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He V, Seibt S, Cadarso VJ, Neild A, Boyd BJ. Compartmentalised enzyme-induced phase transformations in self-assembling lipid systems. J Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 672:256-265. [PMID: 38838633 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2024.05.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS Understanding the digestion of lipid-based pharmaceutical formulations and food systems is necessary for optimising drug and nutrient delivery and has been extensively studied in bulk emulsion systems using the pH-stat method [1]. However, this approach is not suitable for investigation of individual lipid droplets, in particular the interface where the lipase acts. Microfluidic approaches to study digestion at lipid-water interfaces using droplet trapping have been proposed, however the aqueous phase in that case washes over the interface presenting uncertainty over the stoichiometry of interactions [2]. The internal interface of a Janus-like droplet, containing distinct aqueous and lipid compartments, mimics the interface of a lipid droplet in aqueous solution with controlled stoichiometry [3]. Hence, it was hypothesised that the internal interface of Janus droplets can offer a precise way to study the enzymatic digestion of lipids formulations. EXPERIMENTS Using microfluidic methods, Janus-like droplets were formed by coalescing emulsion droplets containing lipid formulation and pancreatic lipase. Polarised light microscopy (PLM) and in-situ small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) were used to investigate the droplets. FINDINGS PLM revealed the growth of an aligned inverse hexagonal phase (H2), and with SAXS showed that this phase transformation and alignment resulted from enzymatic digestion. A subsequent partial transformation from H2 to inverse bicontinuous cubic phase occurred when simulated intestinal fluid was used instead of Tris buffer. Suggesting that phospholipids and bile salts could diffuse across the internal interface to locally affect their surroundings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent He
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Susanne Seibt
- SAXS/WAXS Beamline, Australian Synchrotron (ANSTO), 800 Blackburn Rd, Clayton, VIC 3150, Australia
| | - Victor J Cadarso
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Adrian Neild
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Ben J Boyd
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University (Parkville Campus), 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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2
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Podoliak N, Salamon P, Lejček L, Kužel P, Novotná V. Undulations of Smectic A Layers in Achiral Liquid Crystals Manifested as Stripe Textures. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 131:228101. [PMID: 38101389 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.131.228101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Self-assembly of organic molecules represents a fascinating playground to create various liquid crystalline nanostructures. In this Letter, we study layer undulations on micrometer scale in smectic A phases for achiral compounds, experimentally demonstrated as regular stripe patterns induced by thermal treatment. Undulations, including their anharmonic properties, are evaluated by means of polarimetric imaging and light diffraction experiments in cells with various thicknesses. The key role in stripe formation is played by high negative values of the thermal expansion coefficient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Podoliak
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Na Slovance 2, CZ-182 00 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - Peter Salamon
- Institute for Solid State Physics and Optics, Wigner Research Centre for Physics, P.O. Box 49, Budapest H-1525, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Lubor Lejček
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Na Slovance 2, CZ-182 00 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Kužel
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Na Slovance 2, CZ-182 00 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimíra Novotná
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Na Slovance 2, CZ-182 00 Prague 8, Czech Republic
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3
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Han MJ, Yun HS, Cho Y, Kim M, Yang C, Tsukruk VV, Yoon DK. Chiral Optoelectronic Functionalities via DNA-Organic Semiconductor Complex. ACS NANO 2021; 15:20353-20363. [PMID: 34874717 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c08641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We fabricate the bio-organic field-effect transistor (BOFET) with the DNA-perylene diimide (PDI) complex, which shows unusual chiroptical and electrical functionalities. DNA is used as the chirality-inducing scaffold and the charge-injection layer. The shear-oriented film of the DNA-PDI complex shows how the large-area periodic molecular orientation and the charge transport are related, generating drastically different optoelectronic properties at each DNA/PDI concentration. The resultant BOFET reveals chiral structures with a high charge carrier mobility, photoresponsivity, and photosensitivity, reaching 3.97 cm2 V-1 s-1, 1.18 A W-1, and 7.76 × 103, respectively. Interestingly, the BOFET enables the definitive response under the handedness of circularly polarized light with a high dissymmetry factor of approximately +0.14. This work highlights the natural chirality and anisotropy of DNA material and the electron conductivity of organic semiconducting molecules to be mutually used in significant chiro-optoelectronic functions as an added ability to the traditional OFET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moon Jong Han
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Hee Seong Yun
- Department of Chemistry, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Yongjoon Cho
- Department of Energy Engineering, School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Perovtronics Research Center, Low Dimensional Carbon Materials Center, UNIST, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
