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Dey Hazra RO, Rutledge JC, Hanson JA, Dey Hazra ME, Horan MP, Doan KC, Rupp MC, Millett PJ. Mid-term outcomes of microfracture for the treatment of focal, full-thickness cartilage defects isolated to the humeral head. J Shoulder Elbow Surg 2024:S1058-2746(24)00097-1. [PMID: 38360353 DOI: 10.1016/j.jse.2023.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While microfracture has been shown to be an effective treatment for chondral lesions in the knee, evidence to support its use for chondral defects in the shoulder is limited to short-term outcomes studies. The purpose of this study is to determine if microfracture provides pain relief and improved shoulder function in patients with isolated focal chondral defects of the humeral head at a minimum 5-year follow-up. METHODS Patients who underwent microfracture procedure for isolated focal chondral defects of the humeral head with a minimum follow-up of 5 years between 02/2006 and 08/2016 were included. At minimum 5-year follow-up, pre- and postoperative patient-reported outcome (PRO) measures were collected, including the American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES), Single Assessment Numeric Evaluation (SANE), Quick Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (QuickDASH), Short Form-12 (SF-12) Physical Component Summary (PCS), Visual Analog Scale (VAS) for pain, and patient satisfaction level (1 = unsatisfied, 10 = very satisfied). Demographic, injury, and surgical data were retrospectively reviewed. Surgical failure was defined as revision surgery for humeral chondral defects or conversion to arthroplasty. Kaplan-Meier analysis was performed to determine survivorship at 5 years. RESULTS A total of 17 patients met inclusion/exclusion criteria. There were 15 men and 2 women with an average age of 51 years (range 36-69) and an average follow-up of 9.4 years (range 5.0-15.8). The median ASES score improved from 62 (range: 22-88) preoperatively to 90 (range: 50-100) postoperatively (P = .011). Median satisfaction was 8 out of 10 (range: 2-10). There was no correlation between patient age or defect size and PROs. Postoperatively, patients reported significant improvements in recreational and sporting activity as well as the ability to sleep on the affected shoulder (P ≤ .05). Three patients failed and required revision surgery. The Kaplan-Meier analysis determined an overall survivorship rate of 80% at 5 years. CONCLUSION The presented study illustrates significant improvements for PROs, improved ability to perform recreational and sporting activities, and a survival rate of 80% at a mean of 9.4 years after microfracture for focal chondral humeral head defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rony-Orijit Dey Hazra
- Steadman Philippon Research Institute, Vail, CO, USA; The Steadman Clinic, Vail, CO, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Kent C Doan
- Steadman Philippon Research Institute, Vail, CO, USA; Department for Shoulder and Elbow Surgery, Center for Musculoskeletal Surgery, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany; Department of Orthopaedic Sports Medicine, Hospital rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany; Kansas City Orthopedic Alliance, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Marco-Christopher Rupp
- Steadman Philippon Research Institute, Vail, CO, USA; University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Peter J Millett
- Steadman Philippon Research Institute, Vail, CO, USA; Department for Shoulder and Elbow Surgery, Center for Musculoskeletal Surgery, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.
