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Bai Y, Luo K, Xie W. The phospholipase PNPLA7 functions as a positive indicator in human colorectal and gastric cancers. Medicine (Baltimore) 2023; 102:e35279. [PMID: 37861523 PMCID: PMC10589606 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000035279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Early diagnosis of gastrointestinal tumors remains a clinical challenge due to their insidious onset. Patatin-like phospholipase domain containing protein 7 (PNPLA7) has been shown to be associated with the occurrence and development of hepatocellular carcinoma. However, the expressions of PNPLA7 in colorectal and gastric cancers remain unclear. The online gene expression profiling interactive analysis and Kaplan-Meier Plotter databases were used for the analysis of the expression of PNPLA7 and the survival curve, respectively. The tumor tissues and their corresponding normal noncancerous tissues from colorectal cancer or gastric cancer patients were collected and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction assay was performed to evaluate the expression of related genes. PNPLA7 was significantly down-regulated in gastric and colorectal cancer tumor tissues compared to adjacent normal tissues. Receiver operating characteristic analysis showed that PNPLA7 could be used as a diagnostic marker for gastric and colorectal tumors. The overall survival of patients with high expression of PNPLA7 was also significantly higher than that of patients with low expression in stomach and rectum adenocarcinoma. Phospholipase PNPLA7 can be used as a positive diagnostic indicator for colorectal and gastric cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Bai
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The 904th Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force of PLA, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Kunlun Luo
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The 904th Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force of PLA, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Weixuan Xie
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The 904th Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force of PLA, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
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2
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Isotretinoin Treatment for Autosomal Recessive Congenital Ichthyosis in a Golden Retriever. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9030097. [PMID: 35324825 PMCID: PMC8953346 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9030097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Ichthyoses are hereditary cornification disorders that manifest with abnormal differentiation and desquamation of keratinocytes in a form of generalized dry and scaly skin. In golden retriever dogs, autosomal recessive congenital ichthyosis (ARCI) has been associated with mutations in the PNPLA 1 gene. In human medicine, isotretinoin is frequently used to treat ARCIs. The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical and histological effects of isotretinoin on ARCI in a golden retriever dog with confirmed mutation in the PNPLA 1 gene. Clinical examination, blood analysis and histopathological examinations were conducted before and after 90 days of isotretinoin therapy. The clinical and histopathological findings indicate that treatment with oral isotretinoin was effective in improving ichthyosis without any side-effects.
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Gilles LM, Calhau ARM, La Padula V, Jacquier NMA, Lionnet C, Martinant JP, Rogowsky PM, Widiez T. Lipid anchoring and electrostatic interactions target NOT-LIKE-DAD to pollen endo-plasma membrane. J Cell Biol 2021; 220:212519. [PMID: 34323919 PMCID: PMC8327379 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202010077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Phospholipases cleave phospholipids, major membrane constituents. They are thus essential for many developmental processes, including male gamete development. In flowering plants, mutation of phospholipase NOT-LIKE-DAD (NLD, also known as MTL or ZmPLA1) leads to peculiar defects in sexual reproduction, notably the induction of maternal haploid embryos. Contrary to previous reports, NLD does not localize to cytosol and plasma membrane of sperm cells but to the pollen endo-plasma membrane (endo-PM), a specific membrane derived from the PM of the pollen vegetative cell that encircles the two sperm cells. After pollen tube burst, NLD localizes at the apical region of the egg apparatus. Pharmacological approaches coupled with targeted mutagenesis revealed that lipid anchoring together with electrostatic interactions are involved in the attachment of NLD to this atypical endo-PM. Membrane surface-charge and lipid biosensors indicated that phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate is enriched in the endo-PM, uncovering a unique example of how membrane electrostatic properties can define a specific polar domain (i.e., endo-PM), which is critical for plant reproduction and gamete formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurine M Gilles
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Univ Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, F-69342, Lyon, France.,Limagrain, Limagrain Field Seeds, Research Centre, Gerzat, France
| | - Andrea R M Calhau
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Univ Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, F-69342, Lyon, France
