dimethyl ether (CH3OCH3) toward the cyanopolyyne peak of the starless core TMC-1. These molecules are detected through several emission lines in a deep Q-band line survey of TMC-1 carried out with the Yebes 40m telescope. These observations reveal that the cyanopolyyne peak of TMC-1, which is the prototype of cold dark cloud rich in carbon chains, contains also O-bearing complex organic molecules like HCOOCH3 and CH3OCH3, which have been previously seen in a handful of cold interstellar clouds. In addition, this is the first secure detection of C2H3OH in space and the first time that C2H3CHO and C2H3OH are detected in a cold environment, adding new pieces in the puzzle of complex organic molecules in cold sources. We derive column densities of (2.2 ± 0.3) × 1011 cm™2, (2.5 ± 0.5) × 1012 cm-2, (1.1 ± 0.2) × 1012 cm-2, and (2.5 ± 0.7) × 1012 cm-2 for C2H3CHO, C2H3OH, HCOOCH3, and CH3OCH3, respectively. Interestingly, C2H3OH has an abundance similar to that of its well known isomer acetaldehyde (CH3CHO), with C2H3OH/CH3CHO ~ 1 at the cyanopolyyne peak. We discuss potential formation routes to these molecules and recognize that further experimental, theoretical, and astronomical studies are needed to elucidate the true mechanism of formation of these O-bearing complex organic molecules in cold interstellar sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Agúndez
- Instituto de Física Fundamental, CSIC, Calle Serrano 123, E-28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - N. Marcelino
- Instituto de Física Fundamental, CSIC, Calle Serrano 123, E-28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - B. Tercero
- Observatorio Astronómico Nacional, IGN, Calle Alfonso XII 3, E-28014 Madrid, Spain
- Observatorio de Yebes, IGN, Cerro de la Palera s/n, E-19141 Yebes, Guadalajara, Spain
| | - C. Cabezas
- Instituto de Física Fundamental, CSIC, Calle Serrano 123, E-28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - P. de Vicente
- Observatorio de Yebes, IGN, Cerro de la Palera s/n, E-19141 Yebes, Guadalajara, Spain
| | - J. Cernicharo
- Instituto de Física Fundamental, CSIC, Calle Serrano 123, E-28006 Madrid, Spain
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Cernicharo J, Agúndez M, Cabezas C, Marcelino N, Tercero B, Pardo JR, Gallego JD, Tercero F, López-Pérez JA, de Vicente P. Discovery of CH 2CHCCH and detection of HCCN, HC 4N, CH 3CH 2CN, and, tentatively, CH 3CH 2CCH in TMC-1. ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS 2021; 647:L2. [PMID: 33833468 PMCID: PMC7610549 DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361/202140434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We present the discovery in TMC-1 of vinyl acetylene, CH2CHCCH, and the detection, for the first time in a cold dark cloud, of HCCN, HC4N, and CH3CH2CN. A tentative detection of CH3CH2CCH is also reported. The column density of vinyl acetylene is (1.2±0.2)×1013 cm-2, which makes it one of the most abundant closed-shell hydrocarbons detected in TMC-1. Its abundance is only three times lower than that of propylene, CH3CHCH2. The column densities derived for HCCN and HC4N are (4.4±0.4)×1011 cm-2 and (3.7±0.4)×1011 cm-2, respectively. Hence, the HCCN/HC4N abundance ratio is 1.2±0.3. For ethyl cyanide we derive a column density of (1.1 ±0.3)×1011 cm-2. These results are compared with a state-of-the-art chemical model of TMC-1, which is able to account for the observed abundances of these molecules through gas-phase chemical routes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Cernicharo
- Grupo de Astrofísica Molecular, Instituto de Física Fundamental (IFF-CSIC), C/ Serrano 121, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - M Agúndez
- Grupo de Astrofísica Molecular, Instituto de Física Fundamental (IFF-CSIC), C/ Serrano 121, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - C Cabezas
- Grupo de Astrofísica Molecular, Instituto de Física Fundamental (IFF-CSIC), C/ Serrano 121, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - N Marcelino
- Grupo de Astrofísica Molecular, Instituto de Física Fundamental (IFF-CSIC), C/ Serrano 121, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - B Tercero
- Centro de Desarrollos Tecnológicos, Observatorio de Yebes (IGN), 19141 Yebes, Guadalajara, Spain
- Observatorio Astronómico Nacional (IGN), C/ Alfonso XII, 3, 28014, Madrid, Spain
| | - J R Pardo
- Grupo de Astrofísica Molecular, Instituto de Física Fundamental (IFF-CSIC), C/ Serrano 121, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - J D Gallego
- Centro de Desarrollos Tecnológicos, Observatorio de Yebes (IGN), 19141 Yebes, Guadalajara, Spain
| | - F Tercero
- Centro de Desarrollos Tecnológicos, Observatorio de Yebes (IGN), 19141 Yebes, Guadalajara, Spain
| | - J A López-Pérez
- Centro de Desarrollos Tecnológicos, Observatorio de Yebes (IGN), 19141 Yebes, Guadalajara, Spain
| | - P de Vicente
- Centro de Desarrollos Tecnológicos, Observatorio de Yebes (IGN), 19141 Yebes, Guadalajara, Spain