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Almohaileb FI, Rasheed Z. Clinical Applicability of Autologous Chondrocyte Implantation for the Treatment of Osteochondral Defects: A Meta-analysis. Curr Rheumatol Rev 2024; 20:317-331. [PMID: 37957845 DOI: 10.2174/0115733971249660231101102757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Osteoarthritis and other joint disorders are the leading cause of disability in the elderly and the treatment of joint lesions is challenging. Autologous chondrocyte implantation (ACI) has been reported with variable effects for the treatment of osteochondral and other joint lesions. In this study, we performed a meta-analysis of the recent literature to determine the clinical applicability of ACI for osteochondral defects. METHODS A meta-analysis was performed on the recent literature showing the effects of ACI on osteochondral defects. The PUBMED, ScienceDirect and Google Scholar databases were used to identify eligible studies from Jan 2010 to Sep 2022. Both fixed and random models of meta-analysis were applied with all reported scoring systems to quantify the effectiveness of ACI on osteochondral defects. RESULTS The pool data of 965 patients as a case series after ACI from a fixed model showed a significant improvement in the osteochondral defects (odds ratio = 8.75, 95%CI = 7.127 to 10.743, p = 0.000). These results were further verified by a random model of meta-analysis. The data also showed a substantial heterogeneity among the studies used in the meta-analysis (Q-value = 160.41, I-squared = 87.53, p = 0.000). Furthermore, this meta-analysis also compared different ACI procedures with different scoring systems but the overall outcome remains the same as ACI was found to be useful for the healing of the osteochondral defects. CONCLUSION This meta-analysis of 965 case series revealed that the ACI markedly improved the damage osteochondral defects scores but the optimal treatment is still controversial, therefore further studies are needed to validate these findings in a clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faisal I Almohaileb
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, College of Medicine, Qassim University, Buraidah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zafar Rasheed
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Qassim University, Buraidah, Saudi Arabia
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Jarecki J, Waśko MK, Widuchowski W, Tomczyk-Warunek A, Wójciak M, Sowa I, Blicharski T. Knee Cartilage Lesion Management-Current Trends in Clinical Practice. J Clin Med 2023; 12:6434. [PMID: 37892577 PMCID: PMC10607427 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12206434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Many patients, particularly those aged above 40, experience knee joint pain, which hampers both sports activities and daily living. Treating isolated chondral and osteochondral defects in the knee poses a significant clinical challenge, particularly in younger patients who are not typically recommended partial or total knee arthroplasty as alternatives. Several surgical approaches have been developed to address focal cartilage defects. The treatment strategies are characterized as palliation (e.g., chondroplasty and debridement), repair (e.g., drilling and microfracture), or restoration (e.g., autologous chondrocyte implantation, osteochondral autograft, and osteochondral allograft). This review offers an overview of the commonly employed clinical methods for treating articular cartilage defects, with a specific focus on the clinical trials conducted in the last decade. Our study reveals that, currently, no single technology fully meets the essential requirements for effective cartilage healing while remaining easily applicable during surgical procedures. Nevertheless, numerous methods are available, and the choice of treatment should consider factors such as the location and size of the cartilage lesion, patient preferences, and whether it is chondral or osteochondral in nature. Promising directions for the future include tissue engineering, stem cell therapies, and the development of pre-formed scaffolds from hyaline cartilage, offering hope for improved outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaromir Jarecki
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Medical University of Lublin, 20-059 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Marcin Krzysztof Waśko
- Department of Radiology and Imaging, The Medical Centre of Postgraduate Education, 01-813 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Wojciech Widuchowski
- Department of Physiotherapy, The College of Physiotherapy, 50-038 Wrocław, Poland;
| | - Agnieszka Tomczyk-Warunek
- Laboratory of Locomotor Systems Research, Department of Rehabilitation and Physiotherapy, Medical University of Lublin, 20-059 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Magdalena Wójciak
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, Chodzki 4a, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (M.W.); (I.S.)
| | - Ireneusz Sowa
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, Chodzki 4a, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (M.W.); (I.S.)
