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Chang CC, Lee KL, Chan TS, Chung CC, Liang YC. Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors Downregulate Calcium Pyrophosphate Crystal Formation in Human Articular Chondrocytes. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23052604. [PMID: 35269745 PMCID: PMC8910507 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcium pyrophosphate (CPP) deposition disease (CPPD) is a form of CPP crystal-induced arthritis. A high concentration of extracellular pyrophosphate (ePPi) in synovial fluid is positively correlated with the formation of CPP crystals, and ePPi can be upregulated by ankylosis human (ANKH) and ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase 1 (ENPP1) and downregulated by tissue non-specific alkaline phosphatase (TNAP). However, there is currently no drug that eliminates CPP crystals. We explored the effects of the histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors (HDACis) trichostatin A (TSA) and vorinostat (SAHA) on CPP formation. Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1-treated human primary cultured articular chondrocytes (HC-a cells) were used to increase ePPi and CPP formation, which were determined by pyrophosphate assay and CPP crystal staining assay, respectively. Artificial substrates thymidine 5′-monophosphate p-nitrophenyl ester (p-NpTMP) and p-nitrophenyl phosphate (p-NPP) were used to estimate ENPP1 and TNAP activities, respectively. The HDACis TSA and SAHA significantly reduced mRNA and protein expressions of ANKH and ENPP1 but increased TNAP expression in a dose-dependent manner in HC-a cells. Further results demonstrated that TSA and SAHA decreased ENPP1 activity, increased TNAP activity, and limited levels of ePPi and CPP. As expected, both TSA and SAHA significantly increased the acetylation of histones 3 and 4 but failed to block Smad-2 phosphorylation induced by TGF-β1. These results suggest that HDACis prevented the formation of CPP by regulating ANKH, ENPP1, and TNAP expressions and can possibly be developed as a potential drug to treat or prevent CPPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Ching Chang
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan;
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Kun-Lin Lee
- School of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; (K.-L.L.); (C.-C.C.)
- Ph.D. Program in Medical Biotechnology, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Tze-Sian Chan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan;
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei 11696, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Chen Chung
- School of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; (K.-L.L.); (C.-C.C.)
- Ph.D. Program in Medical Biotechnology, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chih Liang
- School of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; (K.-L.L.); (C.-C.C.)
- Ph.D. Program in Medical Biotechnology, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Ph.D. Program in Drug Discovery and Development Industry, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Traditional Herbal Medicine Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Correspondence:
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Casanova MR, Osório H, Reis RL, Martins A, Neves NM. Chondrogenic differentiation induced by extracellular vesicles bound to a nanofibrous substrate. NPJ Regen Med 2021; 6:79. [PMID: 34799583 PMCID: PMC8604977 DOI: 10.1038/s41536-021-00190-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are being increasingly studied owing to its regenerative potential, namely EVs derived from human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (hBM-MSCs). Those can be used for controlling inflammation, repairing injury, and enhancing tissue regeneration. Differently, the potential of EVs derived from human articular chondrocytes (hACs) to promote cartilage regeneration has not been thoroughly investigated. This work aims to develop an EVs immobilization system capable of selectively bind EVs present in conditioned medium obtained from cultures of hACs or hBM-MSC. For that, an anti-CD63 antibody was immobilized at the surface of an activated and functionalized electrospun nanofibrous mesh. The chondrogenic potential of bound EVs was further assessed by culturing hBM-MSCs during 28 days under basal conditions. EVs derived from hACs cultured under differentiation medium or from chondrogenically committed hBM-MSCs induced a chondrogenic phenotype characterized by marked induction of SOX9, COMP, Aggrecan and Collagen type II, and matrix glycosaminoglycans synthesis. Indeed, both EVs immobilization systems outperformed the currently used chondroinductive strategies. These data show that naturally secreted EVs can guide the chondrogenic commitment of hBM-MSCs in the absence of any other chemical or genetic chondrogenic inductors based in medium supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta R Casanova
- 3B's Research Group, I3Bs - Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics of University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark - Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, 4805-017, Barco/Guimarães, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Hugo Osório
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal
- Ipatimup-Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, University of Porto, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319, Porto, Portugal
| | - Rui L Reis
- 3B's Research Group, I3Bs - Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics of University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark - Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, 4805-017, Barco/Guimarães, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Albino Martins
- 3B's Research Group, I3Bs - Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics of University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark - Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, 4805-017, Barco/Guimarães, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Nuno M Neves
- 3B's Research Group, I3Bs - Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics of University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark - Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, 4805-017, Barco/Guimarães, Portugal.
- ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.
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Williams CJ, Rosenthal AK. Pathogenesis of calcium pyrophosphate deposition disease. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 2021; 35:101718. [PMID: 34696986 DOI: 10.1016/j.berh.2021.101718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Calcium pyrophosphate deposition disease is defined by the presence of calcium pyrophosphate (CPP) crystals in articular cartilage and is the fourth most common type of arthritis in adults. Despite its high prevalence, the etiology of CPPD disease remains unclear and no specific therapies currently exist. It has been known for several decades that abnormalities of cartilage pyrophosphate metabolism are common in patients with CPPD disease, and this classic work will be reviewed here. Recent studies of rare familial forms of CPPD disease have provided additional novel information about its pathophysiology. This work suggests that CPPD disease occurs through at least two unique and potentially intertwined biomolecular pathways. We are hopeful that a detailed understanding of the components and regulation of these pathways will lead to improved therapies for this common disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlene J Williams
- Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, 401 S. Broadway, Camden, NJ 08103, USA.
| | - Ann K Rosenthal
- Clement J Zablocki Veterans Hospital, Medical College of Wisconsin, 5000 W. National Ave., Milwaukee, WI, USA.
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Yan JF, Qin WP, Xiao BC, Wan QQ, Tay FR, Niu LN, Jiao K. Pathological calcification in osteoarthritis: an outcome or a disease initiator? Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2020; 95:960-985. [PMID: 32207559 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In the progression of osteoarthritis, pathological calcification in the affected joint is an important feature. The role of these crystallites in the pathogenesis and progression of osteoarthritis is controversial; it remains unclear whether they act as a disease initiator or are present as a result of joint damage. Recent studies reported that the molecular mechanisms regulating physiological calcification of skeletal tissues are similar to those regulating pathological or ectopic calcification of soft tissues. Pathological calcification takes place when the equilibrium is disrupted. Calcium phosphate crystallites are identified in most affected joints and the presence of these crystallites is closely correlated with the extent of joint destruction. These observations suggest that pathological calcification is most likely to be a disease initiator instead of an outcome of osteoarthritis progression. Inhibiting pathological crystallite deposition within joint tissues therefore represents a potential therapeutic target in the management of osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Fei Yan
- Department of Oral Mucosal Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, 145 changle xi road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China
| | - Wen-Pin Qin
- Department of Oral Mucosal Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, 145 changle xi road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China
| | - Bo-Cheng Xiao
- Department of Oral Mucosal Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, 145 changle xi road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China
| | - Qian-Qian Wan
- Department of Oral Mucosal Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, 145 changle xi road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China
| | - Franklin R Tay
- Department of Oral Mucosal Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, 145 changle xi road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China.,Department of Endodontics, College of Graduate Studies, Augusta University, 1430, John Wesley Gilbert Drive, Augusta, GA, 30912, U.S.A
| | - Li-Na Niu
- Department of Oral Mucosal Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, 145 changle xi road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China
| | - Kai Jiao
- Department of Oral Mucosal Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, 145 changle xi road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Articular cartilage vesicles (ACVs) are small extracellular vesicles that serve as foci of pathologic calcium crystal deposition in articular cartilage matrix. In this review, I have summarized the role of ACVs in calcium crystal formation and discuss recent findings that impact our understanding of the content, behavior, and origin of ACVs in healthy and diseased joints. The burgeoning interest in extracellular vesicles in other fields renders this a timely and relevant topic. RECENT FINDINGS I have highlighted recent studies demonstrating that some ACVs originate in the autophagic pathway in healthy articular chondrocytes. I have reviewed accumulating evidence that nonmineralizing functions of ACVs contribute to osteoarthritis. I have also discussed new work supporting a role for extracellular vesicles in interleukin-1β-induced mineralization and in mediating the catabolic effects of synovial inflammation in osteoarthritis. SUMMARY We are making slow and steady progress in understanding the origin and function of ACVs and other relevant extracellular vesicles in arthritis. Further work in this interesting area is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann K. Rosenthal