| | - Veronica La Padula
- Centre Technologique des Microstructures, Université de Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Nathanaël M A Jacquier
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Univ Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, F-69342, Lyon, France.,Limagrain, Limagrain Field Seeds, Research Centre, Gerzat, France
| | - Claire Lionnet
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Univ Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, F-69342, Lyon, France
| | | | - Peter M Rogowsky
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Univ Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, F-69342, Lyon, France
| | - Thomas Widiez
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Univ Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, F-69342, Lyon, France
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Guan YZ, Yin RX, Zheng PF, Deng GX, Liu CX, Wei BL. Potential molecular mechanism of ACE gene at different time points in STEMI patients based on genome-wide microarray dataset. Lipids Health Dis 2019; 18:184. [PMID: 31647035 PMCID: PMC6813054 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-019-1131-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This study aimed to investigate the angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) co-expression genes and their pathways involved in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) at different time points. Methods The array data set of GSE59867 was examined for the ACE co-expression genes in peripheral blood samples from 111 patients with STEMI at four time points (admission, discharge, and 1 and 6 months after MI). Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment, Gene Ontology (GO) annotation and protein-protein interaction (PPI) of the co-expression genes were determined using online analytical tools. The Cytoscape software was used to create modules and hub genes. Results The number of biological processes (BP), cellular components (CC) and molecular functions (MF) was 43, 22 and 24 at admission; 18, 19 and 11 at discharge; 30, 37 and 21 at 1 month after MI; and 12, 19 and 14 at 6 months after MI; respectively. There were 6 BP, 8 CC and 4 MF enriched at every time point. The co-expression genes were substantially enriched in 12, 5, 6 and 14 KEGG pathways at the four time points, respectively, but no KEGG pathway was found to be common in all time points. We identified 132 intersectional co-expression genes (90 positive and 42 negative) from the four time points and 17 BP, 13 CC, 11 MF and 7 KEGG pathways were enriched. In addition, the PPI network contained 129 nodes and 570 edges, and only 1 module was identified to be significantly enriched in just 1 BP (chromatin-mediated maintenance of transcription). Conclusions The results of the present study showed that the ACE co-expression genes and their pathways involved in STEMI were significantly different at four different time points. These findings may be helpful for further understanding the functions and roles of ACE in different stages of STEMI, and providing reference for the treatment of STEMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao-Zong Guan
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, 22 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui-Xing Yin
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, 22 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, People's Republic of China. .,Guangxi Key Laboratory Base of Precision Medicine in Cardio-cerebrovascular Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, People's Republic of China. .,Guangxi Clinical Research Center for Cardio-cerebrovascular Diseases, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, People's Republic of China.
| | - Peng-Fei Zheng
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, 22 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Guo-Xiong Deng
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, 22 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Chun-Xiao Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, 22 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Bi-Liu Wei
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, 22 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
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Zegers D, Verrijken A, Francque S, de Freitas F, Beckers S, Aerts E, Ruppert M, Hubens G, Michielsen P, Van Hul W, Van Gaal LF. Screening for rare variants in the PNPLA3 gene in obese liver biopsy patients. Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol 2016; 40:715-721. [PMID: 27288299 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinre.2016.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Revised: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous research has clearly implicated the PNPLA3 gene in the etiology of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease as a polymorphism in the gene was found to be robustly associated to the disease. However, data on the involvement of rare PNPLA3 variants in the development of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is currently limited. Therefore, we performed an extensive mutation analysis study on a cohort of obese liver biopsy patients to determine PNPLA3 variation and its correlation with fatty liver disease. METHODS We screened the entire coding region of the PNPLA3 gene in DNA samples of 393 obese liver biopsy patients with varying degrees of fatty liver disease. Mutation analysis was performed by high-resolution melting curve analysis in combination