Evaluation and Management of Neck Pain, Radiculopathy, and Myelopathy

Why Does C5 Palsy Occur After Prophylactic Bilateral C4-5 Foraminotomy in Open-Door Cervical Laminoplasty? A Risk Factor Analysis

STUDY DESIGN

Retrospective study.

OBJECTIVES

To evaluate the efficacy of bilateral C4-5 foraminotomy in preventing occurrence of postoperative C5 palsy and to identify possible risk factors for its development.

METHODS

A total of 70 consecutive patients who underwent open-door laminoplasty with bilateral C4-5 foraminotomy were included. Clinical, radiographic, and operative data was reviewed. Development of postoperative C5 palsy was analyzed.

RESULTS

A total of 54 males and 16 females were reviewed. Mean age was 56 years (range, 30-86 years). The primary pathology was spondylosis in 76% of cases and ossified posterior longitudinal ligament in 21%. Radiographic evidence of C4-5 foraminal stenosis was seen in 81% of the patients. The mean duration of preoperative symptoms was 7 ± 19 months. Four (5.7%) out of 70 patients developed C5 palsy after open-door laminoplasty with bilateral C4-5 foraminotomy. Multivariate analysis showed that a long duration of preoperative symptoms (>12 months) and the presence of preoperative C4-5 T2-MRI cord signal change were statistically significant risk factors for the development of C5 palsy even after bilateral C4-5 foraminotomy in open-door laminoplasty (P < .0001 and P = .036, respectively).

CONCLUSIONS

Prophylactic bilateral C4-5 foraminotomies do not completely eliminate the occurrence of C5 palsy. Prolonged duration of symptoms and presence of preoperative T2-MRI cord signal change increase the risk for developing postoperative C5 palsy despite foraminotomy.

Resource utilization for non-operative cervical radiculopathy: Management by surgeons versus non-surgeons

OBJECTIVES

To compare the estimated resource utilization for non-operative treatment of cervical radiculopathy if managed by surgeons versus non-surgeons.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

A Cervical Spine Research Society-sponsored survey was administered at a national spine surgery conference to surgeons and non-surgeons, as classified above. The survey asked questions regarding resource utilization and perceived costs for the "average patient" with cervical radiculopathy managed non-operatively. Resource utilization and perceived costs were compared between surgeon and non-surgeon participants, and between private practice and academic and/or hybrid groups that combine academic and private practices.

RESULTS

In total, 101 of the 125 conference attendees participated in the survey (return rate 80.8%, of which 60% were surgeons). Surgeon and non-surgeon estimates for duration of non-operative care did not differ (3.3 versus 4.2 months, p=0.071). Estimates also did not differ for estimated number of physical therapy visits (10.5 versus 10.5, p=0.983), cervical injections (1.4 versus 1.7, p=0.272), chiropractic visits (3.1 versus 3.7, p=0.583), or perceived days off from work (14.9 versus 16.3, p=0.816). The only difference identified was that surgeon estimates of the number of physician visits while providing non-operative care were lower than non-surgeon estimates (3.2 versus 4.0, p=0.018). In terms of estimated costs, surgeon and non-surgeon were mostly similar (only difference being that surgeon estimates for the total cost of physician visits per patient were lower than non-surgeon estimates ($382 versus $579, p=0.007). Surgeon estimates for the percent of their patients that go on to receive surgery within 6 months were higher than non-surgeon estimates (28.6% versus 18.8%, p=0.018). Similarly, surgeon estimates for the percent of their patients to go on to receive surgery within 2 years were higher than non-surgeon estimates (37.8% versus 24.8%, p=0.013). Academic/hybrid and private practice group resource utilization estimates and costs were also compared, and no significant differences were found in any comparisons. Additionally, no significant differences were found in these groups for duration of non-operative care, or the estimates of the percent of patients who go on to receive surgery within 6 months or two years.

CONCLUSION

These data suggest that patients with cervical radiculopathy managed by surgeons and those by non-surgeons have overall similar resource utilization during a non-operative trial. This suggests that relatively similar care is provided regardless of whom initiates the non-operative trial (surgeon or non-surgeon). Although surgeons thought their patients more likely to undergo surgery following a non-operative trial, this may be a bias due to patient referral-specifically, surgeons may be more likely than non-surgeons to manage patients with more severe or longer-standing radiculopathy.

Screw Back-Out Following "Open-Door" Cervical Laminoplasty: A Review of 165 Plates

STUDY DESIGN

Retrospective study.

PURPOSE

To investigate safety profile of open door laminoplasty plates.