| | - Tomasz Blicharski
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Medical University of Lublin, 20-059 Lublin, Poland;
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Zann GJ, Jones SC, Selmic LS, Tinga S, Wanstrath AW, Howard J, Kieves NR. Long-term outcome of dogs treated by surgical debridement of proximal humeral osteochondrosis. Vet Surg 2023; 52:810-819. [PMID: 36086929 DOI: 10.1111/vsu.13866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate long-term clinical outcomes of dogs surgically treated for proximal humeral osteochondrosis (OC). STUDY DESIGN Cross-sectional study. SAMPLE POPULATION Twenty dogs (n = 26 shoulders). METHODS Dogs treated with surgical debridement of proximal humeral OC lesions >12 months prior were enrolled. Orthopedic examination (including limb circumference and shoulder goniometry), kinetic gait analysis, shoulder radiographs, shoulder computed tomography (CT), and shoulder arthroscopy were performed. All owners completed a dog mobility questionnaire. RESULTS Brachial circumference (P = .003) and maximum shoulder extension (P = .013) were decreased and maximum shoulder flexion (P = .008) was increased (ie less flexion) in the OC limb versus the contralateral limb in unilaterally affected dogs. There were no differences in peak vertical force and vertical impulse between affected and unaffected limbs. Dogs demonstrated a 4.4% decrease in load distributed to the operated limb. Osteoarthritis was present in all shoulders treated for OC lesions. The degree of osteoarthritis in OC-affected shoulders was increased compared to the contralateral limb as evaluated on CT (P = .005) and radiography (P = .0001) in unilaterally affected cases. Moderate-to-severe synovitis was seen in all OC-affected joints. Arthroscopically, all lesions were noted to have patchy, incomplete cartilaginous infilling. Median of aggregate Liverpool Osteoarthritis in Dogs (LOAD) scores was 6. CONCLUSION All dogs exhibited ipsilateral muscle atrophy and progressive osteoarthritis, with most dogs exhibiting subtle lameness on the subjective gait examination. Despite this, owner-perceived mobility was satisfactory. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Progression of joint disease over time should be expected; however, the abnormalities detected on examination appear to be of questionable clinical relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey J Zann
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Stephen C Jones
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Bark City Veterinary Specialists, Park City, Utah, USA
| | - Laura S Selmic
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Selena Tinga
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Audrey W Wanstrath
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - James Howard
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Nina R Kieves
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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Bone Marrow-Derived Fibrin Clots Stimulate Healing of a Meniscal Defect in a Rabbit Model. Arthroscopy 2022:S0749-8063(22)00838-6. [PMID: 36574822 DOI: 10.1016/j.arthro.2022.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the in vivo effectiveness of bone marrow aspirate-derived (BMA) fibrin clots for avascular meniscal defect healing in a rabbit model. METHODS In 42 Japanese white rabbits, a 2.0-mm cylindrical defect was introduced into the avascular zone of the anterior part of the medial meniscus in the bilateral knees. The rabbits were grouped according to implantation of a BMA fibrin clot (BMA group) or a peripheral blood (PB)-derived clot (PB group) into the defect and nonimplantation (control group). Macroscopic and histological assessments were performed using a scoring system at 4 and 12 weeks after surgery. At 12 weeks after surgery, compressive stress was analyzed biomechanically. RESULTS The meniscal score in the BMA group (12.1) was greater than that in the PB group (5.5; P = .031) and control group (4.4; P = .013) at 4 weeks. The meniscal score in the BMA group (13.1) was greater than that in the control group (6.4; BMA = 13.1; P = .0046) at 12 weeks. In the biomechanical analysis, the BMA group demonstrated significantly higher compressive strength than the PB group (6.6 MPa) (BMA = 15.4 MPa; P = .0201) and control group (3.6 MPa; BMA = 15.4 MPa; P = .007). CONCLUSIONS Implantation of BMA fibrin clots into the meniscal defect of the avascular zone in a rabbit model improved the meniscal score at 4 weeks and strengthened the reparative meniscal tissue at 12 weeks compared with the implantation of PB fibrin clots. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Healing in the avascular zone of the meniscus can be problematic. Approaches to improving this healing response have had variable results. This study provides additional information that may help improve the outcomes in patients with these injuries.