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, USA
- Zablocki VA Medical Center, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
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6
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Rosenthal AK, Gohr CM, Mitton-Fitzgerald E, Grewal R, Ninomiya J, Coyne CB, Jackson WT. Autophagy modulates articular cartilage vesicle formation in primary articular chondrocytes. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:13028-38. [PMID: 25869133 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.630558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Chondrocyte-derived extracellular organelles known as articular cartilage vesicles (ACVs) participate in non-classical protein secretion, intercellular communication, and pathologic calcification. Factors affecting ACV formation and release remain poorly characterized; although in some cell types, the generation of extracellular vesicles is associated with up-regulation of autophagy. We sought to determine the role of autophagy in ACV production by primary articular chondrocytes. Using an innovative dynamic model with a light scatter nanoparticle counting apparatus, we determined the effects of autophagy modulators on ACV number and content in conditioned medium from normal adult porcine and human osteoarthritic chondrocytes. Healthy articular chondrocytes release ACVs into conditioned medium and show significant levels of ongoing autophagy. Rapamycin, which promotes autophagy, increased ACV numbers in a dose- and time-dependent manner associated with increased levels of autophagy markers and autophagosome formation. These effects were suppressed by pharmacologic autophagy inhibitors and short interfering RNA for ATG5. Caspase-3 inhibition and a Rho/ROCK inhibitor prevented rapamycin-induced increases in ACV number. Osteoarthritic chondrocytes, which are deficient in autophagy, did not increase ACV number in response to rapamycin. SMER28, which induces autophagy via an mTOR-independent mechanism, also increased ACV number. ACVs induced under all conditions had similar ecto-enzyme specific activities and types of RNA, and all ACVs contained LC3, an autophagosome-resident protein. These findings identify autophagy as a critical participant in ACV formation, and augment our understanding of ACVs in cartilage disease and repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann K Rosenthal
- From the Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Zablocki VA Medical Center, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53295,
| | - Claudia M Gohr
- From the Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Zablocki VA Medical Center, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53295
| | - Elizabeth Mitton-Fitzgerald
- From the Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Zablocki VA Medical Center, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53295
| | - Rupinder Grewal
- From the Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Zablocki VA Medical Center, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53295
| | | | - Carolyn B Coyne
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15219
| | - William T Jackson
- Microbiology and Molecular Genetics and Center for Infectious Disease Research, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226, and
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7
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Abhishek A, Doherty M. Pathophysiology of articular chondrocalcinosis--role of ANKH. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2010; 7:96-104. [PMID: 21102543 DOI: 10.1038/nrrheum.2010.182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Calcium pyrophosphate (CPP) crystal deposition (CPPD) is associated with ageing and osteoarthritis, and with uncommon disorders such as hyperparathyroidism, hypomagnesemia, hemochromatosis and hypophosphatasia. Elevated levels of synovial fluid pyrophosphate promote CPP crystal formation. This extracellular pyrophosphate originates either from the breakdown of nucleotide triphosphates by plasma-cell membrane glycoprotein 1 (PC-1) or from pyrophosphate transport by the transmembrane protein progressive ankylosis protein homolog (ANK). Although the etiology of apparent sporadic CPPD is not well-established, mutations in the ANK human gene (ANKH) have been shown to cause familial CPPD. In this Review, the key regulators of pyrophosphate metabolism and factors that lead to high extracellular pyrophosphate levels are described. Particular emphasis is placed on the mechanisms by which mutations in ANKH cause CPPD and the clinical phenotype of these mutations is discussed. Cartilage factors predisposing to CPPD and CPP-crystal-induced inflammation and current treatment options for the management of CPPD are also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Abhishek
- Division of Academic Rheumatology, Clinical Sciences Building, City Hospital Nottingham, Hucknall Road, Nottingham NG51PB, UK.
