A Novel Technique for Creating an Articulating Cement Spacer for Ankle Prosthetic Joint Infections

Treatment Options of Prosthetic Joint Infections Following Total Ankle Arthroplasty: A Systematic Review

Background: This comprehensive systematic review aims to explore and discuss existing treatment modalities for infections in total ankle arthroplasty (TAA), providing insights that may contribute to the establishment of a "standard of care" for these challenging cases. The study analyses the intricate landscape of infected TAA, addressing gaps in the current literature and emphasizing the need to refine treatment strategies. With the reported incidence of periprosthetic joint infection after TAA surpassing rates observed in total hip and knee replacements, the research navigates through various treatment modalities, underscoring the lack of a universally accepted standard of care. Methods: In this systematic review, following PRISMA guidelines, PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar, we identified 15 papers addressing the management strategies for infected TAA (162 infected ankle arthroplasty cases).These databases were chosen for their extensive coverage, strong relevance to the research topic, and ease of access, ensuring a thorough and focused retrieval of pertinent literature on the treatment of infected ankle prostheses. The review involved the identification and evaluation of articles providing insights into complications, treatment outcomes, and risk factors. Extracted data were summarized and reported. A descriptive analysis was performed, and when feasible, a statistical analysis was conducted. Results: Treatment modalities included irrigation and debridement (48.8%), revision total ankle arthroplasty (36.3%), primary arthrodesis (7.9%), spacer arthroplasty (4.5%), and primary amputation (3.9%). Complication rates varied, with 46.5% for irrigation and debridement, 20% for two-stage revision, 7.14% for primary arthrodesis, and 25% for spacer arthroplasty. Conclusions: The rising prevalence of TAA underscores the need for a definitive treatment protocol due to severe complications. This review emphasizes careful patient selection and accurate diagnosis. Irrigation and debridement are effective for acute infections, while two-stage revision is a valid alternative for chronic infections. High-quality randomized controlled trials are important for establishing an evidence-based treatment protocol.

A Propensity Score Matched Exploration of Infection in Primary Total Ankle Arthroplasty

BACKGROUND

Infection is a serious complication of primary total ankle arthroplasty (TAA) and can lead to implant failure and revision surgery. Various demographic, comorbidity, and surgical factors have been associated with an increased risk of infection. However, the evidence base remains limited, and further research is needed regarding infection in TAA. This study aims to analyze risk factors of infection and explore outcomes following infected TAA.

METHODS

A retrospective cohort study was conducted using data from a single institution from 2002 to 2022. Patients who underwent primary TAA and had subsequent infection were identified through annual registry surveillance and matched using propensity score matching (PSM) based on various demographic, comorbidity, and surgical factors. Demographics were compared between the matched groups using Mann-Whitney U test and Fisher exact test. The outcomes following infection were identified and summarized using descriptive statistics.

RESULTS

A total of 1863 patients who underwent primary TAA were identified, and 19 were diagnosed with an infection. The identifiable overall infection rate was 1.0%. After PSM, there were no significant differences in the difference in age, gender, BMI, and smoking status between the infected and control cohort. There was a statistically significant increase in the rate of diabetes in the infected cohort. The subsequent surgical intervention resulted in limb salvage in 18 (94.7%) cases. Out of the total number of cases, 2-stage revision to total ankle replacement was performed in 7 cases, whereas revision to arthrodesis and isolated polyethylene exchange were each carried out in 4 cases. One patient had to undergo amputation; however, at the time of the most recent follow-up, all patients were found to be free of infection.

CONCLUSION

This study demonstrated high rates of a history of smoking and diabetes in the infected TAA cohort. The diabetes rate in the infected group was significantly higher than the noninfected controls. Two-stage revision to total ankle replacement was performed in 7 cases, and revision to arthrodesis and isolated polyethylene exchange were each carried out in 4 cases. Overall, a high rate of limb salvage was reported.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE

Level III, case-control study.

