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Abstract
Chronic liver disease in pregnancy is rare. Historically, many chronic liver diseases were considered contraindications to pregnancy; however, with current monitoring and treatment strategies, pregnancy may be considered in many cases. Preconception and initial antepartum consultation should focus on disease activity, medication safety, risks of pregnancy, as well as the need for additional monitoring during pregnancy. In most cases, a multidisciplinary approach is necessary to ensure optimal maternal and fetal outcomes. Despite improving outcomes, pregnancy in women with the chronic liver disease remains high risk.
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Egerup P, Carlson N, Bruun Oestergaard L, Blanche P, Scott JR, Hornum M, Torp-Pedersen C, Christiansen OB. Increased risk of neonatal complications and infections in children of kidney-transplanted women: A nationwide controlled cohort study. Am J Transplant 2021; 21:1171-1178. [PMID: 32786135 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.16259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Information related to short- and long-term risks of children born to kidney-transplanted women remains limited. With the aim of investigating the risk of neonatal complications, and the short- and long-term risk of infections in offspring of kidney-transplanted women, all children born to kidney-transplanted women in Denmark from 1964 to 2016 were identified in a nationwide retrospective matched cohort study. A total of 124 children of kidney-transplanted women were identified and matched on gender, birth year, and number of siblings at birth 1:10 with children born to nontransplanted women identified in the Danish general population. Prevalence of low birth weight (37.9%, risk ratio [RR] = 12.61; 95% confidence interval [CI], 8.5-18.5), premature birth (46.0%, RR = 11.32; 95% CI, 8.1-15.7) and malformations (11.3%, RR = 1.98; 95% CI, 1.2-3.4) was increased in children of kidney-transplanted women compared with controls. Similarly, prevalence of hospitalization due to infection was increased during the first year of life (21.0%, RR = 1.94; 95% CI, 1.3-2.8), from age 1 to 5 (34.2%, RR = 1.89; 95% CI, 1.4-2.5), and overall (41.9%, RR = 1.67; 95% CI, 1.3-2.1). The risk of infection was also higher in children of kidney-transplanted mothers born preterm or with low birth weight compared with similar controls. In conclusion, risk of neonatal complications, malformations, and both early and late infection were increased in children born to kidney-transplanted women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia Egerup
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Hvidovre Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Nicholas Carlson
- Department of Nephrology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.,The Research Department, The Danish Heart Foundation, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Paul Blanche
- Department of Cardiology, Herlev-Gentofte Hospital, Hellerup, Denmark.,Department of Public Health, Section of Biostatistics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - James R Scott
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Mads Hornum
- Department of Nephrology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Ole Bjarne Christiansen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
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3
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Ziogas IA, Hayat MH, Tsoulfas G. Obstetrical and gynecologic challenges in the liver transplant patient. World J Transplant 2020; 10:320-329. [PMID: 33312893 PMCID: PMC7708880 DOI: 10.5500/wjt.v10.i11.320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
An increasing number of childbearing agewomen undergo liver transplantation (LT) in the United States. Transplantation in this patient subgroup poses a significant challenge regarding the plans for future fertility, particularly in terms of immunosuppression and optimal timing of conception. Intrapartum LT is only rarely performed as the outcome is commonly dismal for the mother or more commonly the fetus. On the other hand, the outcomes of pregnancy in LT recipients are favorable, and children born to LT recipients are relatively healthy. Counseling on pregnancy should start before LT and continue after LT up until pregnancy, while all pregnant LT recipients must be managed by amultidisciplinary team, including both an obstetrician and a transplant hepatologist. Additionally, an interval of at least 1-2 years after successful LT is recommended before considering pregnancy. Pregnancy-induced hypertension, pre-eclampsia, and gestational diabetes mellitus are reported more commonly during the pregnancies of LT recipients than in the pregnancies of non-transplant patients. As adverse fetal outcomes, such asmiscarriage, abortion, stillbirth, or ectopic pregnancy, may occur more often than in the non-transplant population, early planning or delivery either through a planned induction of labor or cesarean section is critical to minimize the risk of complications. No significant long-term physical or phycological abnormalities have been reported in children born to LT recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis A Ziogas
- Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece
| | - Muhammad H Hayat
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37212, United States
| | - Georgios Tsoulfas
- Department of Surgery, Papageorgiou University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54622, Greece
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Pregnancy outcomes in women with liver transplants: systematic review and meta-analysis. HPB (Oxford) 2020; 22:1102-1111. [PMID: 32636057 DOI: 10.1016/j.hpb.2020.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite increasing reports of pregnancy in liver transplant recipients, questions remain about the impact of transplantation in pregnancy. METHODS This systematic review was performed according to PRISMA guidelines and eligible studies were identified through a search of PubMed, Scopus and Cochrane CENTRAL databases up to 26th December 2019 for studies reporting pregnancy with liver transplant. A meta-analysis was conducted with the use of random-effects modelling and prospectively registered with the PROSPERO database. RESULTS Of 1239 unique studies, 28 met inclusion criteria, representing 1496 pregnancies in 1073 liver transplant recipients. The live-birth rate was 85.6% (CI95%: 80.5%-90.7%). The rate of other pregnancy outcomes was as follows: induced abortions (5.7%), miscarriages (7.8%) and stillbirths (3.3%). Pooled rates of obstetric complications were hypertension (18.2%), pre-eclampsia (12.8%) and gestational diabetes (7.0%). Pooled rates of delivery outcomes for caesarean section (C-section) and pre-term birth were 42.2% and 27.8%, respectively. CONCLUSION In conclusion, live birth outcomes are good among liver transplant recipients and this favourable trend is consistent at an international level. However, special attention should be given to obstetric complications such as hypertension, pre-eclampsia, and preterm delivery. The high incidence of these complications supports the high-risk classification of post-liver transplant pregnancies and it is necessary for a multidisciplinary team to be involved in the monitoring and counselling of liver transplant recipients both before and during pregnancy. Whilst majority data originate from institutions from high-income countries, data from low-middle income countries (LMIC) are needed owing to rising rates of liver transplantation in LMIC.
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Nure E, Pascale MM, Frongillo F, Franco A, Bianco G, Agnes S. Pregnancy After Liver Transplant: Neonatal Outcomes and Long-Term Maternal Follow-up. Transplant Proc 2019; 51:2948-2951. [PMID: 31627912 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2019.02.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Today, women who have undergone liver transplantation enjoy better health, so they encounter more frequently the possibility of living pregnancy. Many questions about the safety of pregnancy are pending. This study analyzes pregnancy outcomes in women with a liver transplant managed at Policlinico Universitario "A.Gemelli." RESULTS We identified 17 childbirths in 13 women who had undergone a liver transplant. Causes of transplant include congenital or acquired disorders. The mean age at transplant was 22 ± 9 years, mean maternal age at delivery was 33 ± 5 years, and transplant-to-pregnancy interval was 12 ± 6 years. The mean gestational week was 36.1 ± 3.5. All women had normal liver function after pregnancy. Immunosuppressive therapy before and during pregnancy included tacrolimus (n = 8), cyclosporine (n = 5) and mycophenolate mofetil (n = 1). No maternal death was registered. Maternal complications included increase of aspartate transaminase and alanine transaminase, graft deterioration requiring liver retransplantation, increase of bile acids (n = 1), itch (n = 1), and anemia (n = 1). Twelve women had a high adherence to an immunosuppressive regimen during pregnancy. A woman with poor compliance continued therapy with mycophenolic acid during pregnancy, showing preterm birth (25th week) with fetal respiratory failure. Another woman continued therapy with tacrolimus during breastfeeding without adverse effects. CONCLUSION Liver transplant does not influence women's fertility; during pregnancy, we report low rates of minor graft complications and no major issues. There are no adverse effects on babies. An evaluation by a multidisciplinary team is recommended. Compliance to an immunosuppressive regimen is fundamental to ensure the stability of graft function and to prevent graft deterioration in pregnancy. Moreover, it is suggested to avoid teratogenic drugs, such as mycophenolic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edria Nure
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Department of General Surgery, General Surgery and Liver Transplant Unit, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Maria Pascale
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Department of General Surgery, General Surgery and Liver Transplant Unit, Rome, Italy.