with direct sequencing. RESULTS We identified several common polymorphisms as well as one rare synonymous variant (c.867G>A rs139896256), one rare intronic variant (c.979+13C>T) and 3 nonsynonymous coding variants (p.A76T, p.A104V and p.T200M) in the PNPLA3 gene. In silico analysis indicated that the p.A104V variant will probably have no functional effect, whereas for the p.A76T and p.T200M variant a possible pathogenic effect is suggested. CONCLUSION Overall, we showed that novel variants in PNPLA3 are very rare in our liver biopsy cohort, thereby indicating that their impact on the etiology of NAFLD is probably limited. Nevertheless, for the three rare coding variants that were identified in patients with advanced liver disease, further functional characterization will be essential to verify their potential disease causality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doreen Zegers
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - An Verrijken
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolic Diseases, Antwerp University Hospital and University of Antwerp, Wilrijkstraat 10, 2650 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Sven Francque
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Antwerp University Hospital and University of Antwerp, Wilrijkstraat 10, 2650 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Fenna de Freitas
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Sigri Beckers
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Evi Aerts
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Martin Ruppert
- Department of Abdominal Surgery, Antwerp University Hospital and University of Antwerp, Wilrijkstraat 10, 2650 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Guy Hubens
- Department of Abdominal Surgery, Antwerp University Hospital and University of Antwerp, Wilrijkstraat 10, 2650 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Peter Michielsen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Antwerp University Hospital and University of Antwerp, Wilrijkstraat 10, 2650 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Wim Van Hul
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Luc F Van Gaal
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolic Diseases, Antwerp University Hospital and University of Antwerp, Wilrijkstraat 10, 2650 Antwerp, Belgium
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Abstract
The ichthyoses, also known as disorders of keratinization (DOK), encompass a heterogeneous group of skin diseases linked by the common finding of abnormal barrier function, which initiates a default compensatory pathway of hyperproliferation, resulting in the characteristic clinical manifestation of localized and/or generalized scaling. Additional cutaneous findings frequently seen in ichthyoses include generalized xerosis, erythroderma, palmoplantar keratoderma, hypohydrosis, and recurrent infections. In 2009, the Ichthyosis Consensus Conference established a classification consensus for DOK based on pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, and mode of inheritance. This nomenclature system divides DOK into two main groups: nonsyndromic forms, with clinical findings limited to the skin, and syndromic forms, with involvement of additional organ systems. Advances in next-generation sequencing technology have allowed for more rapid and cost-effective genetic analysis, leading to the identification of novel, rare mutations that cause DOK, many of which represent phenotypic expansion. This review focuses on new findings in syndromic and nonsyndromic ichthyoses, with emphasis on novel genetic discoveries that provide insight into disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nareh V Marukian
- Department of Dermatology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Keith A Choate
- Department of Dermatology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA; Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA; Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
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Identification mouse patatin-like phospholipase domain containing protein 1 as a skin-specific and membrane-associated protein. Gene 2016; 591:344-50. [PMID: 27267404 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2016.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2016] [Revised: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Patatin-like phospholipase domain containing protein 1 (PNPLA1) mutations have been identified to be associated with autosomal recessive congenital ichthyosis (ARCI) in recent years. However, its molecular characters have not been achieved until now. In the current study, the full length coding cDNA sequence of mouse PNPLA1 (mPNPLA1) was identified firstly. There were several putative transmembrane domains (TMDs) in mPNPLA1 by bioinformation analysis. mPNPLA1 was further found to be expressed exclusively in the membrane fraction in mammalian cells. However, it did not colocalized with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) or lipid droplets (LDs). Moreover, the mRNA levels of mPNPLA1 was detected to be highly expressed in the skin, while very weak or even less in other mouse tissues by quantitative PCR. In addition, based on experiments with inhibitors and inducer of protein degradation pathways, mPNPLA1 was demonstrated to be degraded by macroautophagy, but not by the proteasome. These results indicated PNPLA1 was a skin-specific and membrane-associated protein for the first time, suggesting that it may mainly play a role in the skin.
