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Chremos A, Horkay F, Douglas JF. Influence of network defects on the conformational structure of nanogel particles: From "closed compact" to "open fractal" nanogel particles. J Chem Phys 2022; 156:094903. [PMID: 35259888 PMCID: PMC8898093 DOI: 10.1063/5.0072274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
We propose an approach to generate a wide range of randomly branched polymeric structures to gain general insights into how polymer topology encodes a configurational structure in solution. Nanogel particles can take forms ranging from relatively symmetric sponge-like compact structures to relatively anisotropic open fractal structures observed in some nanogel clusters and in some self-associating polymers in solutions, such as aggrecan solutions under physiologically relevant conditions. We hypothesize that this broad "spectrum" of branched polymer structures derives from the degree of regularity of bonding in the network defining these structures. Accordingly, we systematically introduce bonding defects in an initially perfect network having a lattice structure in three and two topological dimensions corresponding to "sponge" and "sheet" structures, respectively. The introduction of bonding defects causes these "closed" and relatively compact nanogel particles to transform near a well-defined bond percolation threshold into "open" fractal objects with the inherent anisotropy of randomly branched polymers. Moreover, with increasing network decimation, the network structure of these polymers acquires other configurational properties similar to those of randomly branched polymers. In particular, the mass scaling of the radius of gyration and its eigenvalues, as well as hydrodynamic radius, intrinsic viscosity, and form factor for scattering, all undergo abrupt changes that accompany these topological transitions. Our findings support the idea that randomly branched polymers can be considered to be equivalent to perforated sheets from a "universality class" standpoint. We utilize our model to gain insight into scattering measurements made on aggrecan solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandros Chremos
- Section on Quantitative Imaging and Tissue Sciences, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Ferenc Horkay
- Section on Quantitative Imaging and Tissue Sciences, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Jack F. Douglas
- Materials Science and Engineering Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA
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Chremos A, Horkay F, Douglas JF. Structure and conformational properties of ideal nanogel particles in athermal solutions. J Chem Phys 2021; 155:134905. [PMID: 34624976 PMCID: PMC8637729 DOI: 10.1063/5.0064835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigate the conformational properties of "ideal" nanogel particles having a lattice network topology by molecular dynamics simulations to quantify the influence of polymer topology on the solution properties of this type of branched molecular architecture. In particular, we calculate the mass scaling of the radius of gyration (Rg), the hydrodynamic radius, as well as the intrinsic viscosity with the variation of the degree of branching, the length of the chains between the branched points, and the average mesh size within these nanogel particles under good solvent conditions. We find competing trends between the molecular characteristics, where an increase in mesh size or degree of branching results in the emergence of particle-like characteristics, while an increase in the chain length enhances linear polymer-like characteristics. This crossover between these limiting behaviors is also apparent in our calculation of the form factor, P(q), for these structures. Specifically, a primary scattering peak emerges, characterizing the overall nanogel particle size. Moreover, a distinct power-law regime emerges in P(q) at length scales larger than the chain size but smaller than Rg of the nanogel particle, and the Rg mass scaling exponent progressively approaches zero as the mesh size increases, the same scaling as for an infinite network of Gaussian chains. The "fuzzy sphere" model does not capture this feature, and we propose an extension to this popular model. These structural features become more pronounced for values of molecular parameters that enhance the localization of the branching segments within the nanogel particle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandros Chremos
- Section on Quantitative Imaging and Tissue Sciences, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Ferenc Horkay
- Section on Quantitative Imaging and Tissue Sciences, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Jack F. Douglas
- Materials Science and Engineering Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA
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Fernandez-Castanon J, Zanatta M, Comez L, Paciaroni A, Radulescu A, Sciortino F. All-DNA System Close to the Percolation Threshold. ACS Macro Lett 2019; 8:84-87. [PMID: 35619413 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.8b00822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
We characterize via small-angle neutron scattering the structural properties of a mixture of all-DNA particles with functionalities 4 (A) and 2 (B) constrained by design to reside close to the percolation threshold. DNA base sequences are selected such that A particles can only bind with B ones and that at the studied temperature (10 °C) all AB bonds are formed and long-lived, originating highly polydisperse persistent equilibrium clusters. The concentration dependence of the scattered intensity and its wavevector dependence is exploited to determine the fractal dimension and the size distribution of the clusters, which are found to be consistent with the critical exponents of the 3-D percolation universality class. The value of DNA nanoparticles as nanometric patchy colloids with well-defined functionality, bonding selectivity, and exquisite control of the interaction strength is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - M Zanatta
- Dipartimento di Informatica, Università di Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - L Comez
- CNR-IOM c/o Dipartimento di Fisica e Geologia, Università degli Studi di Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - A Paciaroni
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Geologia, Università di Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - A Radulescu
- Jülich Centre for Neutron Science (JCNS) at Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum (MLZ), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - F Sciortino
- Sapienza-Università di Roma, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.,CNR-ISC, UOS Sapienza-Università di Roma, 00185 Rome, Italy
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Chremos A, Douglas JF. A comparative study of thermodynamic, conformational, and structural properties of bottlebrush with star and ring polymer melts. J Chem Phys 2018; 149:044904. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5034794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandros Chremos
