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López AG, Vasile B, Kolling Y, Ivir M, Gutiérrez F, Alvarez S, Salva S. Can Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus CRL1505 postbiotic improve emergency myelopoiesis in immunocompromised mice? Microbes Infect 2024; 26:105311. [PMID: 38342337 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2024.105311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/13/2024]
Abstract
We evaluated whether viable and non-viable Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus CRL1505 (Lr05V or Lr05NV, respectively) was able to improve emergency myelopoiesis induced by Streptococcus pneumoniae (Sp) infection. Adult Swiss-mice were orally treated with Lr05V or Lr05NV during five consecutive days. The Lr05V and Lr05NV groups and untreated control group received an intraperitoneal dose of cyclophosphamide (Cy-150 mg/kg). Then, the mice were nasally challenged with Sp (107 UFC/mice) on day 3 post-Cy injection. After the pneumococcal challenge, the innate and myelopoietic responses were evaluated. The control group showed a high susceptibility to pneumococcal infection, an impaired innate immune response and a decrease of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs: Lin-Sca-1+c-Kit+), and myeloid multipotent precursors (MMPs: Gr-1+Ly6G+Ly6C-) in bone marrow (BM). However, lactobacilli treatments were able to significantly increase blood neutrophils and peroxidase-positive cells, while improving cytokine production and phagocytic activity of alveolar macrophages. This, in turn, led to an early Sp lung clearance compared to the control group. Furthermore, Lr05V was more effective than Lr05NV to increase growth factors in BM, which allowed an early HSCs and MMPs recovery with respect to the control group. Both Lr05V and Lr05NV were able to improve BM emergency myelopiesis and protection against respiratory pathogens in mice undergoing chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Gramajo López
- Laboratory of Immunobiotechnology, Reference Centre for Lactobacilli (CERELA-CONICET), San Miguel de Tucuman, Tucuman, Argentina
| | - Brenda Vasile
- Laboratory of Immunobiotechnology, Reference Centre for Lactobacilli (CERELA-CONICET), San Miguel de Tucuman, Tucuman, Argentina
| | - Yanina Kolling
- Laboratory of Immunobiotechnology, Reference Centre for Lactobacilli (CERELA-CONICET), San Miguel de Tucuman, Tucuman, Argentina
| | - Maximiliano Ivir
- Laboratory of Immunobiotechnology, Reference Centre for Lactobacilli (CERELA-CONICET), San Miguel de Tucuman, Tucuman, Argentina
| | - Florencia Gutiérrez
- Laboratory of Immunobiotechnology, Reference Centre for Lactobacilli (CERELA-CONICET), San Miguel de Tucuman, Tucuman, Argentina
| | - Susana Alvarez
- Laboratory of Immunobiotechnology, Reference Centre for Lactobacilli (CERELA-CONICET), San Miguel de Tucuman, Tucuman, Argentina; Institute of Applied Biochemistry, Tucuman University, Tucuman, Argentina.
| | - Susana Salva
- Laboratory of Immunobiotechnology, Reference Centre for Lactobacilli (CERELA-CONICET), San Miguel de Tucuman, Tucuman, Argentina.
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2
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Kostoff RN, Briggs MB, Kanduc D, Dewanjee S, Kandimalla R, Shoenfeld Y, Porter AL, Tsatsakis A. Modifiable contributing factors to COVID-19: A comprehensive review. Food Chem Toxicol 2023; 171:113511. [PMID: 36450305 PMCID: PMC9701571 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2022.113511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The devastating complications of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) result from an individual's dysfunctional immune response following the initial severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. Multiple toxic stressors and behaviors contribute to underlying immune system dysfunction. SARS-CoV-2 exploits the dysfunctional immune system to trigger a chain of events ultimately leading to COVID-19. The current study identifies eighty immune system dysfunction-enabling toxic stressors and behaviors (hereafter called modifiable contributing factors (CFs)) that also link directly to COVID-19. Each CF is assigned to one of the five categories in the CF taxonomy shown in Section 3.3.: Lifestyle (e.g., diet, substance abuse); Iatrogenic (e.g., drugs, surgery); Biotoxins (e.g., micro-organisms, mycotoxins); Occupational/Environmental (e.g., heavy metals, pesticides); Psychosocial/Socioeconomic (e.g., chronic stress, lower education). The current study shows how each modifiable factor contributes to decreased immune system capability, increased inflammation and coagulation, and increased neural damage and neurodegeneration. It is unclear how real progress can be made in combatting COVID-19 and other similar diseases caused by viral variants without addressing and eliminating these modifiable CFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald Neil Kostoff
- Independent Consultant, Gainesville, VA, 20155, USA,Corresponding author. Independent Consultant, 13500 Tallyrand Way, Gainesville, VA, 20155, USA
| | | | - Darja Kanduc
- Dept. of Biosciences, Biotechnologies, and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Via Orabona 4, Bari, 70125, Italy
| | - Saikat Dewanjee
- Advanced Pharmacognosy Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, 700032, India
| | - Ramesh Kandimalla
- Applied Biology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Uppal Road, Tarnaka, Hyderabad, 500007, Telangana, India
| | - Yehuda Shoenfeld
- Zabludowicz Center for Autoimmune Diseases, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, 5265601, Israel
| | - Alan L. Porter
- School of Public Policy, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Aristidis Tsatsakis
- Department of Forensic Sciences and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003, Heraklion, Greece