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Jubeck B, Gohr C, Fahey M, Muth E, Matthews M, Mattson E, Hirschmugl C, Rosenthal AK. Promotion of articular cartilage matrix vesicle mineralization by type I collagen. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 58:2809-17. [PMID: 18759309 DOI: 10.1002/art.23762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate (CPPD) and basic calcium phosphate (BCP) crystals occur in up to 60% of osteoarthritic joints and predict an increased severity of arthritis. Articular cartilage vesicles (ACVs) generate CPPD crystals in the presence of ATP and BCP crystals with added beta-glycerophosphate. While ACVs are present in normal articular cartilage, they mineralize primarily in cartilage from osteoarthritic joints. The aim of this study was to explore the hypothesis that ACV mineralization is regulated by components of the surrounding extracellular matrix. METHODS Porcine ACVs were embedded in agarose gels containing type II and/or type I collagen and/or proteoglycans. Mineralization was measured as (45)Ca accumulation stimulated by ATP or beta-glycerophosphate and reflects both nucleation and growth. Synthetic CPPD and BCP crystals were embedded in similar gels to isolate the effect of matrix components on crystal growth. RESULTS After establishing baseline responsiveness of ACVs to ATP and beta-glycerophosphate in agarose gels, we examined the ability of ATP and beta-glycerophosphate to stimulate mineral formation in gels containing various matrix components. Type II collagen suppressed the ability of ATP to stimulate mineralization, while a combination of type II plus type I collagen increased the effect of ATP and beta-glycerophosphate on mineralization. Type I collagen affected ACV mineralization in a dose-responsive manner. Neither type of collagen significantly affected crystal growth or levels of mineralization-regulating enzymes. Proteoglycans suppressed mineral formation by ACVs in gels containing both type I and type II collagen. CONCLUSION Cartilage matrix changes that occur with osteoarthritis, such as increased quantities of type I collagen and reduced proteoglycan levels, may promote ACV mineralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Jubeck
- Medical College of Wisconsin, and the Zablocki VAMC, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
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Mitton E, Gohr CM, McNally MT, Rosenthal AK. Articular cartilage vesicles contain RNA. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2009; 388:533-8. [PMID: 19679100 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.08.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2009] [Accepted: 08/06/2009] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Small membrane-bound extracellular organelles known as articular cartilage matrix vesicles (ACVs) participate in pathologic mineralization in osteoarthritic articular cartilage. ACVs are also present in normal cartilage, although they have no known functions other than mineralization. Recently, RNA was identified in extracellular vesicles derived from mast cells, suggesting that such vesicles might carry coding information from cell to cell. We found that ACVs from normal porcine and human articular cartilage and primary chondrocyte conditioned media contained 1 microg RNA/80 microg ACV protein. No DNA could be detected. RT-PCR of ACV RNA demonstrated the presence of full length mRNAs for factor XIIIA, type II transglutaminase, collagen II, aggrecan, ANKH and GAPDH. RNA in intact ACVs was resistant to RNase, despite the fact that ACV preparations contained measurable levels of active RNases. Significantly, radiolabeled RNA in ACVs could be transferred to unlabeled chondrocytes by co-incubation and produced changes in levels of chondrocyte enzymes and proteins. The demonstration that ACVs contain mRNAs suggests that they may function to shuttle genetic information between articular cells and indicate novel functions for these structures in articular cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Mitton
- The Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53295, USA
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Fahey M, Mitton E, Muth E, Rosenthal AK. Dexamethasone promotes calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate crystal formation by articular chondrocytes. J Rheumatol 2009; 36:163-9. [PMID: 19132782 DOI: 10.3899/jrheum.080528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate (CPPD) crystals are commonly found in osteoarthritic joints and correlate with a poor prognosis. Intraarticular corticosteroids, such as dexamethasone (Dxm), are commonly used therapies for osteoarthritis with or without CPPD deposition. Dxm has variable effects in mineralization models. We investigated the effects of Dxm on CPPD crystal formation in a well established tissue culture model. METHODS Porcine articular chondrocytes were incubated with ATP to generate CPPD crystals. Chondrocytes incubated with or without ATP were exposed to 1-100 nM Dxm in the presence of 45Ca. Mineralization was measured by 45Ca uptake in the cell layer. We also investigated the effect of Dxm on mineralization-regulating enzymes such as alkaline phosphatase, nucleoside triphosphate pyrophosphohydrolase (NTPPPH), and transglutaminase. RESULTS Dxm significantly increased ATP-induced mineralization by articular chondrocytes. While alkaline phosphatase and NTPPPH activities were unchanged by Dxm, transglutaminase activity increased in a dose-responsive manner. Levels of Factor XIIIA mRNA and protein were increased by Dxm, while type II Tgase protein was unchanged. Transglutaminase inhibitors suppressed Dxminduced increases in CPPD crystal formation. CONCLUSION These findings suggest a potential for Dxm to contribute to pathologic mineralization in cartilage and reinforce a central role for the transglutaminase enzymes in CPPD crystal formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Fahey