Current Concepts on the Application, Pharmacokinetics and Complications of Antibiotic-Loaded Cement Spacers in the Treatment of Prosthetic Joint Infections

Prosthetic joint infection (PJI) is a devastating complication of total joint replacement surgery. It affects about 2% of primary total joint replacements. Treatment aims at infection eradication and restoration of patient's mobility. Two-stage revision arthroplasty with an interim application of an antibiotic-loaded cement spacer (ALCS) is the widely accepted treatment for PJI. Spacers are powerful local carriers of antibiotics at the site of infection, effective against biofilm-protected microbes. On the other hand, spacers permit some mobility of the patient and facilitate final prosthesis implantation. ALCS's are either commercially available or prepared intraoperatively on prefabricated or improvised molds. Antibiotic elution from the spacer depends on the amount of the antibiotic used for cement impregnation, at the expense of mechanical stiffness of the spacer. The antibiotic should not exceed 4g per 40g of bone cement to preserve the mechanical properties of the cement. Spacers are frequently accompanied by local or systemic complications. The spacer may break, dislocate and compress vessels or nerves of the limb. Systemic complications are the result of excess elution of antibiotic and include nephrotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, ototoxicity, allergic reactions or neutropenia. Elderly patients with comorbidities are at risk to present such complications. Microbial resistance is a potential risk of long-lasting spacer retention. Persisting infection may require multiple spacer replacements.

Treatment of hindfoot and ankle infections with Ilizarov external fixator or spacer, followed by secondary arthrodesis

An established treatment strategy in surgical site infection after hindfoot and ankle surgery is a two-stage procedure with debridement and placement of a cement spacer, followed by antibiotic treatment and secondary arthrodesis. However, there is little evidence to favor this treatment over a one-stage procedure with debridement, followed by primary arthrodesis with an Ilizarov external fixator and antibiotic treatment. We compared the infection control and clinical and radiological outcome of a two-stage and a one-stage procedure. In this study, 7 patients with a two-stage revision and 11 patients with a one-stage revision between 2005 and 2015 were included. The primary outcome was infection control (absence of the Musculoskeletal Infection Society PJI criteria) 2 years after the ankle or hindfoot arthrodesis. Secondary outcome measures were the AOFAS hindfoot score and radiological consolidation rate. Infection control was 85% (6 out of 7 patients) in the two-stage group and 81% (9 out of 11 patients) in the one-stage group (p = 1.0). One patient (14%) of the two-stage and two patients (18%) in the one-stage group needed below-knee amputation. In the two-stage group, the mean postoperative AOFAS score was 74.8 (SD: ±11.3) versus 71.7 (SD: ±17.8) in the one-stage group. Radiological consolidation could be achieved in 71% in the spacer group (n = 5) and in 72% in the Ilizarov external fixator group (n = 9). Infection control, AOFAS score, and radiologic consolidation of hindfoot and ankle arthrodesis were comparable in both groups of patients with complicated postsurgical hindfoot or ankle infections.

3-D generated anatomic custom talar cement spacers: case reports, technical tips and literature review

Background

With today’s expanding use of total ankle arthroplasty, the ever-present trauma patient, and patients with uncontrolled comorbid conditions, surgeons face significant challenges for lower extremity reconstruction. These patients highlight some of those who may present with unique anatomy, bone loss, infection, and various other local and systemic factors that affect treatment options for successful outcomes. Three dimensional (3-D) printing for medical devices is allowing for new and customized ways to meet patient and surgeon goals of limb salvage and reconstruction.

Case presentations

While the majority of 3-D printing is done for the purpose of implantation, we present a technical tip for designing a 3-D printed mold from which to create an antibiotic cement spacer for implantation. With two case illustrations including a talus fracture nonunion and infected subtalar arthrodesis nonunion, we describe the process of patient selection, implant design, fabrication, and implantation of a custom molded antibiotic cement talus.

Discussion

Case illustrations present two successful limb salvage patients while giving a thorough explanation of our technique, learned tips and tricks. This applied technology builds on prior use of antibiotic cement in limb salvage of the lower extremity, most of which are joint sacrificing. 3-D printing the mold for an anatomic talus cement spacer results in a joint sparing limb salvage solution.

Innovative 3-D printing technology is merged with current, pertinent literature regarding antibiotic cement to offer surgeons expanded options for temporary or definitive reconstructive techniques in some of the most challenging patients.