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3
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Abdel-Magied AA, Ghorab DS, Elhenawy AA, Aboulfotouh NI. Immunological, histopathological, and ultrastructural evidence of steroid-induced reactivation of chronic murine toxoplasmosis. Ultrastruct Pathol 2020; 45:28-36. [PMID: 33377812 DOI: 10.1080/01913123.2020.1858213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
We developed a model of steroid-induced reactivation of chronic murine toxoplasmosis to mirror similar effects of steroids or other immunosuppressants in infected humans. Immunological, histopathological, and ultrastructural parameters were reported. Prior to steroid administration, mice were infected with 10 cysts of the Me49 strain of Toxoplasma gondii. Mice were treated with dexamethasone (DXM, 2.5 mg/kg/day in drinking water), alone or combined with Solu-Cortef (SOLU, 50 mg/kg by subcutaneous injection 3 times a week) for 7 weeks or left untreated as control. Histopathological changes and ultrastructural effects of steroids on the course of chronic toxoplasmosis were recorded. By electron microscopy, the brains of infected combined treated mice showed an increase in number of tachyzoites and bradyzoites, degeneration, and necrosis of neural cells and hydropic degeneration besides the observed rupture of toxoplasma cysts releasing free tachyzoites in brain tissue. DXM+SOLU-combined treatment also significantly increased mortality, mean brain cyst count as compared to infected untreated mice (P = .01 and). Moreover, 3/12 (25%) treated animals developed clinical signs of toxoplasmic encephalitis. This simple model of drug-induced reactivation of chronic toxoplasmosis permits investigation of host-parasite interaction and may be used for the evaluation of chemotherapeutics in immunocompromised infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Doaa S Ghorab
- Pathology Department, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Abeer A Elhenawy
- Medical Parasitology Department, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
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Bessa GL, Costa JGL, Rêgo WMF, Baraviera RCA, Pinto LV, Lopes REN, Vitor RWA. Tissue dissemination and humoral response after experimental reinfection with atypical Toxoplasma gondii strains obtained from congenital human toxoplasmosis in Brazil. Exp Parasitol 2019; 207:107781. [PMID: 31626796 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2019.107781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The paradigm that Toxoplasma gondii infection generates sterilizing protective immunity was broken by case studies in which reinfections were observed in immunocompetent pregnant women in the chronic phase of toxoplasmosis. Since then, several murine models have suggested that immunoprotection against a previous T. gondii infection may be violated after reinfection with strains of different genotypes. This study aimed to evaluate the dissemination of the parasite after reinfection with the virulent TgCTBr9 and EGS strains in BALB/c mice chronically infected with the avirulent TgCTBr5 strain. Three mice were euthanized at 2, 4, 8, 12, 24 and 48 h post challenge (p.c.) and at 7, 14 and 30 days p.c. Intestines, mesenteric lymph nodes, lungs and brains were collected for PCR-RFLP. Blood samples were collected to measure total IgG, IgG1 and IgG2a by ELISA. The reinfected animals survived and presented reduced morbidity after challenge with the virulent strains. Mice challenged with the TgCTBr9 strain showed a slight increase in anti-T. gondii IgG1. The spread of the TgCTBr5 strain was observed to occur earlier than the dissemination of the virulent TgCTBr9 or EGS strains. The TgCTBr9 strain was observed in the mesenteric lymph node at 7 days post challenge (d.p.c.); in the intestine and lungs at 14 d.p.c.; and in the brain at 30 d.p.c. EGS strain was demonstrated in the mesenteric lymph node and lung at 7 d.p.c and in the intestine and brain at a later time point. The immune response promoted by the primary infection with the avirulent strain (TgCTBr5) protected the animals from death after challenge with the virulent strains (TgCTBr9 or EGS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Lima Bessa
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Júlia Gatti Ladeia Costa
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Wagner Martins Fontes Rêgo
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Ramon Castro Araújo Baraviera
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Lorena Velozo Pinto
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Rosálida Estevam Nazar Lopes
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Wagner Almeida Vitor
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
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Murakami M, Mori T, Takashima Y, Nagamune K, Fukumoto J, Kitoh K, Sakai H, Maruo K. A case of pulmonary toxoplasmosis resembling multiple lung metastases of nasal lymphoma in a cat receiving chemotherapy. J Vet Med Sci 2018; 80:1881-1886. [PMID: 30404954 PMCID: PMC6305506 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.18-0340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
An 11-year-old cat presented with nasal discharge and lacrimation and was diagnosed with
nasal lymphoma. Although the cat showed favorable progression after undergoing
chemotherapy, CT imaging demonstrated enlarged pulmonary nodules caused by
Toxoplasma gondii. Following the cessation of chemotherapy, the cat was
prescribed clindamycin hydrochloride for toxoplasmosis treatment; however, the cat
developed kidney lymphoma and died. No T. gondii organisms were observed
in the whole body necropsy specimens. It is known that immunocompromised human patients,
including those who undergo chemotherapy, are considered at risk for toxoplasmosis.
