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Abstract
Open f-shell elements still constitute a great challenge for atomic theory owing to their (very) rich fine-structure and strong correlations among the valence-shell electrons. For these medium and heavy elements, many atomic properties are sensitive to the correlated motion of electrons and, hence, require large-scale computations in order to deal consistently with all relativistic, correlation and rearrangement contributions to the electron density. Often, different concepts and notations need to be combined for just classifying the low-lying level structure of these elements. With Jac, the Jena Atomic Calculator, we here provide a toolbox that helps to explore and deal with such elements with open d- and f-shell structures. Based on Dirac’s equation, Jac is suitable for almost all atoms and ions across the periodic table. As an example, we demonstrate how reasonably accurate computations can be performed for the low-lying level structure, transition probabilities and lifetimes for Th2+ ions with a 5f6d ground configuration. Other, and more complex, shell structures are supported as well, though often for a trade-off between the size and accuracy of the computations. Owing to its simple use, however, Jac supports both quick estimates and detailed case studies on open d- or f-shell elements.
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Hofmann S, Dmitriev SN, Fahlander C, Gates JM, Roberto JB, Sakai H. On the discovery of new elements (IUPAC/IUPAP Report). PURE APPL CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1515/pac-2020-2926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Almost thirty years ago the criteria that are currently used to verify claims for the discovery of a new element were set down by the comprehensive work of a Transfermium Working Group, TWG, jointly established by IUPAC and IUPAP. The recent completion of the naming of the 118 elements in the first seven periods of the Periodic Table of the Elements was considered as an opportunity for a review of these criteria in the light of the experimental and theoretical advances in the field. In late 2016 the Unions decided to establish a new Joint Working Group, JWG, consisting of six members determined by the Unions. A first meeting of the JWG was in May 2017. One year later this report was finished. In a first part the works and conclusions of the TWG and the Joint Working Parties, JWP, deciding on the discovery of the now named elements are summarized. Possible experimental developments for production and identification of new elements beyond the presently known ones are estimated. Criteria and guidelines for establishing priority of discovery of these potential new elements are presented. Special emphasis is given to a description for the application of the criteria and the limits for their applicability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigurd Hofmann
- Gesellschaft fuer Schwerionenforschung , Planckstrasse 1 , 64291 Darmstadt, Hessen , Germany
| | - Sergey N. Dmitriev
- Director of the Flerov Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions, FLNR , Dubna , Russia
| | - Claes Fahlander
- Professor of Nuclear Physics, Lund University , Box 118 , Lund , Sweden
| | - Jacklyn M. Gates
- Nuclear Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) , Berkeley, CA , USA
| | - James B. Roberto
- Associate Laboratory Director Emeritus, Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) , Oak Ridge, TN , USA
| | - Hideyuki Sakai
- Special Advisor , RIKEN Nishina Center , Wako, Saitama , Japan
- Professor Emeritus , The University of Tokyo , Hongo, Tokyo , Japan
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Hofmann S, Dmitriev SN, Fahlander C, Gates JM, Roberto JB, Sakai H. On the discovery of new elements (IUPAC/IUPAP Provisional Report). PURE APPL CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1515/pac-2018-0918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Almost thirty years ago the criteria that are currently used to verify claims for the discovery of a new element were set down by the comprehensive work of a Transfermium Working Group, TWG, jointly established by IUPAC and IUPAP. The recent completion of the naming of the 118 elements in the first seven periods of the Periodic Table of the Elements was considered as an opportunity for a review of these criteria in the light of the experimental and theoretical advances in the field. In late 2016 the Unions decided to establish a new Joint Working Group, JWG, consisting of six members determined by the Unions. A first meeting of the JWG was in May 2017. One year later this report was finished. In a first part the works and conclusions of the TWG and the Joint Working Parties, JWP, deciding on the discovery of the now named elements are summarized. Possible experimental developments for production and identification of new elements beyond the presently known ones are estimated. Criteria and guidelines for establishing priority of discovery of these potential new elements are presented. Special emphasis is given to a description for the application of the criteria and the limits for their applicability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigurd Hofmann
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum fuer Schwerionenforschung , Planckstrasse 1 , 64291 Darmstadt , Germany
| | - Sergey N. Dmitriev
- Director of the Flerov Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions, Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JINR) , Dubna, Moscow Region , Russia
| | - Claes Fahlander
- Professor of Nuclear Physics, Lund University , Box 118 , Lund , Sweden
| | - Jacklyn M. Gates
- Nuclear Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) , Berkeley, CA , USA
| | - James B. Roberto
- Associate Laboratory Director Emeritus, Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) , Oak Ridge , TN , USA
| | - Hideyuki Sakai
- Special Advisor , RIKEN Nishina Center , Wako, Saitama , Japan ; and Professor Emeritus, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Tokyo, Japan
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