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Hussain S, Javed W, Tajammal A, Khalid M, Rasool N, Riaz M, Shahid M, Ahmad I, Muhammad R, Shah SAA. Synergistic Antibacterial Screening of Cymbopogon citratus and Azadirachta indica: Phytochemical Profiling and Antioxidant and Hemolytic Activities. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:16600-16611. [PMID: 37214690 PMCID: PMC10193546 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c06785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Current studies were performed to investigate the phytochemistry, synergistic antibacterial, antioxidant, and hemolytic activities of ethanolic and aqueous extracts of Azadirachta indica (EA and WA) and Cymbopogon citratus (EC and WC) leaves. Fourier transform infrared data verified the existence of alcoholic, carboxylic, aldehydic, phenyl, and bromo moieties in plant leaves. The ethanolic extracts (EA and EC) were significantly richer in phenolics and flavonoids as compared to the aqueous extracts (WA and WC). The ethanolic extract of C. citratus (EC) contained higher concentrations of caffeic acid (1.432 mg/g), synapic acid (6.743 mg/g), and benzoic acid (7.431 mg/g) as compared to all other extracts, whereas chlorogenic acid (0.311 mg/g) was present only in the aqueous extract of A. indica (WA). Food preservative properties of C. citratus can be due to the presence of benzoic acid (7.431 mg/g). -Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis demonstrated the presence of 36 and 23 compounds in A. indica and C. citratus leaves, respectively. Inductively coupled plasma analysis was used to determine the concentration of 26 metals (Al, As, B, Ba, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, Si, Sn, Sr, V, Zn, Zr, Ti); the metal concentrations were higher in aqueous extracts as compared to the ethanolic extracts. The extracts were generally richer in calcium (3000-7858 ppm), potassium (13662-53,750 ppm), and sodium (3181-8445 ppm) and hence can be used in food supplements as a source of these metals. Antioxidant potential (DDPH method) of C. citratus ethanolic extract was the highest (74.50 ± 0.66%), whereas it was the lowest (32.22 ± 0.28%) for the aqueous extract of A. indica. Synergistic inhibition of bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli) was observed when the aqueous extracts of both the plants were mixed together in certain ratios (v/v). The highest antibacterial potential was exhibited by the pure extract of C. citratus, which was even higher than that of the standard drug (ciprofloxacin). The plant extracts and their mixtures were more active against S. aureus as compared to E. coli. No toxic hemolytic effects were observed for the investigated extracts indicating their safe medicinal uses for human beings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shabbir Hussain
- Institute
of Chemistry, Khwaja Fareed University of
Engineering and Information Technology, Rahim Yar Khan 64200, Pakistan
| | - Warda Javed
- Department
of Chemistry, Lahore Garrison University, DHA Phase VI, Lahore 54792, Pakistan
| | - Affifa Tajammal
- Department
of Chemistry, Lahore Garrison University, DHA Phase VI, Lahore 54792, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Khalid
- Institute
of Chemistry, Khwaja Fareed University of
Engineering and Information Technology, Rahim Yar Khan 64200, Pakistan
- Centre
for Theoretical and Computational Research, Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering and Information Technology, Rahim Yar Khan, 64200, Pakistan
| | - Nasir Rasool
- Department
of Chemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Riaz
- Department
of Basic and Applied Chemistry, Faculty
of Science and Technology University of Central Punjab, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Shahid
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan
| | - Iqbal Ahmad
- Department
of Chemistry, Allama Iqbal Open University, 44000 Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Riaz Muhammad
- Department
of Chemistry, Lahore Garrison University, DHA Phase VI, Lahore 54792, Pakistan
| | - Syed Adnan Ali Shah
- Faculty
of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA Cawangan
Selangor Kampus Puncak Alam, Bandar Puncak Alam 42300, Selangor D. E., Malaysia
- Atta-ur-Rahman
Institute for Natural Product Discovery (AuRIns), Universiti Teknologi MARA Cawangan Selangor Kampus Puncak Alam, Bandar Puncak Alam 42300, Selangor D. E., Malaysia
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Quilicot AMM, Gottstein Ž, Prukner-Radovčić E, Horvatek Tomić D. Plant-derived products for the control of poultry red mite ( Dermanyssus gallinae De Geer, 1778) – a review. WORLD POULTRY SCI J 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/00439339.2020.1764461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Marquiza M. Quilicot
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Visayas State University, ViSCA, Baybay City, Leyte, Philippines
| | - Željko Gottstein
- Department of Poultry Diseases with Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Estella Prukner-Radovčić
- Department of Poultry Diseases with Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Danijela Horvatek Tomić
- Department of Poultry Diseases with Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