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Jeyaraman M, Muthu S, Nischith DS, Jeyaraman N, Nallakumarasamy A, Khanna M. PRISMA-Compliant Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials on Osteoarthritis of Knee Managed with Allogeneic vs Autologous MSCs: Efficacy and Safety Analysis. Indian J Orthop 2022; 56:2042-2059. [PMID: 36507199 PMCID: PMC9705690 DOI: 10.1007/s43465-022-00751-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Study Design Meta-analysis. Objectives Our objective is to review the randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that have been conducted previously on the topic of osteoarthritis of the knee to assess and compare the efficacy and safety of autologous and allogeneic sources of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) in the treatment of osteoarthritis. Materials and methods We searched the electronic databases PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library until August 2021 for randomised controlled trials (RCTs) analysing the efficacy and safety of autologous and allogeneic sources of MSCs in the management of knee osteoarthritis. These searches were conducted independently and in duplicate. The outcomes that were taken into consideration for analysis were the visual analogue score (VAS) for pain, the Western Ontario McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC), the Lysholm score, and adverse events. The OpenMeta [Analyst] software was utilised to carry out the analysis in the R platform. Results In total, 21 studies with a total of 936 patients were considered for this analysis. Because none of the studies made a direct comparison of the autologous and allogeneic sources of MSCs, we pooled the results of all of the included studies of both sources and made a comparative analysis of how the two types of MSCs fared in their respective applications. Although both allogeneic and autologous sources of MSCs demonstrated significantly better VAS improvement after 6 months (p = 0.006, p = 0.001), this trend was not maintained after 1 year for the allogeneic source (p = 0.171, p = 0.027). When compared to their respective controls based on WOMAC scores after 1 year, autologous sources (p = 0.016) of MSCs performed better than allogeneic sources (p = 0.186).A similar response was noted between the sources at 2 years in their Lysholm scores (p = 0.682, p = 0.017), respectively. Moreover, allogeneic sources (p = 0.039) of MSCs produced significant adverse events than autologous sources (p = 0.556) compared to their controls. Conclusion Our analysis of literature showed that autologous sources of MSCs stand superior to allogeneic sources of MSC with regard to their consistent efficacy for pain, functional outcomes, and safety. However, we strongly recommend that further studies be conducted that are of a high enough quality to validate our findings and reach a consensus on the best source of MSCs for use in cellular therapy treatments for knee osteoarthritis. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s43465-022-00751-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhan Jeyaraman
- Department of Orthopaedics, Faculty of Medicine, Sri Lalithambigai Medical College and Hospital, Dr. MGR Educational and Research Institute, Chennai, Tamil Nadu India
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering and Technology, Sharda University, Uttar Pradesh, Greater Noida, India
- Indian Stem Cell Study Group (ISCSG) Association, Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow, India
| | - Sathish Muthu
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering and Technology, Sharda University, Uttar Pradesh, Greater Noida, India
- Indian Stem Cell Study Group (ISCSG) Association, Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow, India
- Department of Orthopaedics, Government Medical College and Hospital, Dindigul, Tamil Nadu India
| | - D. S. Nischith
- Indian Stem Cell Study Group (ISCSG) Association, Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow, India
- Fellow in Orthopaedic Rheumatology, Dr. RML National Law University, Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow, India
| | - Naveen Jeyaraman
- Indian Stem Cell Study Group (ISCSG) Association, Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow, India
- Fellow in Orthopaedic Rheumatology, Dr. RML National Law University, Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow, India
- Fellow in Joint Replacement, Atlas Hospitals, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu India
| | - Arulkumar Nallakumarasamy
- Indian Stem Cell Study Group (ISCSG) Association, Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow, India
- Fellow in Orthopaedic Rheumatology, Dr. RML National Law University, Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow, India
- Department of Orthopaedics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha India
