1
|
Bongiorni Galego G, Tasca T. Infinity war: Trichomonas vaginalis and interactions with host immune response. MICROBIAL CELL (GRAZ, AUSTRIA) 2023; 10:103-116. [PMID: 37125086 PMCID: PMC10140678 DOI: 10.15698/mic2023.05.796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Trichomonas vaginalis is the pathological agent of human trichomoniasis. The incidence is 156 million cases worldwide. Due to the increasing resistance of isolates to approved drugs and clinical complications that include increased risk in the acquisition and transmission of HIV, cervical and prostate cancer, and adverse outcomes during pregnancy, increasing our understanding of the pathogen's interaction with the host immune response is essential. Production of cytokines and cells of innate immunity: Neutrophils and macrophages are the main cells involved in the fight against the parasite, while IL-8, IL-6 and TNF-α are the most produced cytokines in response to this infection. Clinical complications: T. vaginalis increases the acquisition of HIV, stimulates the invasiveness and growth of prostate cells, and generates an inflammatory environment that may lead to preterm birth. Endosymbiosis: Mycoplasma hominis increased cytotoxicity, growth, and survival rate of the parasite. Purinergic signaling: NTPD-ases and ecto-5'-nucleotidase helps in parasite survival by modulating the nucleotides levels in the microenvironment. Antibodies: IgG was detected in serum samples of rodents infected with isolates from symptomatic patients as well as patients with symptoms. However, antibody production does not protect against a reinfection. Vaccine candidate targets: The transient receptor potential- like channel of T. vaginalis (TvTRPV), cysteine peptidase, and α-actinin are currently cited as candidate targets for vaccine development. In this context, the understanding of mechanisms involved in the host-T. vaginalis interaction that elicit the immune response may contribute to the development of new targets to combat trichomoniasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Bongiorni Galego
- Grupo de Pesquisa em Tricomonas, Faculdade de Farmácia e Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Ipiranga, 2752, Porto Alegre, 90610-000, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Tiana Tasca
- Grupo de Pesquisa em Tricomonas, Faculdade de Farmácia e Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Ipiranga, 2752, Porto Alegre, 90610-000, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- * Corresponding Author: Tiana Tasca, Avenida Ipiranga, 2752. 90610-000. Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Tel: +555133085325;
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Local cytokine/chemokine profiles in BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice in response to T. vaginalis infection. Exp Parasitol 2022; 239:108287. [PMID: 35660531 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2022.108287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Revised: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Trichomonas vaginalis is the causative agent of Trichomoniasis (a sexually transmitted infection). Recent reports have shown that stimulation of cellular immunity can reduce trichomoniasis infection. Animal studies are essential to understanding the pathogenesis of infection and developing new potential drugs and vaccines to treat the infection. Therefore, we have tried to understand the pathogenesis of T. vaginalis infection by investigating the differences in the expression of chemokine/cytokine levels in vaginal and cervical tissues of BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice. Different pathological symptoms, like desquamation, neutrophil infiltration, and hemorrhage, were recorded in BALB/c and C57BL/6 in response to T. vaginalis infection. Vaginal and cervical tissues of BALB/c showed these symptoms on 2nd dpi, which became severe on 7th dpi and turned to mild or normal till 14th dpi compared to C57BL/6 strain. Immunohistochemistry in the vagina and cervical tissues of BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice was done to assess cytokines at different time intervals post-infection. Significant expression of Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) (a pro-inflammatory cytokine) was found in BALB/c compared to the C57BL/6 mice, on 7th dpi and 2nd dpi in vaginal and cervical tissues, respectively. Higher expression of MIP-2 (neutrophil chemoattractant) was observed in the vaginal tissues of BALB/c mice on 7th dpi compared to the C57BL/6 group. In addition, higher expression of TGF-β (immune-suppressor) was observed on 7th dpi in the vaginal tissue of BALB/c mice. The present study demonstrates that more pathological signs of T. vaginalis infection developed in BALB/c mice than C57BL/6 mice. Also, significant levels of IL-1β and MIP-2 were measured in BALB/c mice in response to T. vaginalis compared to C57BL/6.
