Ontogenèse des cellules germinales primordiales

[Human embryo stem cells and gametes: science fiction or near future?]

In mammalian species, gametes are issued from primordial germ cells (PGC). PGC represent a small cell population, appearing during early embryo development. Gametes production is essential for fertilization process and therefore the establishment of the next generation. The gametes are different from somatic cells because they have a haploid number of chromosomes that are normally generated during the cellular division known as meiosis. The embryonic stem cells that appear at the fifth or sixth day within the blastocyst inner cellular mass are pluripotent cells. Therefore, they can differentiate into the three cellular lineages, somatic as well as germinal. It is well established that the mouse embryonic stem cells can be differentiated in vitro into primordial germinal cells. These cells enter into meiosis forming male or female gametes. In vitro production of gametes by induction from embryonic stem cells has become a very important aspect of the actual research constituting an alternative tool for infertility treatment.

[In vitro methods of male germ cell specification and differentiation]

Germ line specification is an early cell fate decision essential for the transmission of totipotency over generations. Two types of germ line stem cells populate the male gonads in mammals. Primordial germ cells (PGCs) are the germ line founders only present during prenatal life. Spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) appear a few days after birth and divide asymmetrically to give rise to one stem cell and one spermatogonia that initiates differentiation to produce spermatozoa. Germ cell specification and differentiation involve specific environmental stimuli and a sequential order of maturing phases required for gamete function. Spatio-temporal controls similarly dictate the erasure of somatic methylation marks and the subsequent acquisition of sex-specific marks at imprinted genes in gametes. We review here the recent advancements in male germ cell derivation from ES cells and discuss the limits of these in vitro methods in providing a kinetics and a microenvironment suitable for the programming of a proper gametic and parental identity.