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Cernicharo J, Cabezas C, Agúndez M, Tercero B, Marcelino N, Pardo JR, Tercero F, Gallego J, López-Pérez J, deVicente P. Discovery of allenyl acetylene, H 2CCCHCCH, in TMC-1. A study of the isomers of C 5H 4. ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS 2021; 647:L3. [PMID: 33850332 PMCID: PMC7610584 DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361/202140482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
We present the discovery in TMC-1 of allenyl acetylene, H2CCCHCCH, through the observation of nineteen lines with a signal-to-noise ratio ~4-15. For this species, we derived a rotational temperature of 7±1K and a column density of 1.2±0.2×1013 cm-2. The other well known isomer of this molecule, methyl diacetylene (CH3C4H), has also been observed and we derived a similar rotational temperature, Tr=7.0±0.3 K, and a column density for its two states (A and E) of 6.5±0.3×1012 cm-2. Hence, allenyl acetylene and methyl diacetylene have a similar abundance. Remarkably, their abundances are close to that of vinyl acetylene (CH2CHCCH). We also searched for the other isomer of C5H4, HCCCH2CCH (1.4-Pentadiyne), but only a3σ upper limit of 2.5×1012 cm-2 to the column density can be established. These results have been compared to state-of-the-art chemical models for TMC-1, indicating the important role of these hydrocarbons in its chemistry. The rotational parameters of allenyl acetylene have been improved by fitting the existing laboratory data together with the frequencies of the transitions observed in TMC-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Cernicharo
- Grupo de Astrofísica Molecular, Instituto de Física Fundamental (IFF-CSIC), C/ Serrano 121, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - C. Cabezas
- Grupo de Astrofísica Molecular, Instituto de Física Fundamental (IFF-CSIC), C/ Serrano 121, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - M. Agúndez
- Grupo de Astrofísica Molecular, Instituto de Física Fundamental (IFF-CSIC), C/ Serrano 121, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - B. Tercero
- Centro de Desarrollos Tecnológicos, Observatorio de Yebes (IGN), 19141 Yebes, Guadalajara, Spain
- Observatorio Astronómico Nacional (OAN, IGN), Madrid, Spain
| | - N. Marcelino
- Grupo de Astrofísica Molecular, Instituto de Física Fundamental (IFF-CSIC), C/ Serrano 121, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - J. R. Pardo
- Grupo de Astrofísica Molecular, Instituto de Física Fundamental (IFF-CSIC), C/ Serrano 121, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - F. Tercero
- Centro de Desarrollos Tecnológicos, Observatorio de Yebes (IGN), 19141 Yebes, Guadalajara, Spain
| | - J.D. Gallego
- Centro de Desarrollos Tecnológicos, Observatorio de Yebes (IGN), 19141 Yebes, Guadalajara, Spain
| | - J.A. López-Pérez
- Centro de Desarrollos Tecnológicos, Observatorio de Yebes (IGN), 19141 Yebes, Guadalajara, Spain
| | - P. deVicente
- Centro de Desarrollos Tecnológicos, Observatorio de Yebes (IGN), 19141 Yebes, Guadalajara, Spain
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Agúndez M, Cabezas C, Tercero B, Marcelino N, Gallego JD, de Vicente P, Cernicharo J. Discovery of the propargyl radical (CH 2CCH) in TMC-1: one of the most abundant radicals ever found and a key species for cyclization to benzene in cold dark clouds. ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS 2021; 647:L10. [PMID: 33850331 PMCID: PMC7610583 DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361/202140553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We present the first identification in interstellar space of the propargyl radical (CH2CCH). This species was observed in the cold dark cloud TMC-1 using the Yebes 40m telescope. The six strongest hyperfine components of the 20,2-10,1 rotational transition, lying at 37.46 GHz, were detected with signal-to-noise ratios in the range 4.6-12.3 σ. We derive a column density of 8.7 × 1013 cm-2 for CH2CCH, which translates to a fractional abundance relative to H2 of 8.7 × 10-9. This radical has a similar abundance to methyl acetylene, with an abundance ratio CH2CCH/CH3CCH close to one. The propargyl radical is thus one of the most abundant radicals detected in TMC-1, and it is probably the most abundant organic radical with a certain chemical complexity ever found in a cold dark cloud. We constructed a gas-phase chemical model and find calculated abundances that agree with, or fall two orders of magnitude below, the observed value depending on the poorly constrained low-temperature reactivity of CH2CCH with neutral atoms. According to the chemical model, the propargyl radical is essentially formed by the C + C2H4 reaction and by the dissociative recombination of C3Hn + ions with n = 4-6. The propargyl radical is believed to control the synthesis of the first aromatic ring in combustion processes, and it probably plays a key role in the synthesis of large organic molecules and cyclization processes to benzene in cold dark clouds.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Agúndez