| | - Francesco Frongillo
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Department of General Surgery, General Surgery and Liver Transplant Unit, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Franco
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Department of General Surgery, General Surgery and Liver Transplant Unit, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Bianco
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Department of General Surgery, General Surgery and Liver Transplant Unit, Rome, Italy
| | - Salvatore Agnes
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Department of General Surgery, General Surgery and Liver Transplant Unit, Rome, Italy
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Gomes SZ, Araujo F, Bandeira CL, Oliveira LG, Hoshida MS, Zugaib M, Francisco RPV, Bevilacqua E. The Impact of Immunosuppressive Drugs on Human Placental Explants. Reprod Sci 2018; 26:1225-1234. [DOI: 10.1177/1933719118812739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The use of immunosuppressive drugs guarantees the vitality of the graft and allows gestation in spite of intercurrences such as prematurity and intrauterine growth restriction. However, little is known about the direct effects of immunosuppressive drugs on placental cells. We investigated the effects of immunosuppressive drugs in the chorionic villous explants from human term placentas of healthy gestations. Human placental explants from term gestations (37-39 week gestational age, n = 12) were exposed to cyclosporine A (CSA, 0, 62.5, 125, 1250 ng/mL) or azathioprine (AZA, 0, 5, 10, 100 ng/mL) separately or, in combination for up to 48 hours. 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assays showed a significant decrease in the explant metabolic activity between AZA and the control group (24 hours, 100 ng/mL, 48 hours, all concentrations, P < .005). Cyclosporin A (CsA) reduced cell activity when associated with AZA (48 hours, P < .005). Fibrinoid deposits increased in AZA-treated explants alone (5 ng/mL, 48 hours; 10 ng/mL, 24-48 hours; P < .005) or when associated with CsA (10 AZA/125 CsA, P < .05), whereas in CsA treatment alone, there was an augment in syncytial knots (24-48 hours, P < .005). The sFLT1 gene (24 hours, P < .05) and protein ( P < .005) expression increased in AZA and CsA-treatments separately or in combination ( P < .05). Placental growth factor increased in AZA (24 hours, 10 ng/mL) and CsA (125 ng/mL; P < .05). In conclusion, our data indicate that AZA primarily acts on the villous metabolism, perturbing placental homeostasis. Since these drugs may alter the balance of angiogenic factors in its selection for clinical application, their impact on the behavior of placental villous should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Z. Gomes
- Department of Cellular and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Franciele Araujo
- Department of Cellular and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carla L. Bandeira
- Department of Cellular and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Leandro G. Oliveira
- Gynecology and Obstetrics Department, Botucatu Medical School, Sao Paulo State University, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mara S. Hoshida
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Zugaib
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rossana P. V. Francisco
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Estela Bevilacqua
- Department of Cellular and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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7