- Materials Science and Engineering Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA
| | - Jack F. Douglas
- Materials Science and Engineering Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA
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Matsunaga T, Sakai T, Akagi Y, Chung UI, Shibayama M. SANS and SLS Studies on Tetra-Arm PEG Gels in As-Prepared and Swollen States. Macromolecules 2009. [DOI: 10.1021/ma901013q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takuro Matsunaga
- The Institute for Solid State Physics, The University of Tokyo 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8581, Japan
| | - Takamasa Sakai
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Yuki Akagi
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Ung-il Chung
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Shibayama
- The Institute for Solid State Physics, The University of Tokyo 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8581, Japan
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Hernández R, Mijangos C, López D. Study of the effect of poly(vinyl alcohol) concentration on the gelation point of poly(vinyl alcohol) poly(acrylic acid) semi-IPN systems as determined by viscoelastic measurements. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.20486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Shibayama M, Norisuye T. Gel Formation Analyses by Dynamic Light Scattering. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2002. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.75.641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Karayianni E, Jérôme R, Cooper SL. Small-Angle Neutron Scattering Studies of Low-Polarity Telechelic Ionomer Solutions. 3. Temperature Dependence of the Ionic Association. Macromolecules 2000. [DOI: 10.1021/ma991252r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Karayianni
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of WisconsinMadison, 1415 Engineering Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706; DuPont de Nemours International, S.A., European Technical Center, 2, chemin du Pavillon, CH-1218 Geneva, Switzerland; and University of Liège, Center for Education and Research on Macromolecules (CERM), Sart-Tilman, B6, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Robert Jérôme
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of WisconsinMadison, 1415 Engineering Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706; DuPont de Nemours International, S.A., European Technical Center, 2, chemin du Pavillon, CH-1218 Geneva, Switzerland; and University of Liège, Center for Education and Research on Macromolecules (CERM), Sart-Tilman, B6, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Stuart L. Cooper
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of WisconsinMadison, 1415 Engineering Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706; DuPont de Nemours International, S.A., European Technical Center, 2, chemin du Pavillon, CH-1218 Geneva, Switzerland; and University of Liège, Center for Education and Research on Macromolecules (CERM), Sart-Tilman, B6, 4000 Liège, Belgium
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Prochazka F, Nicolai T, Durand D. Molar Mass Distribution of Linear and Branched Polyurethane Studied by Size Exclusion Chromatography. Macromolecules 2000. [DOI: 10.1021/ma9901543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Frederic Prochazka
- Chimie et Physique des Matériaux Polymères, UMR CNRS,Université du Maine, 72085 Le Mans Cedex 9, France
| | - Taco Nicolai
- Chimie et Physique des Matériaux Polymères, UMR CNRS,Université du Maine, 72085 Le Mans Cedex 9, France
| | - Dominique Durand
- Chimie et Physique des Matériaux Polymères, UMR CNRS,Université du Maine, 72085 Le Mans Cedex 9, France
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Nyström B, Kjøniksen AL, Iversen C. Characterization of association phenomena in aqueous systems of chitosan of different hydrophobicity1Part of this paper was presented at the conference on `Associating Polymer', Fontevraud, France, November 1997.1. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0001-8686(98)00069-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Norisuye T, Shibayama M, Nomura S. Time-resolved light scattering study on the gelation process of poly(N-isopropyl acrylamide. POLYMER 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0032-3861(97)00596-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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15
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Adam M, Lairez D, Karpasas M, Gottlieb M. Static and Dynamic Properties of Cross-Linked Poly(dimethylsiloxane) Pregel Clusters. Macromolecules 1997. [DOI: 10.1021/ma970184a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Douglas JF. Swelling and growth of polymers, membranes, and sponges. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL PHYSICS, PLASMAS, FLUIDS, AND RELATED INTERDISCIPLINARY TOPICS 1996; 54:2677-2689. [PMID: 9965381 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.54.2677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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Kjøniksen AL, Nyström B. Effects of Polymer Concentration and Cross-Linking Density on Rheology of Chemically Cross-Linked Poly(vinyl alcohol) near the Gelation Threshold. Macromolecules 1996. [DOI: 10.1021/ma960094q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Lena Kjøniksen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033, Blindern, N-0315 Oslo, Norway
| | - Bo Nyström
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033, Blindern, N-0315 Oslo, Norway
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Forgacs G. On the possible role of cytoskeletal filamentous networks in intracellular signaling: an approach based on percolation. J Cell Sci 1995; 108 ( Pt 6):2131-43. [PMID: 7673334 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.108.6.2131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- G Forgacs
- Department of Physics, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY 13699-5820, USA
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Krueger S, Andrews AP, Nossal R. Small angle neutron scattering studies of structural characteristics of agarose gels. Biophys Chem 1994; 53:85-94. [PMID: 7841333 DOI: 10.1016/0301-4622(94)00079-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The 30 m small angle neutron scattering facility at the National Institutes of Standards and Technology has been used to examine neutron scattering from agarose gels formed in D2O. Differential scattering cross sections have been acquired over a continuous range of Q between 0.005 and 0.3 A-1. Subtle changes in gel structure are observed when pre-gelation agarose concentration is varied. Similarly, except when the gelling solution is rapidly cooled to a low temperature, the rate at which the gels are formed does not seem to have much effect. Clearer evidence of structural rearrangement is observed when the solvent quality is changed by the addition of dimethyl sulfoxide, or when the temperature of the gel is elevated above 70 degrees C. These data are consistent with a description of a randomly structured polymer network containing discrete self-similar, hydrogen-bonded, junctions normally of minimal thickness approximately 35-40 A.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Krueger