Collapse
|
3
|
Rangel-Mata FJ, Ávila-Muro EE, Reyes-Martínez JE, Olmos-Ortiz LM, Brunck ME, Arriaga-Pizano LA, Cuéllar-Mata P. Immune cell arrival kinetics to peritoneum and role during murine-experimental trichomoniasis. Parasitology 2021; 148:1624-1635. [PMID: 35060469 PMCID: PMC11010205 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182021001311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Trichomonas vaginalis causes trichomoniasis, an inflammatory process related to an increased rate of HIV transmission. In order to study T. vaginalis infection response in a microorganism-free environment, an infection model was established providing a host–parasite interaction system useful to study the interplay between immune cells and the parasite. Infected mice peritoneal cells were immunophenotyped at different times after infection using flow cytometry. Neutrophils and macrophages showed the most relevant increase from third to 12th day post-infection. A high number of B lymphocytes were present on 15th day post-infection, and an increase in memory T cells was observed on sixth day post-infection. The levels of NO increased at day 10 post-infection; no significant influence was observed on T. vaginalis clearance. Increased viability of T. vaginalis was observed when the NETs inhibitors, metformin and Cl− amidine, were administrated, highlighting the importance of this mechanism to control parasite infection (43 and 86%, respectively). This report presents a comprehensive cell count of the immune cells participating against trichomoniasis in an in vivo interaction system. These data highlight the relevance of innate mechanisms such as specific population changes of innate immune cells and their impact on the T. vaginalis viability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F. J. Rangel-Mata
- Departamento de Biología, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - E. E. Ávila-Muro
- Departamento de Biología, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | | | - L. M. Olmos-Ortiz
- Departamento de Biología, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - M. E. Brunck
- Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Tecnológico de Monterrey, Monterrey, Mexico
| | | | - P. Cuéllar-Mata
- Departamento de Biología, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Drug repositioning for novel antitrichomonas from known antiprotozoan drugs using hierarchical screening. Future Med Chem 2018; 10:863-878. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2016-0211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: Metronidazole is the most widely used drug in trichomoniasis therapy. However, the emergence of metronidazole-resistant Trichomonas vaginalis isolates calls for the search for new drugs to counter the pathogenicity of these parasites. Results: Classification models for predicting the antitrichomonas activity of molecules were built. These models were employed to screen antiprotozoal drugs, from which 20 were classified as active. The in vitro experiments showed moderate to high activity for 19 of the molecules at 10 μg/ml, while 3 compounds yielded higher activity than the reference at 1 μg/ml. The 11 most active chemicals were evaluated in vivo using Naval Medical Research Institute (NMRI) mice. Conclusion: Benznidazole showed similar results as metronidazole, and can thus be considered as a potential candidate in antitrichomonas therapy.
Collapse
|
5
|
Käser T, Renois F, Wilson HL, Cnudde T, Gerdts V, Dillon JAR, Jungersen G, Agerholm JS, Meurens F. Contribution of the swine model in the study of human sexually transmitted infections. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2017; 66:346-360. [PMID: 29175001 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2017.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 11/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The pig has garnered more and more interest as a model animal to study various conditions in humans. The growing success of the pig as an experimental animal model is explained by its similarities with humans in terms of anatomy, genetics, immunology, and physiology, by their manageable behavior and size, and by the general public acceptance of using pigs for experimental purposes. In addition, the immunological toolbox of pigs has grown substantially in the last decade. This development led to a boost in the use of pigs as a preclinical model for various human infections including sexually transmitted diseases (STIs) like Chlamydia trachomatis. In the current review, we discuss the use of animal models for biomedical research on the major human STIs. We summarize results obtained in the most common animal models and focus on the contributions of the pig model towards the understanding of pathogenesis and the host immune response. In addition, we present the main features of the porcine model that are particularly relevant for the study of pathogens affecting human female and male genital tracts. We also inform on the technological advancements in the porcine toolbox to facilitate new discoveries in this biologically important animal model. There is a continued need for improvements in animal modeling for biomedical research inclusive STI research. With all its advantages and the highly improved toolbox, the porcine model can play a crucial role in STI research and open the door to new exciting discoveries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Käser
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Drive, 27607 Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Fanny Renois
- LUNAM Université, Oniris, Laboratoire d'Étude des Résidus et Contaminants dans les Aliments (LABERCA), UMR INRA 1329, 44307 Nantes, France
| | - Heather L Wilson