However, the risk of developing toxoplasmosis in cats undergoing chemotherapy is currently
unknown. Findings from this case report suggest that cats with chemotherapy-resistant
pulmonary masses might have a T. gondii infection rather than metastatic
disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mami Murakami
- Joint Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Takashi Mori
- Joint Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.,Center for Highly Advanced Integration of Nano and Life Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Takashima
- Joint Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.,Center for Highly Advanced Integration of Nano and Life Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Kisaburo Nagamune
- Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan.,Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tennodai 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan.,Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tennodai 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Junpei Fukumoto
- Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan.,Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tennodai 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Katsuya Kitoh
- Joint Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Hiroki Sakai
- Joint Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.,Center for Highly Advanced Integration of Nano and Life Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Kohji Maruo
- Department of Animal Nursing, Faculty of Animal Nursing, Yamazaki Gakuen University, 4-7-2 Minami-osawa, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0364, Japan
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6
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Kinetics of parasite distribution after reinfection with genetically distinct strains of Toxoplasma gondii. Exp Parasitol 2017; 184:22-30. [PMID: 29146488 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2017.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2017] [Revised: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Recent data shows that prior infection by Toxoplasma gondii does not protect the host from subsequent reinfection even after the development of immunological memory. Although animal models for T. gondii reinfection were proposed after cases of natural human reinfection were described, little is known about the events that occur immediately after challenge. To further understand these events, BALB/c mice were chronically infected with D8 non-virulent strain (genotype ToxoDB#8 BrIII) and challenged with two different virulent strains: EGS (genotype ToxoDB #229) or CH3 strain (genotype ToxoDB #19). Primary infection protected animals from lethal challenge and morbidity was reduced. Reinfection was confirmed by PCR-RFLP, showing differences in the way the parasites spread in challenged animals. Parasites reached the lungs during early infection and a parasitism delay in the intestine was observed in D8+CH3 group. Parasites from challenge strains were not detected in the brain of D8+CH3 and in the intestine and brain of D8+EGS group. Previous infection with D8 strain of T. gondii protected against lethal challenges, but it did not prevent parasite spread to some organs.
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7
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Franco PS, da Silva NM, de Freitas Barbosa B, de Oliveira Gomes A, Ietta F, Shwab EK, Su C, Mineo JR, Ferro EAV. Calomys callosus chronically infected by Toxoplasma gondii clonal type II strain and reinfected by Brazilian strains is not able to prevent vertical transmission. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:181. [PMID: 25806028 PMCID: PMC4354403 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Considering that Toxoplasma gondii has shown high genetic diversity in Brazil, the aim of this study was to determine whether Calomys callosus chronically infected by the ME-49 strain might be susceptible to reinfection by these Brazilian strains, including vertical transmission of the parasite. Survival curves were analyzed in non-pregnant females chronically infected with ME-49 and reinfected with the TgChBrUD1 or TgChBrUD2 strain, and vertical transmission was analyzed after reinfection of pregnant females with these same strains. On the 19th day of pregnancy (dop), placentas, uteri, fetuses, liver, spleen, and lung were processed for detection of the parasite. Blood samples were collected for humoral and cellular immune response analyses. All non-pregnant females survived after reinfection and no changes were observed in body weight and morbidity scores. In pregnant females, parasites were detected in the placentas of ME-49 chronically infected females and reinfected females, but were only detected in the fetuses of reinfected females. TgChBrUD2 reinfected females showed more impaired pregnancy outcomes, presenting higher numbers of animals with fetal loss and a higher resorption rate, in parallel with higher levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and IgG2a subclass antibodies. Vertical transmission resulting from chronic infection of immunocompetent C. callosus is considered a rare event, being attributed instead to either reactivation or reinfection. That is, the pregnancy may be responsible for reactivation of the latent infection or the reinfection may promote T. gondii vertical transmission. Our results clearly demonstrate that, during pregnancy, protection against T. gondii can be breached after reinfection with parasites belonging to different genotypes, particularly when non-clonal strains are involved in this process and in this case the reinfection promoted vertical transmission of both type II and Brazilian T. gondii strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscila S Franco
- Laboratory of Immunophysiology of Reproduction, Department of Histology and Embryology, Federal University of Uberlândia , Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Neide M da Silva
- Laboratory of Immunopathology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlândia , Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Bellisa de Freitas Barbosa
- Laboratory of Immunophysiology of Reproduction, Department of Histology and Embryology, Federal University of Uberlândia , Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Angelica de Oliveira Gomes
- Laboratory of Immunophysiology of Reproduction, Department of Histology and Embryology, Federal University of Uberlândia , Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Francesca Ietta
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena , Siena, Italy
| | - E K Shwab
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Tennessee , Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Chunlei Su
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Tennessee , Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - José R Mineo
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology, Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Federal University of Uberlândia , Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Eloisa A V Ferro
- Laboratory of Immunophysiology of Reproduction, Department of Histology and Embryology, Federal University of Uberlândia , Uberlândia, Brazil
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