- Reactor Radiation Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899
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Nicolai T, Durand D, Gimel JC. Static structure factor of dilute solutions of polydisperse fractal aggregates. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1994; 50:16357-16363. [PMID: 9976020 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.50.16357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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Forgacs G, Newman SA. Phase transitions, interfaces, and morphogenesis in a network of protein fibers. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 1994; 150:139-48. [PMID: 8169078 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(08)61540-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- G Forgacs
- Department of Physics, Clarkson University, Potsdam, New York 13699
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Suzuki Y, Nishio I. Quasielastic-light-scattering study of the movement of particles in gels: Topological structure of pores in gels. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1992; 45:4614-4619. [PMID: 10002093 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.45.4614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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Adam M, Lairez D, Boué F, Busnel JP, Durand D, Nicolai T. Verification of the hyperscaling law on polymer clusters by neutron-scattering experiments. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 1991; 67:3456-3458. [PMID: 10044738 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.67.3456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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Martin JE, Wilcoxon J, Odinek J. Decay of density fluctuations in gels. PHYSICAL REVIEW. A, ATOMIC, MOLECULAR, AND OPTICAL PHYSICS 1991; 43:858-872. [PMID: 9905103 DOI: 10.1103/physreva.43.858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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Burlatsky SF, Oshanin GS, Mogutov AV. Direct energy transfer in polymer systems. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 1990; 65:3205-3208. [PMID: 10042808 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.65.3205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
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Guo XH, Chen SH. Observation of polymerlike phase separation of protein-surfactant complexes in solution. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 1990; 64:1979-1982. [PMID: 10041543 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.64.1979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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Schosseler F, Daoud M, Leibler L. Experimental structure factor of solutions of randomly branched polymers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1051/jphys:0199000510200237300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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Grest GS, Murat M. Molecular dynamics simulations of the structure of gelation/percolation clusters and random tethered membranes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1051/jphys:0199000510130141500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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Forgacs G, Jaikaria NS, Frisch HL, Newman SA. Wetting, percolation and morphogenesis in a model tissue system. J Theor Biol 1989; 140:417-30. [PMID: 2615401 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5193(89)80096-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Artificial tissues constructed of cells or polystyrene beads suspended in a solution of type I collagen will, under appropriate conditions, protrude into regions of similar matrices lacking particles, but containing the extracellular glycoprotein fibronectin. This phenomenon has been termed "matrix-driven translocation". Conditions required for the effect include the presence of heparin-like molecules on the cell or bead surfaces, appropriate concentrations of particles and collagen, and physiological ionic strength and pH. Here we consider the idea that the driving force for the concerted movement of matrix and suspended particles is the thermodynamically spontaneous spreading or wetting behavior of two immiscible fluids bounded by common substrata. Wetting theory is shown to be capable of accounting for the behavior of this model system, but this analysis requires that the two matrix regions constitute separate phases at thermodynamic coexistence. We show that one plausible mechanism for the generation of separate phases is the formation of a percolation network of collagen fibers on a lattice of cells or beads. It is argued that the concepts of wetting and percolation apply to properties in common between the model system and living tissues, and may therefore be used to provide a physical account of aspects of tissue morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Forgacs
- Department of Physics, Clarkson University, Potsdam, New York
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Swelling and Deswelling of Polymer Networks Investigated by Different Types of SANS Experiments: Comments About the Structure. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1989. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-75044-1_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Adam M, Delsanti M, Munch JP, Durand D. Dynamical studies of polymeric cluster solutions obtained near the gelation threshold: Glasslike behavior. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 1988; 61:706-709. [PMID: 10039409 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.61.706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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Djabourov M, Leblond J, Papon P. Gelation of aqueous gelatin solutions. II. Rheology of the sol-gel transition. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1988. [DOI: 10.1051/jphys:01988004902033300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Martin JE, Wilcoxon J, Adolf D. Critical exponents for the sol-gel transition. PHYSICAL REVIEW. A, GENERAL PHYSICS 1987; 36:1803-1810. [PMID: 9899061 DOI: 10.1103/physreva.36.1803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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Adam M, Delsanti M, Munch J, Durand D. Size and mass determination of clusters obtained by polycondensation near the gelation threshold. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1987. [DOI: 10.1051/jphys:0198700480100180900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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