- Instituto de Física Fundamental, CSIC, Calle Serrano 123, E-28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - C. Cabezas
- Instituto de Física Fundamental, CSIC, Calle Serrano 123, E-28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - B. Tercero
- Observatorio Astronómico Nacional, IGN, Calle Alfonso XII 3, E-28014 Madrid, Spain
- Observatorio de Yebes, IGN, Cerro de la Palera s/n, E-19141 Yebes, Guadalajara, Spain
| | - N. Marcelino
- Instituto de Física Fundamental, CSIC, Calle Serrano 123, E-28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - J. D. Gallego
- Observatorio de Yebes, IGN, Cerro de la Palera s/n, E-19141 Yebes, Guadalajara, Spain
| | - P. de Vicente
- Observatorio de Yebes, IGN, Cerro de la Palera s/n, E-19141 Yebes, Guadalajara, Spain
| | - J. Cernicharo
- Instituto de Física Fundamental, CSIC, Calle Serrano 123, E-28006 Madrid, Spain
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Cernicharo J, Cabezas C, Bailleux S, Margulès L, Motiyenko R, Zou L, Endo Y, Bermúdez C, Agúndez M, Marcelino N, Lefloch B, Tercero B, de Vicente P. Discovery of the acetyl cation, CH 3CO +, in space and in the laboratory. ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS 2021; 646:L7. [PMID: 33828331 PMCID: PMC7610537 DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361/202040076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Using the Yebes 40m and IRAM 30m radiotelescopes, we detected two series of harmonically related lines in space that can be fitted to a symmetric rotor. The lines have been seen towards the cold dense cores TMC-1, L483, L1527, and L1544. High level of theory ab initio calculations indicate that the best possible candidate is the acetyl cation, CH3CO+, which is the most stable product resulting from the protonation of ketene. We have produced this species in the laboratory and observed its rotational transitions Ju = 10 up to Ju = 27. Hence, we report the discovery of CH3CO+ in space based on our observations, theoretical calculations, and laboratory experiments. The derived rotational and distortion constants allow us to predict the spectrum of CH3CO+ with high accuracy up to 500 GHz. We derive an abundance ratio N(H2CCO)/N(CH3CO+)~44. The high abundance of the protonated form of H2CCO is due to the high proton affinity of the neutral species. The other isomer, H2CCOH+, is found to be 178.9 kJ mol-1 above CH3CO+. The observed intensity ratio between the K=0 and K=1 lines, ~2.2, strongly suggests that the A and E symmetry states have suffered interconversion processes due to collisions with H and/or H2, or during their formation through the reaction of H 3 + with H2CCO.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Cernicharo
- Grupo de Astrofísica Molecular, Instituto de Física Fundamental (IFF-CSIC), C/ Serrano 121, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - C Cabezas
- Grupo de Astrofísica Molecular, Instituto de Física Fundamental (IFF-CSIC), C/ Serrano 121, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - S Bailleux
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8523 - PhLAM - Physique des Lasers Atomes et Molécules, 59000 Lille, France
| | - L Margulès
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8523 - PhLAM - Physique des Lasers Atomes et Molécules, 59000 Lille, France
| | - R Motiyenko
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8523 - PhLAM - Physique des Lasers Atomes et Molécules, 59000 Lille, France
| | - L Zou
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8523 - PhLAM - Physique des Lasers Atomes et Molécules, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Y Endo
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Science Building II, National Chiao Tung University, 1001 Ta-Hsueh Rd., Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
| | - C Bermúdez
- Grupo de Astrofísica Molecular, Instituto de Física Fundamental (IFF-CSIC), C/ Serrano 121, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - M Agúndez
- Grupo de Astrofísica Molecular, Instituto de Física Fundamental (IFF-CSIC), C/ Serrano 121, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - N Marcelino
- Grupo de Astrofísica Molecular, Instituto de Física Fundamental (IFF-CSIC), C/ Serrano 121, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - B Lefloch
- CNRS, IPAG, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - B Tercero
- Observatorio Astronómico Nacional (IGN), C/ Alfonso XII, 3, 28014, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Desarrollos Tecnológicos, Observatorio de Yebes (IGN), 19141 Yebes, Guadalajara, Spain
| | - P de Vicente
- Observatorio Astronómico Nacional (IGN), C/ Alfonso XII, 3, 28014, Madrid, Spain
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