OVERVIEW OF LITERATURE

Few reports have documented potential complications related to the use of cervical laminoplasty plates.

METHODS

Records and radiographs of consecutive plated laminoplasty patients of one academic surgeon were analyzed. Group 1 had screw back-out, defined as change in screw position, and group 2 did not.

RESULTS

Forty-two patients (mean age, 56.9) underwent "open-door" cervical laminoplasty using 165 plates. Mean follow-up was 24 months (range, 12-49 months). Mean Nurick grade improved from 2.1 to 0.9 postoperatively. Cervical lordosis (C2-7) was 12.1° preoperatively and 10.0° postoperatively. Range-of-motion was 27.0° preoperatively and 23.4° postoperatively. Partial screw back-out was noted in 27 of 165 plates (16.4%) and in 34 of 660 screws (5.2%). Of the 34 screws, 27 (79.4%) were at either the most cranial (12/27, 44.4%) or the most caudal (15/27, 55.5%) level. Cranially, 11/12 screws (91.7%) had back-out. Caudally, 9/15 lateral mass screws (60.0%) backed-out versus 6 laminar screws (40.0%). Of the 22 patients with screw back-out, 15 (68.2%) occurred <3 months postoperative and 6 (27.3%) occurred 4-12 months postoperative. No statistical differences were found between group 1 and 2 for age, gender, preoperative and postoperative lordosis, focal sagittal alignment, range-of-motion, or Nurick grade. Despite screw backout in 22 patients, there were no plate dislodgements, laminoplasty closure, or neurological deterioration.

CONCLUSIONS

Although screw back-out may occur with the use of cervical laminoplasty plates, the use of these plates without a bone block appears to be safe and reliable. As screw back-out is most common at the cranial and caudal ends of the laminoplasty, we recommend using the maximum number of screws (typically 2 for the lateral mass and 2 for the spinous process) at these levels to secure the plate to the bone.

Revision surgery following cervical laminoplasty: etiology and treatment strategies

STUDY DESIGN

Retrospective review of prospectively collected data.

OBJECTIVE

To identify the cause of failed open-door laminoplasty and to describe the surgical strategies for revision surgery.

SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA

Although laminoplasty has become popular, few articles have addressed the cause of failed cervical laminoplasty requiring revision surgery.

METHODS

All patients who required revision surgery following open-door cervical laminoplasty were identified. Clinical data, method of surgical revision, time between surgeries, Nurick grade, radiologic parameters, and complications were analyzed. Laminoplasty failures were classified into 3 categories: "technique related," "inadequate symptomatic relief after treatment," or "recurrence of symptoms due to disease progression."

RESULTS

A total of 130 patients underwent cervical laminoplasty over a 10-year period (1996-2006), and 12 patients (9.2%) required revision surgery. The mean age was 50.7 years at the time of the index laminoplasty (range, 34-67 years) and 51.8 years (range, 35-70 years) at the time of the revision surgery. Mean duration of symptoms was 7.3 months before the index procedure (range, 2-17 months) and 5.6 months (range, 1-14 months) before revision surgery. The mean time interval between the index procedure and revision surgery was 16.6 months (range, 4-43 months). Of the 12 patients who required revision surgery, 5 had global lordosis of <10 degrees, 4 developed local kyphosis >13 degrees, and 5 had increased degenerative spondylolisthesis. Nonmyelopathic causes resulted in 50% of the revision surgery. Of 12 patients, 3 (25%) required revision surgery due to technique-related factors; 1 (8%) required surgery due to inadequate symptomatic relief after treatment; and 8 (67%) required revision surgery due to disease progression.

CONCLUSION

Of the 130 patients who underwent cervical laminoplasty over a 10-year period, 12 patients (9.2%) required revision surgery. Although laminoplasty is generally successful, failures due to disease progression, technique-related factors, and inadequate symptomatic relief after treatment can occur. Patients should, therefore, be counseled regarding the potential need for revision surgery when undergoing open-door laminoplasty.

Cervical radiculopathy

Cervical radiculopathy is a disorder involving dysfunction of cervical nerve roots that commonly manifests as pain radiating from the neck into the distribution of the affected root. Acute cervical radiculopathy generally has a self-limited clinical course, with up to a 75% rate of spontaneous improvement. Thus, nonsurgical treatment is the appropriate initial approach for most patients. When nonsurgical treatment fails to relieve symptoms or if a significant neurologic deficit exists, surgical decompression may be necessary. Surgical outcomes for relief of arm pain range from 80% to 90% with either anterior or posterior approaches.