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8
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Zegers D, Verrijken A, Beckers S, Francque S, Van Camp JK, Aerts E, Ruppert M, Hubens G, Michielsen P, Van Hul W, Van Gaal LF. Association study of PNPLA2 gene with histological parameters of NAFLD in an obese population. Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol 2016; 40:333-339. [PMID: 26500201 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinre.2015.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and the closely associated metabolic syndrome is high and is related to risk factors such as obesity and type 2 diabetes. A genetic basis for NAFLD has been suggested, but only few causal genes have been identified. The most significant association reported to date is the robust association of the PNPLA3 I148M variant with susceptibility to NAFLD. We therefore hypothesized that the PNPLA2 gene might also be involved in NAFLD pathogenesis, because of its close sequence similarity with PNPLA3 and its possible involvement in ectopic fat accumulation. METHODS In this study, we investigated the association of PNPLA2 polymorphisms with the development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in a prospectively recruited Belgian obese population comprising 633 individuals with varying degrees of fatty liver disease. We selected 3 PNPLA2 SNPs for genotyping, including 2 tagSNPs that cover most information on common genetic variation in the selected region. RESULTS After performing linear regression analysis, we found that 2 of the analyzed PNPLA2 SNPs were associated with anthropometric and metabolic parameters. In our subcohort of patients that underwent liver biopsy (n=372/633 or 58.7%), we assessed the influence of the PNPLA2 variants on the severity of histologically determined liver damage, but we did not find convincing evidence for association. CONCLUSION Although we found evidence for moderate association between PNPLA2 tagSNPs and anthropometric and metabolic parameters in our cohort, no evidence for association between polymorphisms in the PNPLA2 gene and the presence and severity of NAFLD was identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doreen Zegers
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - An Verrijken
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolic Diseases, Antwerp University Hospital and University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Sigri Beckers
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Sven Francque
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Antwerp University Hospital and University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | - Evi Aerts
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Martin Ruppert
- Department of Abdominal Surgery, Antwerp University Hospital and University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Guy Hubens
- Department of Abdominal Surgery, Antwerp University Hospital and University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Peter Michielsen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Antwerp University Hospital and University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Wim Van Hul
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Luc F Van Gaal
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolic Diseases, Antwerp University Hospital and University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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Group VIB calcium-independent phospholipase A2 (iPLA2γ) regulates platelet activation, hemostasis and thrombosis in mice. PLoS One 2014; 9:e109409. [PMID: 25313821 PMCID: PMC4196902 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0109409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 08/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In platelets, group IVA cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2α) has been implicated as a key regulator in the hydrolysis of platelet membrane phospholipids, leading to pro-thrombotic thromboxane A2 and anti-thrombotic 12-(S)-hydroxyeicosatetranoic acid production. However, studies using cPLA2α-deficient mice have indicated that other PLA2(s) may also be involved in the hydrolysis of platelet glycerophospholipids. In this study, we found that group VIB Ca2+-independent PLA2 (iPLA2γ)-deficient platelets showed decreases in adenosine diphosphate (ADP)-dependent aggregation and ADP- or collagen-dependent thromboxane A2 production. Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry analysis of platelet phospholipids revealed that fatty acyl compositions of ethanolamine plasmalogen and phosphatidylglycerol were altered in platelets from iPLA2γ-null mice. Furthermore, mice lacking iPLA2γ displayed prolonged bleeding times and were protected against pulmonary thromboembolism. These results suggest that iPLA2γ is an additional, long-sought-after PLA2 that hydrolyzes platelet membranes and facilitates platelet aggregation in response to ADP.
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Identification of human patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing protein 1 and a mutant in human cervical cancer HeLa cells. Mol Biol Rep 2013; 40:5597-605. [PMID: 24057234 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-013-2661-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2013] [Accepted: 09/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Recently members of mammalian patatin-like phospholipase domain containing (PNPLA) protein family have attracted attention for their critical roles in diverse aspects of lipid metabolism and signal pathway. Until now little has been known about the characteristics of PNPLA1. Here, the full length coding cDNA sequence of human PNPLA1 (hPNPLA1) was cloned for the first time, which encoded a polypeptide with 532 amino acids containing the whole patatin domain. Tissue expression profiles analysis showed that low mRNA levels of hPNPLA1 existed in various tissues, except high expression in the digestive system, bone marrow and spleen. Subcellular distribution of hPNPLA1 tagged with green fluorescence protein mainly localized to lipid droplets. Furthermore, a nonsense mutation of PNPLA1 in human cervical cancer HeLa cells was identified. The hPNPLA1 mutant encoded a protein of 412 amino acids without the C-terminal domain and did not colocalize to lipid droplets, which suggested that the C-terminal region of hPNPLA1 affected lipid droplet binding. These results identified hPNPLA1 and a mutant in HeLa cells, and provided insights into the structure and function of PNPLA1.