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Key Ethical Considerations in the Study and Clinical Translation of Uterine Transplantation. CURRENT TRANSPLANTATION REPORTS 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s40472-016-0129-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Pregnancy outcome in renal transplant recipients: Indian scenario. INDIAN JOURNAL OF TRANSPLANTATION 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijt.2016.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Mishra VV, Nanda SS, Mistry K, Choudhary S, Aggarwal R, Vyas BM. An Overview on Fertility Outcome in Renal Transplant Recipients. J Obstet Gynaecol India 2016; 66:330-4. [PMID: 27651625 DOI: 10.1007/s13224-016-0919-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The number of patients undergoing renal transplant are increasing with time. Most of these patients fall in the reproductive age group, who are going to conceive sooner or later. But there are few recipients who either are infertile before transplant or became infertile due to underlying renal pathology responsible for transplantation. OBJECTIVE To study fertility outcome in female renal transplant recipients. MATERIALS AND METHODS STUDY DESIGN This is a retrospective study conducted at tertiary health center in Ahmedabad, from 2004 to 2014. INCLUSION CRITERIA Renal transplant recipients in the reproductive age group (20-40 years of age) were followed up in gynecology outdoor patient department. SAMPLE SIZE There were 211 female renal transplant recipients, out of which 113 (53.5 %) patients had complete family, 3 (1.41 %) patients were infertile, 16 (7.58 %) patients have conceived, 33 (15.63 %) patients were lost to follow-up and remaining 46 (21.8 %) did not try for pregnancy. EXCLUSION CRITERIA Unmarried patients, divorced and widow patients were excluded. RESULTS Out of 19 patients, 16 patients conceived and 3 were infertile. The main cause of infertility in these patients was ovarian factor in 2 patients and tubal factor in 1 patient. Among 16 patients, 8 patients had missed abortion, 2 patients had preterm deliveries and 6 patients had term deliveries. CONCLUSION Peritransplant and preconceptional counseling plays an important role for renal transplant recipients to help them understand the effect of renal pathology and transplantation on their fertility. They can have good fertility and pregnancy outcome with optimum functioning graft.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vineet V Mishra
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Room No: 31, Institute of Kidney Diseases and Research Centre, Institute of Transplantation Sciences (IKDRC - ITS), B.J. Medical College, Civil Hospital Campus, Ahmedabad, 380016 India
| | - Sakshi S Nanda
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Room No: 31, Institute of Kidney Diseases and Research Centre, Institute of Transplantation Sciences (IKDRC - ITS), B.J. Medical College, Civil Hospital Campus, Ahmedabad, 380016 India
| | - Kavita Mistry
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Room No: 31, Institute of Kidney Diseases and Research Centre, Institute of Transplantation Sciences (IKDRC - ITS), B.J. Medical College, Civil Hospital Campus, Ahmedabad, 380016 India
| | - Sumesh Choudhary
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Room No: 31, Institute of Kidney Diseases and Research Centre, Institute of Transplantation Sciences (IKDRC - ITS), B.J. Medical College, Civil Hospital Campus, Ahmedabad, 380016 India
| | - Rohina Aggarwal
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Room No: 31, Institute of Kidney Diseases and Research Centre, Institute of Transplantation Sciences (IKDRC - ITS), B.J. Medical College, Civil Hospital Campus, Ahmedabad, 380016 India
| | - Bhumika M Vyas
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Room No: 31, Institute of Kidney Diseases and Research Centre, Institute of Transplantation Sciences (IKDRC - ITS), B.J. Medical College, Civil Hospital Campus, Ahmedabad, 380016 India
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10
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Abstract
More women are reporting pregnancy following heart transplantation. Although successful outcomes have been reported for the mother, transplanted heart, and newborn, such pregnancies should be considered high risk. Hypertension, preeclampsia, and infection should be treated. Vaginal delivery is recommended unless cesarean section is obstetrically necessary. Most outcomes are live births, and long-term follow-up of children show most are healthy and developing well. Maternal survival, independent of pregnancy-related events, should be part of prepregnancy counseling.