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Chen Z, van Mol W, Vanhecke M, Duchateau L, Claerebout E. Acaricidal activity of plant-derived essential oil components against Psoroptes ovis in vitro and in vivo. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:425. [PMID: 31464634 PMCID: PMC6714348 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3654-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Treatment of Psoroptes ovis in cattle is limited to topical acaricides or systemic treatment with macrocyclic lactones. Treatment failure of macrocyclic lactones has been reported. The aim of this study was to evaluate a potential alternative treatment against P. ovis. Methods The acaricidal activity against P. ovis of four plant-derived essential oil components, i.e. geraniol, eugenol, 1,8-cineol and carvacrol, was assessed in vitro and in vivo. In vitro contact, fumigation and residual bioassays were performed. In addition, 12 Belgium Blue cattle were artificially infested and treated topically once a week for three successive weeks with carvacrol in Tween-80 (treatment group) or with Tween-80 alone (control). The efficacy of carvacrol was determined by the reduction in lesion size and mite counts. Six additional animals were topically treated with carvacrol to assess local adverse reactions. Results Three components showed a concentration-dependent acaricidal activity in a contact assay, with LC50 of 0.56, 0.38 and 0.26% at 24 h for geraniol, eugenol, and carvacrol, respectively. However, 1,8-cineol showed no activity at any of the tested concentrations in a contact bioassay. In a fumigation bioassay, carvacrol killed all mites within 50 min after treatment, whereas geraniol, eugenol and 1,8-cineol needed 90 to 150 min. Following a 72 h incubation period in a residual bioassay, carvacrol killed all mites after 4 h of exposure to LC90, while geraniol and eugenol killed all mites only after 8 h exposure. Based on these results, carvacrol was further assessed in vivo. Mite counts in the treatment group were reduced by 98.5 ± 2.4% at 6 weeks post-treatment, while in the control group the mite population had increased. Topical application of carvacrol only caused mild and transient erythema 20 min after treatment. No other side effects were observed. Conclusions Considering the strong acaricidal activity of carvacrol in vitro and in vivo and the mild and transient local side effects, carvacrol shows potential as an acaricidal agent in the treatment of P. ovis in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhen Chen
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Wouter van Mol
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Marieke Vanhecke
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Luc Duchateau
- Biometrics Research Center, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Edwin Claerebout
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium.
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Tabari MA, Youssefi MR, Barimani A, Araghi A. Carvacrol as a potent natural acaricide against Dermanyssus gallinae. Parasitol Res 2015; 114:3801-6. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-015-4610-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2015] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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George DR, Finn RD, Graham KM, Sparagano OAE. Present and future potential of plant-derived products to control arthropods of veterinary and medical significance. Parasit Vectors 2014; 7:28. [PMID: 24428899 PMCID: PMC3905284 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-7-28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2013] [Accepted: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of synthetic pesticides and repellents to target pests of veterinary and medical significance is becoming increasingly problematic. One alternative approach employs the bioactive attributes of plant-derived products (PDPs). These are particularly attractive on the grounds of low mammalian toxicity, short environmental persistence and complex chemistries that should limit development of pest resistance against them. Several pesticides and repellents based on PDPs are already available, and in some cases widely utilised, in modern pest management. Many more have a long history of traditional use in poorer areas of the globe where access to synthetic pesticides is often limited. Preliminary studies support that PDPs could be more widely used to target numerous medical and veterinary pests, with modes of action often specific to invertebrates. Though their current and future potential appears significant, development and deployment of PDPs to target veterinary and medical pests is not without issue. Variable efficacy is widely recognised as a restraint to PDPs for pest control. Identifying and developing natural bioactive PDP components in place of chemically less-stable raw or 'whole’ products seems to be the most popular solution to this problem. A limited residual activity, often due to photosensitivity or high volatility, is a further drawback in some cases (though potentially advantageous in others). Nevertheless, encapsulation technologies and other slow-release mechanisms offer strong potential to improve residual activity where needed. The current review provides a summary of existing use and future potential of PDPs against ectoparasites of veterinary and medical significance. Four main types of PDP are considered (pyrethrum, neem, essential oils and plant extracts) for their pesticidal, growth regulating and repellent or deterrent properties. An overview of existing use and research for each is provided, with direction to more extensive reviews given in many sections. Sections to highlight potential issues, modes of action and emerging and future potential are also included.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Olivier A E Sparagano
- Department of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, UK.