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre (VIDO-InterVac), University of Saskatchewan, 120 Veterinary Road, S7N 5E3 Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Thomas Cnudde
- BIOMAP, Laboratoire Biomédicaments Anti-Parasitaires, ISP, UMR INRA 1282, Université Tours, 37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - Volker Gerdts
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre (VIDO-InterVac), University of Saskatchewan, 120 Veterinary Road, S7N 5E3 Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Jo-Anne R Dillon
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre (VIDO-InterVac), University of Saskatchewan, 120 Veterinary Road, S7N 5E3 Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Gregers Jungersen
- Section for Immunology and Vaccinology, National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jørgen S Agerholm
- Section for Veterinary Reproduction and Obstetrics, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Molecular characterization of double-stranded RNA virus in Trichomonas vaginalis Egyptian isolates and its association with pathogenicity. Parasitol Res 2016; 115:4027-36. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-016-5174-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
7
|
Ibáñez-Escribano A, Reviriego F, Nogal-Ruiz JJ, Meneses-Marcel A, Gómez-Barrio A, Escario JA, Arán VJ. Synthesis and in vitro and in vivo biological evaluation of substituted nitroquinoxalin-2-ones and 2,3-diones as novel trichomonacidal agents. Eur J Med Chem 2015; 94:276-83. [PMID: 25771033 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2015.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Revised: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Two series of ten novel 7-nitroquinoxalin-2-ones and ten 6-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-diones with diverse substituents at positions 1 and 4 were synthesized and evaluated against the sexually transmitted parasite Trichomonas vaginalis. Furthermore, diverse molecular and drug-likeness properties were analyzed to predict the oral bioavailability following the Lipinski's "rule of five". 7-Nitroquinoxalin-2-one derivatives displayed moderate to high in vitro activity while the efficiency of most nitroquinoxaline-2,3-diones was rather low; both kinds of compounds did not show cytotoxic effects in mammalian cells. 7-Nitro-4-(3-piperidinopropyl)quinoxalin-2-one 9 achieved the highest trichomonacidal activity (IC50 = 18.26 μM) and was subsequently assayed in vivo in a murine model of trichomonosis. A 46.13% and a 50.70% reduction of pathogenic injuries were observed in the experimental groups treated orally during 7 days with 50 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg doses. The results obtained in the biological assays against T. vaginalis indicate that compounds with ω-(dialkylamino)alkyl substituents and a keto group at positions 4 and 2 of quinoxaline ring, respectively, provide interesting structural cores to develop novel prototypes to enhance the nitroquinoxalinones activity as trichomonacidal agents with interesting ADME properties according to virtual screening analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Ibáñez-Escribano
- Moncloa Campus of International Excellence (UCM-UPM & CSIC), Spain; Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Felipe Reviriego
- Moncloa Campus of International Excellence (UCM-UPM & CSIC), Spain; Instituto de Química Médica (IQM), CSIC, c/Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan José Nogal-Ruiz
- Moncloa Campus of International Excellence (UCM-UPM & CSIC), Spain; Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alfredo Meneses-Marcel
- Centro de Bioactivos Químicos, Universidad Central de Las Villas, 54830 Santa Clara, Villa Clara, Cuba
| | - Alicia Gómez-Barrio
- Moncloa Campus of International Excellence (UCM-UPM & CSIC), Spain; Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - José Antonio Escario
- Moncloa Campus of International Excellence (UCM-UPM & CSIC), Spain; Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Vicente J Arán
- Moncloa Campus of International Excellence (UCM-UPM & CSIC), Spain; Instituto de Química Médica (IQM), CSIC, c/Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Ibáñez-Escribano A, Meneses-Marcel A, Marrero-Ponce Y, Nogal-Ruiz JJ, Arán VJ, Gómez-Barrio A, Escario JA. A sequential procedure for rapid and accurate identification of putative trichomonacidal agents. J Microbiol Methods 2014; 105:162-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2014.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2014] [Revised: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
9
|
Gómez-Barrio A, Nogal-Ruiz JJ, Montero-Pereira D, Rodríguez-Gallego E, Romero-Fernandez E, Escario JA. Biological variability in clinical isolates of Trichomonas vaginalis. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2002; 97:893-6. [PMID: 12386717 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762002000600026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Eighteen clinical isolates of Trichomonas vaginalis were obtained from women who attended health centers of the Government of Madrid. A total of 1,848 vaginal specimens recovered during the gynaecological examination were seeded in culture tubes containing liquid Diamond medium. Pathogenicity to mice was determined after intraperitoneal inoculation of mice by quantification of mortality and gross damage to abdominal organs. As could be expected, a broad variability was obtained, being some of the isolates more virulent than the reference strain. Regarding to metronidazole susceptibility, none resistant isolate was found but different degrees of susceptibility were determined.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Gómez-Barrio
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, España.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|