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Humphreys RA, Wong HHL, Milner R, Matsuda-Abedini M. Pregnancy outcomes among solid organ transplant recipients in British Columbia. JOURNAL OF OBSTETRICS AND GYNAECOLOGY CANADA 2012; 34:416-424. [PMID: 22555133 DOI: 10.1016/s1701-2163(16)35237-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Since 1954, over 14 000 women have given birth after having had an organ transplantation. Unfortunately, some women and physicians remain misinformed about the feasibility and outcomes of pregnancy post transplantation. Our primary objective was to assess their perceptions and difficulties with regard to becoming pregnant. Our secondary objectives were to determine the incidence of pregnancies among transplant recipients in British Columbia and any maternal, graft, or fetal complications. METHODS From 1997 to 2007 in British Columbia, there were over 500 female recipients of solid organ transplants. We surveyed recipients in this group who were of child-bearing age. RESULTS One hundred forty of 295 (47%) eligible recipients responded: 44 of these women had attempted pregnancy after transplant, and 31 women gave birth to 47 children. One half of the respondents planned to have children post transplant; 108 of 140 (77%) had no children before transplant. One quarter of the respondents were advised against pregnancy by their physician, and 33% of these women found a new physician to support their pregnancy. Rates of miscarriage (27%), rejection (21%), and prematurity (65%) were higher than expected. Infections were rare, and no birth defects or noteworthy health problems in the offspring were reported. CONCLUSIONS Overall, pregnancy appears to be safe following solid organ transplantation, but careful monitoring and counselling are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Humphreys
- Department of Pediatrics, British Columbia's Children's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver BC; Division of Nephrology, British Columbia's Children's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver BC
| | - Helen H L Wong
- Department of Pediatrics, British Columbia's Children's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver BC; Division of Nephrology, British Columbia's Children's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver BC
| | - Ruth Milner
- Department of Pediatrics, British Columbia's Children's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver BC; Division of Nephrology, British Columbia's Children's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver BC; Department of Surgery, British Columbia's Children's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver BC
| | - Mina Matsuda-Abedini
- Department of Pediatrics, British Columbia's Children's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver BC; Division of Nephrology, British Columbia's Children's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver BC
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12
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Deshpande NA, James NT, Kucirka LM, Boyarsky BJ, Garonzik-Wang JM, Cameron AM, Singer AL, Dagher NN, Segev DL. Pregnancy outcomes of liver transplant recipients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Liver Transpl 2012; 18:621-9. [PMID: 22344967 DOI: 10.1002/lt.23416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Approximately 14,000 women of reproductive age are currently living in the United States after liver transplantation (LT), and another 500 undergo LT each year. Although LT improves reproductive function in women with advanced liver disease, the associated pregnancy outcomes and maternal-fetal risks have not been quantified in a broad manner. To obtain more generalizable inferences, we performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of articles that were published between 2000 and 2011 and reported pregnancy-related outcomes for LT recipients. Eight of 578 unique studies met the inclusion criteria, and these studies represented 450 pregnancies in 306 LT recipients. The post-LT live birth rate [76.9%, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 72.7%-80.7%] was higher than the live birth rate for the US general population (66.7%) but was similar to the post-kidney transplantation (KT) live birth rate (73.5%). The post-LT miscarriage rate (15.6%, 95% CI = 12.3%-19.2%) was lower than the miscarriage rate for the general population (17.1%) but was similar to the post-KT miscarriage rate (14.0%). The rates of pre-eclampsia (21.9%, 95% CI = 17.7%-26.4%), cesarean section delivery (44.6%, 95% CI = 39.2%-50.1%), and preterm delivery (39.4%, 95% CI = 33.1%-46.0%) were higher than the rates for the US general population (3.8%, 31.9%, and 12.5%, respectively) but lower than the post-KT rates (27.0%, 56.9%, and 45.6%, respectively). Both the mean gestational age and the mean birth weight were significantly greater (P < 0.001) for LT recipients versus KT recipients (36.5 versus 35.6 weeks and 2866 versus 2420 g). Although pregnancy after LT is feasible, the complication rates are relatively high and should be considered during patient counseling and clinical decision making. More case and center reports are necessary so that information on post-LT pregnancy outcomes and complications can be gathered to improve the clinical management of pregnant LT recipients. Continued reporting to active registries is highly encouraged at the center level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha A Deshpande