- UNIST Central Research Facilities & School of Natural Science, UNIST, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Minkyu Kim
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Changduk Yang
- Department of Energy Engineering, School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Perovtronics Research Center, Low Dimensional Carbon Materials Center, UNIST, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
- UNIST Central Research Facilities & School of Natural Science, UNIST, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Vladimir V Tsukruk
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Dong Ki Yoon
- Department of Chemistry, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- Graduate School of Nanoscience and Technology and KINC, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
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4
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Wang H, Zetterlund PB, Boyer C, Boyd BJ, Atherton TJ, Spicer PT. Large Hexosomes from Emulsion Droplets: Particle Shape and Mesostructure Control. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2018; 34:13662-13671. [PMID: 30350705 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b02638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Soft, rotationally symmetric particles of dispersed hexagonal liquid crystalline phase are produced using a method previously developed for cubosome microparticle production. The technique forms hexosome particles via removal of ethanol from emulsion droplets containing monoolein, water, and one of the various hydrophobic molecules: vitamin E, hexadecane, oleic acid, cyclohexane, or divinylbenzene. The unique rotational symmetry of the particles is characterized by optical microscopy and small-angle X-ray scattering to link particle phase, shape, and structure to composition. Rheology of the soft particles can be varied independently of shape, enabling control of transport, deformation, and biological response by controlling composition and molecular structure of the additives. The direct observations of formation, and the resultant hexosome shapes, link the particle-scale and mesoscale properties of these novel self-assembled particles and broaden their applications. The micron-scale hexosomes provide a route to understanding the effects of particle size, crystallization rate, and rheology on the production of soft particles with liquid crystalline structure and unique shape and symmetry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ben J Boyd
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Monash University , Melbourne 3800 , Australia
| | - Timothy J Atherton
- Department Physics and Astronomy , Tufts University , Boston 02155 , Massachusetts , United States
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5
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Willis SA, Dennis GR, Stait-Gardner T, Zheng G, Price WS. Determining a ‘diffusion-averaged’ characteristic ratio for aligned lyotropic hexagonal phases using PGSE NMR self-diffusion measurements, random walk simulations and obstruction models. J Mol Liq 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2017.03.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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6
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Oka T, Ohta N. Two Distinct Cylinder Arrangements in Monodomains of a Lyotropic Liquid Crystalline Hexagonal II Phase: Monodomains with Straight Cylinders and Ringed Cylinders in Capillaries. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2016; 32:7613-7620. [PMID: 27399256 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b00996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We report a method to produce two different monodomains of an inverse hexagonal II (HII) phase in capillaries. Capillaries filled with glyceryl monooleyl ether (GME) in an inverted micellar phase were soaked in water. After a week, a monodomain of the HII phase with straight cylinders was observed in a capillary with a diameter of 1.0 mm. The axis of the straight cylinders was almost parallel to the capillary axis, and the cylinders were slightly undulated. The lattice constant of the HII phase was 5.85 nm, which indicated the monodomain was fully hydrated. Another monodomain with ringed cylinders was observed in a 0.2 mm diameter capillary. The ringed cylinders aligned to the round capillary wall, where one of the ⟨10⟩ directions in the hexagonal lattice always faced the wall. The lattice constant was 4.89 nm, from which the estimated water content of the monodomain was almost the lowest reported for the HII phase. The monodomain with ringed cylinders is stabilized by the capillary wall and the low water content. This method to produce specific monodomains is expected to be of benefit for basic and applied research on the HII phase.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Noboru Ohta
- SPring-8/JASRI , 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun, Hyogo 679-5198, Japan
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De Nicola A, Kawakatsu T, Rosano C, Celino M, Rocco M, Milano G. Self-Assembly of Triton X-100 in Water Solutions: A Multiscale Simulation Study Linking Mesoscale to Atomistic Models. J Chem Theory Comput 2015; 11:4959-71. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.5b00485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio De Nicola
- Dipartimento
di Chimica e Biologia, Università di Salerno, I-84084 via
Ponte don Melillo, Salerno, Italy
| | - Toshihiro Kawakatsu
- Department
of Physics, Tohoku University, Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Camillo Rosano
- Biopolimeri
e Proteomica, IRCCS AOU San Martino-IST, Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, Largo R. Benzi 10 I-16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Massimo Celino
- ENEA, C.R. Casaccia, Via Anguillarese 301, I-00123 Roma, Italy
| | - Mattia Rocco
- Biopolimeri
e Proteomica, IRCCS AOU San Martino-IST, Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, Largo R. Benzi 10 I-16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Milano
- Dipartimento
di Chimica e Biologia, Università di Salerno, I-84084 via
Ponte don Melillo, Salerno, Italy
- IMAST S.c.a.r.l.