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Sparagano OAE, George DR, Harrington DWJ, Giangaspero A. Significance and control of the poultry red mite, Dermanyssus gallinae. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY 2014; 59:447-466. [PMID: 24397522 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ento-011613-162101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The poultry red mite, Dermanyssus gallinae, poses a significant threat to poultry production and hen health in many parts of the world. With D. gallinae increasingly suspected of being a disease vector, and reports indicating that attacks on alternative hosts, including humans, are becoming more common, the economic importance of this pest has increased greatly. As poultry production moves away from conventional cage systems in many parts of the world, D. gallinae is likely to become more abundant and difficult to control. Control remains dominated by the use of synthetic acaricides, although resistance and treatment failure are widely reported. Alternative control measures are emerging from research devoted to D. gallinae and its management. These alternative control measures are beginning to penetrate the market, although many remain at the precommercial stage. This review compiles the expanding body of research on D. gallinae and assesses options for its current and future control. We conclude that significant advances in D. gallinae control are most likely to come through an integrated approach adopting recent research into existing and novel control strategies; this is being combined with improved monitoring and modeling to better inform treatment interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- O A E Sparagano
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, United Kingdom;
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Sparagano O, Khallaayoune K, Duvallet G, Nayak S, George D. Comparing Terpenes from Plant Essential Oils as Pesticides for the Poultry Red Mite (Dermanyssus gallinae). Transbound Emerg Dis 2013; 60 Suppl 2:150-3. [DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- O. Sparagano
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences; Northumbria University; Newcastle Upon Tyne UK
| | - K. Khallaayoune
- Institut Agronomique et Vétérinaire Hassan II; Rabat Morocco
| | - G. Duvallet
- UMR 5175 CEFE (Centre d'écologie fonctionnelle et évolutive); Université de Montpellier; Montpellier France
| | - S. Nayak
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences; Northumbria University; Newcastle Upon Tyne UK
| | - D. George
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences; Northumbria University; Newcastle Upon Tyne UK
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Chuaycharoensuk T, Manguin S, Duvallet G, Chareonviriyaphap T. Assessment of geraniol-incorporated polymers to control Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae). Parasite 2012; 19:427-32. [PMID: 22910616 PMCID: PMC3671461 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2012194427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Effective control of mosquito borne diseases has proven extremely difficult with both vector and pathogen remaining entrenched and expanding in many disease endemic areas. When lacking an effective vaccine, vector control methods targeting both larval habitats and adult mosquito populations remain the primary strategy for reducing risk. Aedes albopictus from Thailand was used as a reference baseline for evaluation of natural insecticides incorporated in polymer disks and pellets and tested both in laboratory and field conditions. In laboratory and field tests, the highest larval mortality was obtained with disks or pellets containing IKHC (Insect Killer Highly Concentrate) from Fulltec AG Company. This product is reputed to contain geraniol as an active ingredient. With pellets, high mortality of Ae. albopictus larvae (92%) was observed in presence of 1 g of pellets per 500 ml of water at day 1st, and the mortality was 100% at day 1st for larvae in presence of 5 or 10 g of pellets. Fulltec AG Company has not accepted to give us the exact composition of their IKHC product. Therefore, we cannot recommend it, but the principle of using monoterpenes like geraniol, incorporated into polymer disks or pellets as natural larvicide needs more attention as it could be considered as a powerful alternative in mosquito vector control.
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