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Rheumatology Section, cc-111W, Zablocki VA Medical Center, 5000 W. National Ave., Milwaukee, WI 53295-1000, USA
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Thouverey C, Bechkoff G, Pikula S, Buchet R. Inorganic pyrophosphate as a regulator of hydroxyapatite or calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate mineral deposition by matrix vesicles. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2009; 17:64-72. [PMID: 18603452 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2008.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2007] [Accepted: 05/23/2008] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Pathological mineralization is induced by unbalance between pro- and anti-mineralization factors. In calcifying osteoarthritic joints, articular chondrocytes undergo terminal differentiation similar to that in growth plate cartilage and release matrix vesicles (MVs) responsible for hydroxyapatite (HA) or calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate (CPPD) deposition. Inorganic pyrophosphate (PP(i)) is a likely source of inorganic phosphate (P(i)) to sustain HA formation when hydrolyzed but also a potent inhibitor preventing apatite mineral deposition and growth. Moreover, an excess of PP(i) can lead to CPPD formation, a marker of pathological calcification in osteoarthritic joints. It was suggested that the P(i)/PP(i) ratio during biomineralization is a turning point between physiological and pathological mineralization. The aim of this work was to determine the conditions favoring either HA or CPPD formation initiated by MVs. METHODS MVs were isolated from 17-day-old chicken embryo growth plate cartilages and subjected to mineralization in the presence of various P(i)/PP(i) ratios. The mineralization kinetics and the chemical composition of minerals were determined, respectively, by light scattering and infrared spectroscopy. RESULTS The formation of HA is optimal when the P(i)/PP(i) molar ratio is above 140, but is completely inhibited when the ratio decreases below 70. The retardation of any mineral formation is maximal at P(i)/PP(i) ratio around 30. CPPD is exclusively produced by MVs when the ratio is below 6, but it is inhibited for the ratio exceeding 25. CONCLUSIONS Our findings are consistent with the P(i)/PP(i) ratio being a determinant factor leading to pathological mineralization or its inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Thouverey
- Department of Biochemistry, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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12
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Guerra GD, Cerrai P, Tricoli M, Krajewski A, Ravaglioli A, Mazzocchi M, Barbani N. Composites between hydroxyapatite and poly(epsilon-caprolactone) synthesized in open system at room temperature. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2006; 17:69-79. [PMID: 16389474 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-006-6331-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2004] [Accepted: 06/06/2005] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The hydroxyls present on the surface of hydroxyapatite (HA) granules, annealed at 700 composite function, 900 composite function and 1,100 composite function C, are able to initiate the polymerization of epsilon-caprolactone (CL), not only at 185 composite function C under vacuum, but also at room temperature in open system. A polymer layer ionically linked to the substrate is formed on HA surface, enhancing the compatibility between the organic phase and the inorganic one in composite biomaterials. We studied the characteristics of the polymer, produced by the reaction carried out at room temperature in open system, as well as the percentages of the poly(epsilon-caprolactone) (PCL) ionically bonded to the HA structure and of the "free" one. Both percentages appear very dependent on the annealing temperature; in particular, HA annealed for 1 h at 1,100 composite function C is the most efficient initiator of the reaction leading to ionically bonded PCL. The percentages of "free" polymer are much higher than at 185 composite function C under vacuum. Its formation is attributed to the role of water in opening the CL rings, and to the presence of CO(3) (2-) and HPO(4) (2-) ions in the HA annealed at lower temperatures. The presence of water appears to be the limiting factor for the production of PCL not bonded to the HA structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- G D Guerra
- Istituto per i Materiali Compositi e Biomedici (IMCB), Sezione di Pisa, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via Diotisalvi 2, I-56126, Pisa, Italy.