Technological District in Polymer and Composite Engineering, P. leBovio 22, I-80133, Napoli, Italy
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8
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Willis SA, Dennis GR, Zheng G, Price WS. Preparation and physical properties of a macroscopically aligned lyotropic hexagonal phase templated hydrogel. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2013.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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9
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Chatterjee S, Anna SL. Formation and ordering of topological defect arrays produced by dilatational strain and shear flow in smectic-A liquid crystals. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2012; 85:011701. [PMID: 22400577 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.85.011701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2011] [Revised: 07/23/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A microscale shear cell is used to study the formation of parabolic focal conic defects in the thermotropic smectic-A liquid crystal 8CB (4-octyl-4'-cyanobiphenyl). Defects are produced by four distinct methods: by the application of dilatational strain alone, by shear flow alone, by dilatational strain and subsequent shear flow, and by the simultaneous application of dilatational strain and shear flow. We confirm that defects originate within the bulk, consistent with the previously suggested undulation instability mechanism. In the presence of a shear flow, we observe that defect formation requires micrometer-level dilatations, whose magnitude depends on the sample thickness. The size and ordering of both disordered and ordered defect arrays is quantified using a pair distribution function. Deviations from the predictions of linear stability theory are observed that have not been reported previously. For example, defects form a square array with greater ordering in the principal flow direction. Ordering due to shear flow does not change the average defect size. It has been shown previously that the principal defect sizes of ordered defects scale differently with sample thickness than the wavelength of the small amplitude undulations. We find that disordered defects show a similar deviation from this predicted wavelength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sourav Chatterjee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
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11
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Grelet E. Hexagonal order in crystalline and columnar phases of hard rods. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2008; 100:168301. [PMID: 18518254 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.100.168301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2007] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
We report a study of colloidal suspensions of highly monodisperse semiflexible chiral rodlike viruses, denoted fd, in the range of high concentrations. Small angle x-ray scattering experiments reveal the existence of two hexagonal phases: the first one is crystalline and the second one is hexatic columnar, as shown by its short-range positional order. The suspension of rodlike viruses is the first experimental system showing the whole phase sequence with increasing particle concentration theoretically predicted for systems of hard rods, ranging from the chiral nematic via the smectic to columnar and crystalline phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Grelet
- Centre de Recherche Paul Pascal, CNRS-Université Bordeaux 1, 115 Avenue Schweitzer, 33600 Pessac, France.
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12
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Kaznatcheev KV, Dudin P, Lavrentovich OD, Hitchcock AP. X-ray microscopy study of chromonic liquid crystal dry film texture. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2007; 76:061703. [PMID: 18233857 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.76.061703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2007] [Revised: 09/20/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Soft x-ray spectromicroscopy has been used to investigate the degree of the molecular alignment of sulfonated benzo[de]benzo[4.5]imidazo[2,1-a]isoquinoline[7,1], a lyotropic chromonic liquid crystal (LCLC). LCLC thin films cast from concentrated aqua solution (20%wt.) , aligned by shear flow and dried, show strong linear dichroism in their C-, N-, O-, S- K edge near edge x-ray spectra (NEXAFS). The carbon K edge has been used for quantitative evaluation of the orientational texture of the films at a submicron spatial scale. This has verified there is predominantly in-plane alignment of the LC director. To highlight the role of hydrophobic-hydrophilic interactions, two stereoisomers of the same dye has been synthesized with different positioning of terminal sulfonate groups, in the form of a mixture of isomers with sulfonate groups in 2,10 and 2,11 positions (Y104 compound) and in a 5,10-disulfo arrangement (Y105). Both compounds develop characteristic herringbone-type texture with similar domain sizes. Polarized optical microscopy and higher resolution x-ray microscopy show sinusoidal-like undulations of the molecular director, with occasional crisscross appearance. Such behavior is found to be consistent with earlier observation of striations, characteristic of the columnar phase. The drastic difference in the degree of undulation ( +/-15 degrees in Y104 and +/-7 degrees in Y105 films) and long period of undulation (approaching the film thickness) requires further analysis. It was also found that the degree of in-plane order within domains changes from 0.8 for Y104 to >0.9 in Y105 films.