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 720 Rutland Avenue, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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13
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Spearman CWN, Goddard E, McCulloch MI, Hairwadzi HN, Sonderup MW, Kahn D, Millar AJW. Pregnancy following liver transplantation during childhood and adolescence. Pediatr Transplant 2011; 15:712-7. [PMID: 22004545 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3046.2011.01554.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
More than 80% of pediatric transplant recipients will survive to reach adulthood, and many will consider having children. We report on outcomes and management of five pregnancies in four women undergoing orthotopic liver transplantation during childhood or adolescence and followed up at our Transplant Center. A retrospective clinical folder audit was performed. Mean age at transplantation was 13.3 ± 3.4 yr (range, 10-18 yr). Mean interval between transplantation and pregnancy was 15.4 ± 4.9 yr (range, 10-22 yr). Mean maternal age at conception was 28 ± 3.5 yr (range, 23-32 yr). Mean gestational age was 36.6 ± 1.7 wk. Mean birth weight was 2672 ± 249 g. Immunosuppression was cyclosporin based in three women and tacrolimus based in one woman. Pregnancy complications necessitating the induction of labor included fetal distress and rising maternal liver enzymes in two women, cholestasis of pregnancy and impaired renal graft function in one woman, fetal distress and preeclampsia in one woman. Modes of delivery were normal vaginal delivery in three women and cesarean section in one woman. No maternal or fetal deaths and no congenital malformations occurred. No episodes of rejection occurred during pregnancy. Two women experienced acute cellular rejection requiring an increase in baseline immunosuppression in the first year, following delivery. No graft losses occurred during a mean follow-up of 44 ± 17.9 months post-delivery. With careful management, pregnancy post-liver transplantation can have a successful outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- C W N Spearman
- Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, University of Cape Town Medical School, Cape Town, South Africa.
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15
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16
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Abstract
Emerging infections, many zoonotic, are caused by a variety of pathogens with global distribution. Previously rare pathogens have emerged; global travel facilitates their rapid spread. Human encroachment on remote areas has brought contact with zoonotic diseases never before characterized. Although systematic study of rare outbreaks can be challenging, knowledge of emerging pathogens and their effects on women is accumulating. This article discusses effects of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, West Nile virus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus, avian influenza A virus, viral hemorrhagic fevers, spirochetal illnesses, and Chagas' disease. The potential impact of candidate bioterror agents and issues of prophylaxis and therapy are discussed.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Communicable Diseases, Emerging/epidemiology
- Communicable Diseases, Emerging/etiology
- Communicable Diseases, Emerging/prevention & control
- Communicable Diseases, Emerging/transmission
- Female
- Humans
- Infant, Newborn
- Infant, Premature, Diseases/epidemiology
- Infant, Premature, Diseases/etiology
- Infant, Premature, Diseases/prevention & control
- Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical
- Pregnancy
- Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/epidemiology
- Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/etiology
- Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/prevention & control
- Women's Health
- Zoonoses/epidemiology
- Zoonoses/etiology
- Zoonoses/transmission
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Affiliation(s)
- Regan N Theiler
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX 77550-0587, USA.