| | - Manish Khanna
- Indian Stem Cell Study Group (ISCSG) Association, Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow, India
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Kinoshita T, Hashimoto Y, Orita K, Nishida Y, Nishino K, Nakamura H. Autologous Platelet-Rich Fibrin Membrane to Augment Healing of Microfracture Has Better Macroscopic and Histologic Grades Compared With Microfracture Alone on Chondral Defects in a Rabbit Model. Arthroscopy 2022; 38:417-426. [PMID: 33964385 DOI: 10.1016/j.arthro.2021.04.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the in vivo effectiveness of a single-stage surgical procedure that combines microfracture and an autologous platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) membrane for cartilage repair in a rabbit model. METHODS Cartilage defects were created in the trochlear groove of the knees of adult white rabbits. Defects were divided into 2 treatment groups: microfracture only (control group) and microfracture covered by a PRF membrane (PRF group). To evaluate the repair cartilage, assessments were performed at 4, 12, and 24 weeks postoperatively using the International Cartilage Repair Society (ICRS) macroscopic scoring system and modified Wakitani histologic grading system. RESULTS The mean ICRS macroscopic scores in the control and PRF groups were 4.1 and 5.8, respectively, at 4 weeks (P = .0623); 6.3 and 9.8, respectively, at 12 weeks (P = .006); and 6.5 and 10.3, respectively, at 24 weeks (P = .010). The mean modified Wakitani scores in the control and PRF groups were 4.0 and 3.9, respectively, at 4 weeks (P > .999); 5.3 and 10.4, respectively, at 12 weeks (P = .006); and 2.6 and 7.4, respectively, at 24 weeks (P = .012). CONCLUSIONS The ICRS macroscopic scores and modified Wakitani scores showed that a single-stage surgical procedure combining microfracture and a PRF membrane was more effective than surgery with only microfracture for promoting cartilage repair. CLINICAL RELEVANCE A single-stage surgical procedure combining microfracture and an autologous PRF membrane is a potentially beneficial treatment method for cartilage defects that does not require using any xenocollagen membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Kinoshita
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yusuke Hashimoto
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Kumi Orita
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yohei Nishida
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kazuya Nishino
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Nakamura
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
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Hoburg A, Niemeyer P, Laute V, Zinser W, John T, Becher C, Izadpanah K, Diehl P, Kolombe T, Fay J, Siebold R, Fickert S. Safety and Efficacy of Matrix-Associated Autologous Chondrocyte Implantation With Spheroids for Patellofemoral or Tibiofemoral Defects: A 5-Year Follow-up of a Phase 2, Dose-Confirmation Trial. Orthop J Sports Med 2022; 10:23259671211053380. [PMID: 35071653 PMCID: PMC8777354 DOI: 10.1177/23259671211053380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Matrix-associated autologous chondrocyte implantation (ACI) is a
well-established treatment for cartilage defects. High-level evidence at
midterm follow-up is limited, especially for ACI using spheroids (spherical
aggregates of ex vivo expanded human autologous chondrocytes and
self-synthesized extracellular matrix). Purpose: To assess the safety and efficacy of 3-dimensional matrix-associated ACI
using spheroids to treat medium to large cartilage defects on different
locations in the knee joint (patella, trochlea, and femoral condyle) at
5-year follow-up. Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 2. Methods: A total of 75 patients aged 18 to 50 years with medium to large (4-10
cm2), isolated, single cartilage defects, International
Cartilage Repair Society grade 3 or 4, were randomized on a single-blind
basis to treatment with ACI at 1 of 3 dose levels: 3 to 7, 10 to 30, or 40
to 70 spheroids/cm2 of defect size. Outcomes were assessed via
changes from baseline Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS),
International Knee Documentation Committee score, and modified Lysholm
assessments at 1- and 5-year follow-up. Structural repair was evaluated
using MOCART (magnetic resonance observation of cartilage repair tissue)
score. Treatment-related adverse events were assessed up to 5 years for all
patients. The overall KOOS at 12 months was assessed for superiority versus
baseline in a 1-sample, 2-sided t test. Results: A total of 73 patients were treated: 24 in the low-dose group, 25 in the
medium-dose group, and 24 in the high-dose group. The overall KOOS improved
from 57.0 ± 15.2 at baseline to 73.4 ± 17.3 at 1-year follow-up
(P < .0001) and 76.9 ± 19.3 at 5-year follow-up
(P < .0001), independent of the applied dose. The