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Cruchaga C, Kauwe JSK, Nowotny P, Bales K, Pickering EH, Mayo K, Bertelsen S, Hinrichs A, Fagan AM, Holtzman DM, Morris JC, Goate AM. Cerebrospinal fluid APOE levels: an endophenotype for genetic studies for Alzheimer's disease. Hum Mol Genet 2012; 21:4558-71. [PMID: 22821396 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/dds296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotype is the major genetic risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD). We have access to cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and plasma APOE protein levels from 641 individuals and genome-wide genotyped data from 570 of these samples. The aim of this study was to test whether CSF or plasma APOE levels could be a useful endophenotype for AD and to identify genetic variants associated with APOE levels. We found that CSF (P = 8.15 × 10(-4)) but not plasma (P = 0.071) APOE protein levels are significantly associated with CSF Aβ(42) levels. We used Mendelian randomization and genetic variants as instrumental variables to confirm that the association of CSF APOE with CSF Aβ(42) levels and clinical dementia rating (CDR) is not because of a reverse causation or confounding effect. In addition the association of CSF APOE with Aβ(42) levels was independent of the APOE ε4 genotype, suggesting that APOE levels in CSF may be a useful endophenotype for AD. We performed a genome-wide association study to identify genetic variants associated with CSF APOE levels: the APOE ε4 genotype was the strongest single-genetic factor associated with CSF APOE protein levels (P = 6.9 × 10(-13)). In aggregate, the Illumina chip single nucleotide polymorphisms explain 72% of the variability in CSF APOE protein levels, whereas the APOE ε4 genotype alone explains 8% of the variability. No other genetic variant reached the genome-wide significance threshold, but nine additional variants exhibited a P-value <10(-6). Pathway mining analysis indicated that these nine additional loci are involved in lipid metabolism (P = 4.49 × 10(-9)).
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Cruchaga
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
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Grall A, Guaguère E, Planchais S, Grond S, Bourrat E, Hausser I, Hitte C, Le Gallo M, Derbois C, Kim GJ, Lagoutte L, Degorce-Rubiales F, Radner FPW, Thomas A, Küry S, Bensignor E, Fontaine J, Pin D, Zimmermann R, Zechner R, Lathrop M, Galibert F, André C, Fischer J. PNPLA1 mutations cause autosomal recessive congenital ichthyosis in golden retriever dogs and humans. Nat Genet 2012; 44:140-7. [PMID: 22246504 DOI: 10.1038/ng.1056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2011] [Accepted: 12/05/2011] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Ichthyoses comprise a heterogeneous group of genodermatoses characterized by abnormal desquamation over the whole body, for which the genetic causes of several human forms remain unknown. We used a spontaneous dog model in the golden retriever breed, which is affected by a lamellar ichthyosis resembling human autosomal recessive congenital ichthyoses (ARCI), to carry out a genome-wide association study. We identified a homozygous insertion-deletion (indel) mutation in PNPLA1 that leads to a premature stop codon in all affected golden retriever dogs. We subsequently found one missense and one nonsense mutation in the catalytic domain of human PNPLA1 in six individuals with ARCI from two families. Further experiments highlighted the importance of PNPLA1 in the formation of the epidermal lipid barrier. This study identifies a new gene involved in human ichthyoses and provides insights into the localization and function of this yet uncharacterized member of the PNPLA protein family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anaïs Grall
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes, Rennes, France
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Heitz T. Les multiples fonctions des protéines lipolytiques à domaine patatine. Med Sci (Paris) 2010; 26:128-30. [DOI: 10.1051/medsci/2010262128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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