| | - Sonja A Rasmussen
- Division of Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Tracee A Treadwell
- National Center for Zoonotic, Vectorborne and Enteric Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, MS D-76, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Denise J Jamieson
- Division of Reproductive Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway, NE, MS K-40, Atlanta, GA 30341-3717, USA
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Armenti VT, Constantinescu S, Moritz MJ, Davison JM. Pregnancy after transplantation. Transplant Rev (Orlando) 2008; 22:223-40. [PMID: 18693108 DOI: 10.1016/j.trre.2008.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The National Transplantation Pregnancy Registry (NTPR) was established in 1991 to study the outcomes of pregnancies in female transplant recipients and pregnancies fathered by male transplant recipients. Data from the NTPR have helped to endorse the reassurances from publications of smaller experiences that successful pregnancies are possible in the transplant population. In our last review for this journal (2000), we noted that important future issues would include the reassessment of prepregnancy guidelines, gestational and organ-specific problems, the role of new immunosuppressive drugs, and the long-term effects of pregnancy on both graft and child. Data collected by the NTPR over the last 7 years have addressed these issues, thus providing additional information for health care providers of transplant recipients of childbearing age. There has been some refinement of prepregnancy guidelines, but there is a need for additional data collection so that organ-specific outcomes and risks can further be identified. To date, the outcomes of the children followed have been encouraging, and specific remote effects have not been identified, but continued surveillance is still vital. Of special concern are the new immunosuppressive drugs, specifically for mycophenolate mofetil (CellCept, Roche Laboratories Inc., Nutley, New Jersey), where data reported to the NTPR and through postmarketing surveillance have shown an increased incidence of nonviable outcomes and a specific pattern and increased incidence of malformation in the newborn, which has resulted in a pregnancy category change. Newer information points to an increased need for vigilance among centers and continued monitoring of pregnancy outcomes in this population. As the first reported pregnancy after transplantation occurred in a kidney recipient 50 years ago, in March 1958, this review also highlights the first reported pregnancies in other solid organ recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent T Armenti
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
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Current World Literature. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol 2008; 20:320-3. [DOI: 10.1097/gco.0b013e328304362f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Abstract
Reproductive success is a common, expected outcome for male and female recipients of solid-organ transplants. Men can father children, and women can become pregnant and carry the fetus to delivery. There are, however, important maternal and fetal complications that need to be considered to provide optimal care to the mother and her infant. Although pregnancy is common after the transplantation of all solid organs, guidelines for optimal counseling and clinical management are limited. This review discusses information to help the physician counsel the kidney transplant recipient about risks of pregnancy for the mother and the fetus and provides information to help guide treatment of the pregnant transplant recipient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dianne B McKay
- Department of Immunology, IMM-1, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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Abstract
Use of prescription and nonprescription medications is common during pregnancy and is required in many women with underlying kidney disease or hypertension and in all with solid-organ allografts. Systematic assessment of drug safety during pregnancy is lacking, as are rigorous and comprehensive studies of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics to guide drug selection and dosing across pregnancy. Renal and hepatic clearances of many drugs change markedly during pregnancy and pitfalls may complicate routine therapeutic monitoring of some drugs during pregnancy. However, available data and clinical experience allow reasonable strategies for selection and dosing of immunosuppressive agents in pregnant transplant recipients and of antihypertensive agents in women with mild or more severe hypertension complicating their pregnancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason G Umans
- Penn Medical Laboratory, MedStar Research Institute, Washington, DC, USA.
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del Mar Colon M, Hibbard JU. Obstetric considerations in the management of pregnancy in kidney transplant recipients. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis 2007; 14:168-77. [PMID: 17395119 DOI: 10.1053/j.ackd.2007.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Kidney transplant improves reproductive function; planning for pregnancy is crucial. Prenatal management must address potential fetal complications: preterm delivery, intrauterine growth restriction, low birth weight; as well as maternal: hypertension, preeclampsia, gestational diabetes, acute rejection or graft loss. The latter depends upon timing after transplant, prepregnancy kidney function, and continuation of immunosuppressive agents at appropriate levels. Graft function is not adversely affected if preconception kidney function was normal. Acute rejection, 9%-14%, must be immediately addressed, with kidney biopsy if necessary. Blood pressure should be meticulously managed; serious morbidity results from poor control. Blood pressures >130/80 mmHg require acceptable antihypertensives: beta-blockers, alpha-methyldopa, hydralazine, and calcium channel blockers. Preeclampsia requires seizure prophylaxis with magnesium sulfate, with expeditious delivery. Screening for urinary tract infections with aggressive treatment and for opportunistic infections that may affect the fetus is essential. Surveillance for fetal anomalies, growth, and antenatal testing is important. Steroids for fetal lung maturity are indicated for preterm delivery. Vaginal birth is preferred, reserving cesarean for obstetrical indications, with pain management similar to normal laboring patients. Surveillance for infection postpartum is warranted. Conflicting information exists regarding safety of breastfeeding with immunosuppressive drugs; immunosuppressive medication must be adjusted to prepregnancy levels and contraception counseling addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria del Mar Colon
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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