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Affiliation(s)
- K V Kaznatcheev
- Canadian Light Source, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada.
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Senyuk BI, Smalyukh II, Lavrentovich OD. Undulations of lamellar liquid crystals in cells with finite surface anchoring near and well above the threshold. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2006; 74:011712. [PMID: 16907116 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.74.011712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2006] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
We study the undulations instability, also known as the Helfrich-Hurault or layers buckling effect, in a cholesteric liquid crystal confined between two parallel plates and caused by an electric field applied along the normal to layers. The cholesteric pitch is much smaller than the cell thickness but sufficiently large for optical study. The three-dimensional patterns of the undulating layers in the bulk and at the surfaces of the cells are determined by fluorescence confocal polarizing microscopy. We demonstrate that the finite surface anchoring at the bounding plates plays a crucial role in the system behavior both near and well above the undulations threshold. The displacement of the layers immediately above the undulation threshold is much larger than the value expected from the theories that assume an infinitely strong surface anchoring. We describe the experimentally observed features by taking into account the finite surface anchoring at the bounding plates and using Lubensky-de Gennes coarse-grained elastic theory of cholesteric liquid crystals. Fitting the data allows us to determine the polar anchoring coefficient Wp and shows that Wp varies strongly with the type of substrates. As the applied field increases well above the threshold value Ec, the layers profile changes from sinusoidal to the sawtooth one. The periodicity of distortions increases through propagation of edge dislocations in the square lattice of the undulations pattern. At E approximately 1.9Ec a phenomenon is observed: the two-dimensional square lattice of undulations transforms into the one-dimensional periodic stripes. The stripes are formed by two sublattices of defect walls of parabolic shape. The main reason for the structure is again the finite surface anchoring, as the superposition of parabolic walls allows the layers to combine a significant tilt in the bulk of the cell with practically unperturbed orientation of layers near the bounding plates.
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Affiliation(s)
- B I Senyuk
- Liquid Crystal Institute and Chemical Physics Interdisciplinary Program, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44242, USA
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Smalyukh II, Zribi OV, Butler JC, Lavrentovich OD, Wong GCL. Structure and dynamics of liquid crystalline pattern formation in drying droplets of DNA. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2006; 96:177801. [PMID: 16712331 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.96.177801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2006] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
We investigate the formation of ringlike deposits in drying drops of DNA. In analogy with the colloidal "coffee rings," DNA is transported to the perimeter by the capillary flow. At the droplet edge, however, DNA forms a lyotropic liquid crystal (LC) with concentric chain orientations to minimize the LC elastic energy. During the final stages of drying, the contact line retracts, and the radial stress causes undulations at the rim that propagate inward through the LC and form a periodic zigzag structure. We examine the phenomenon in terms of a simple model based on LC elasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan I Smalyukh
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 61801, USA
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15
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Schmidt G, Müller S, Lindner P, Schmidt C, Richtering W. Shear Orientation of Lyotropic Hexagonal Phases. J Phys Chem B 1998. [DOI: 10.1021/jp9725745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gudrun Schmidt
- Institut für Makromolekulare Chemie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Stefan-Meier Strasse 31, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany, and Institut Laue-Langevin, BP156, F-38042 Grenoble, France
| | - Stefan Müller
- Institut für Makromolekulare Chemie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Stefan-Meier Strasse 31, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany, and Institut Laue-Langevin, BP156, F-38042 Grenoble, France
| | - Peter Lindner
- Institut für Makromolekulare Chemie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Stefan-Meier Strasse 31, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany, and Institut Laue-Langevin, BP156, F-38042 Grenoble, France
| | - Claudia Schmidt
- Institut für Makromolekulare Chemie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Stefan-Meier Strasse 31, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany, and Institut Laue-Langevin, BP156, F-38042 Grenoble, France
| | - Walter Richtering
- Institut für Makromolekulare Chemie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Stefan-Meier Strasse 31, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany, and Institut Laue-Langevin, BP156, F-38042 Grenoble, France
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16
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Richtering W. Investigation of shear-induced structures in lyotropic mesophases by scattering experiments. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01182419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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