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13
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Vaingankar SM, Fitzpatrick TA, Johnson K, Goding JW, Maurice M, Terkeltaub R. Subcellular targeting and function of osteoblast nucleotide pyrophosphatase phosphodiesterase 1. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2004; 286:C1177-87. [PMID: 15075217 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00320.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The ectonucleoside pyrophosphatase phosphodiesterase 1 (NPP1/PC-1) is a member of the NPP enzyme family that is critical in regulating mineralization. In certain mineralizing sites of bone and cartilage, membrane-limited vesicles [matrix vesicles (MVs)] provide a sheltered internal environment for nucleation of calcium-containing crystals, including hydroxyapatite. MV formation occurs by budding of vesicles from the plasma membrane of mineralizing cells. The MVs are enriched in proteins that promote mineralization. Paradoxically, NPP1, the type II transmembrane protein that generates the potent hydroxyapatite crystal growth inhibitor inorganic pyrophosphate (PPi), is also enriched in MVs. Although osteoblasts express NPP1, NPP2, and NPP3, only NPP1 is enriched in MVs. Therefore, this study uses mineralizing human osteoblastic SaOS-2 cells, a panel of NPP1 mutants, and NPP1 chimeras with NPP3, which does not concentrate in MVs, to investigate how NPP1 preferentially targets to MVs. We demonstrated that a cytosolic dileucine motif (amino acids 49–50) was critical in localizing NPP1 to regions of the plasma membrane that budded off into MVs. Moreover, transposition of the NPP1 cytoplasmic dileucine motif and flanking region (AAASLLAP) to NPP3 conferred to NPP3 the ability to target to the plasma membrane and, subsequently, concentrate in MVs. Functionally, the cytosolic tail dileucine motif NPP1 mutants lost the ability to support MV PPiconcentrations and to suppress calcification. The results identify a specific targeting motif in the NPP1 cytosolic tail that delivers PPi-generating NPP activity to osteoblast MVs for control of calcification.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Letizia Vittorelli
- Dipartimento di Biologia cellulare e dello Sviluppo, Viale delle Scienze, Parco D'Orleans II, 90128-Palermo, Italy
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15
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Picher M, Graff RD, Lee GM. Extracellular nucleotide metabolism and signaling in the pathophysiology of articular cartilage. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003; 48:2722-36. [PMID: 14558075 DOI: 10.1002/art.11289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maryse Picher
- School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill 27599, USA.
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16
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Boskey AL. Pathogenesis of cartilage calcification: mechanisms of crystal deposition in cartilage. Curr Rheumatol Rep 2002; 4:245-51. [PMID: 12010610 DOI: 10.1007/s11926-002-0072-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Apatite crystals form in physiologically calcified tissues, including the hyaline cartilage of the epiphyseal growth plate. While apatite crystals appear as unwanted deposits in other cartilage sites, more frequently, crystalline materials other than or in addition to apatite develop in dystrophic cartilage deposits. These crystalline materials include calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate and other calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate phases, monosodium urate, calcium oxalate, cholesterol, and crystallized proteins. This review describes the physical chemistry of crystal deposition and the events that occur in the growth plate as a basis for understanding the pathogenesis of nonphysiologic crystal deposition in cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adele L Boskey
- Hospital for Special Surgery, 535 East 70th Street, New York, NY 10021, USA.
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Abstract
Recent progress in genetics and mouse genomics enables researchers to unveil the molecular basis for mouse phenotypes that express pathologic calcification in soft tissue and/or articular tissues. A newly identified multipass transmembrane protein, ANK, appears to function as an inorganic pyrophosphate (PPi) transporter or regulator of PPi transport. Abnormal extracellular PPi (ePPi) metabolism has been implicated in abnormal calcification, decreased concentrations predisposing to basic calcium phosphate (BCP) deposition, and increased concentrations promoting calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate (CPPD) crystal deposition in articular tissues. The chromosomal location of human ANK overlaps the locus identified in several kindreds affected with familial chondrocalcinosis. Deficient generation of ePPi by the ectoenzyme nucleoside triphosphate pyrophosphohydrolase also results in excessive ossification and ectopic deposition of BCP crystals in tiptoe-walking mice and PC-1 null mice. Recent studies reinforce the important regulatory role of ePPi in pathologic and physiologic calcification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikuko Masuda
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226, USA.
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Abstract
Osteoarthritis is the most common form of arthritis in adults and its incidence increases with age. More than 50% of people aged 65 and older have radiographic changes of knee osteoarthritis. Calcium crystals, including calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate and basic calcium phosphate crystals, are also common in the elderly. Not surprisingly, osteoarthritis and crystal arthropathy frequently coexist. The question of a role for calcium crystals in causing or worsening osteoarthritis has been pondered for many years. Progress in understanding the interrelationships between calcium crystals and osteoarthritis has been slowed by our limited knowledge of the pathogenesis of both osteoarthritis and calcium crystal-induced arthritis and our limited ability to accurately detect calcium crystals. Nonetheless, there are good data from clinical and laboratory studies supporting an important role for calcium crystals in osteoarthritis.
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