Pentoxifylline

Effects of pentoxifylline supplementation to semen extender on post-breeding inflammation response assessed by endometrial cytology and vascular perfusion in mares

The aim was to evaluate effects of addition of pentoxifylline to skimmed milk semen extender on uterine inflammatory response. Thirty-six estrous cycles of 15 mares were randomly divided into five groups for artificial insemination (AI): Control: mimicking the AI procedure (n = 7); Extender: deposition of skimmed milk based extender (n = 7); Extender + PTX: skimmed milk based extender plus pentoxifylline (7.18 mM; n = 8); Semen: semen diluted with extender without pentoxifylline (n = 7), and Semen + PTX: semen diluted with extender containing pentoxifylline (n = 7). Mares in estrus were examined by trans-rectal palpation and using ultrasonography, and ovulation was induced. Uterine hemodynamics were assessed immediately before ovulation induction (T-30), immediately before AI (T0), 2 (T2), 6 (T6), 12 (T12), 24 (T24) and 48 (T48) h after AI. Endometrial samples were collected 6 h after AI, and slides were stained and examined to determine percentage of PMN. Pentoxifylline had no additional effect on vascular perfusion. There was a major inflammatory response with pentoxifylline treatment that was greater than that of the control group. In the group treated with Extender + PTX, there were more PMN (57.98 ± 9.42%) than in the group treated with Extender (20.20 ± 6.63%) and in the Semen + PTX group more PMN (82.84 ± 5.71%) than in the Semen-treated group (47.83 ± 10.61%). These findings indicate the addition of pentoxifylline does not stimulate blood flow; however, it induces a greater immune defense response because more neutrophils migrate to the uterine lumen.