different defect locations (patella, trochlea, and weightbearing part of the
femoral condyles; P = .2216) and defect sizes
(P = .8706) showed comparable clinical improvement. No
differences between the various doses were observed. The overall treatment
failure rate until 5 years was 4%. Most treatment-related adverse events
occurred within the first 12 months after implantation, with the most
frequent adverse reactions being joint effusion (n = 71), arthralgia (n =
14), and joint swelling (n = 9). Conclusion: ACI using spheroids was safe and effective for defect sizes up to 10
cm2 and showed maintenance of efficacy up to 5 years for all
3 doses that were investigated. Registration: NCT01225575 (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier); 2009-016816-20 (EudraCT
number).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Philipp Niemeyer
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Traumatology, Freiburg University Hospital, Germany and OCM Clinic, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Wolfgang Zinser
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Traumatology, St. Vinzenz Hospital, Dinslaken, Germany
| | - Thilo John
- Clinic for Traumatology and Orthopedic Surgery, DRK Hospital Westend, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christoph Becher
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Diakovere Annastift, Hannover, Germany
| | - Kaywan Izadpanah
- Department of Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, Freiburg University Hospital, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Peter Diehl
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Traumatology, Orthopedic Center Munich East, Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Kolombe
- Traumatology and Reconstructive Surgery, DRK Hospital, Luckenwalde, Germany
| | - Jakob Fay
- Department of Traumatology and Arthroscopic Surgery, Lubinus Clinicum, Kiel, Germany
| | - Rainer Siebold
- Center for Hip, Knee and Foot Surgery, ATOS Clinic, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefan Fickert
- Sporthopaedicum, Straubing, Germany
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Traumatology, Mannheim University Hospital, Mannheim, Germany
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Voga M, Majdic G. Articular Cartilage Regeneration in Veterinary Medicine. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1401:23-55. [DOI: 10.1007/5584_2022_717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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10
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Hoburg A, Niemeyer P, Laute V, Zinser W, Becher C, Kolombe T, Fay J, Pietsch S, Kuźma T, Widuchowski W, Fickert S. Matrix-Associated Autologous Chondrocyte Implantation with Spheroid Technology Is Superior to Arthroscopic Microfracture at 36 Months Regarding Activities of Daily Living and Sporting Activities after Treatment. Cartilage 2021; 13:437S-448S. [PMID: 31893951 PMCID: PMC8808956 DOI: 10.1177/1947603519897290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Matrix-associated autologous chondrocyte implantation (ACI) and microfracture (MF) are well-established treatments for cartilage defects of the knee. However, high-level evidence comparing microfracture and spheroid technology ACI is limited. DESIGN Prospective, phase III clinical trial with patients randomized to ACI (N = 52) or MF (N = 50). Level of evidence: 1, randomized controlled trial. Both procedures followed standard protocols. For ACI 10 to 70 spheroids/cm2 were administered. Primary outcome measure was the Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS). This report presents results for 36 months after treatment. RESULTS Both ACI and MF showed significant improvement over the entire 3-year observation period. For the overall KOOS, noninferiority of ACI (the intended primary goal of the study) was formally confirmed; additionally, for the subscores "Activities of Daily Living" and "Sport and Recreation," superiority of ACI over MF was shown at descriptive level. Occurrence of adverse events were not different between both treatments (ACI 77%; MF 74%). Four patients in the MF group required reoperation which was defined as treatment failure. No treatment failure was reported for the ACI group. CONCLUSIONS Patients treated with matrix-associated ACI with spheroid technology showed substantial improvement in various clinical outcomes after 36 months. The advantages of ACI compared with microfracture was underlined by demonstrating noninferiority, in overall KOOS and superiority in the KOOS subscores "Activities of Daily Living" and "Sport and Recreation." In the present study, subgroups comparing different age groups and defect sizes showed comparable clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnd Hoburg
- Joint and Spine Centre Steglitz, Berlin,
Germany,Arnd Hoburg, Joint and Spine Centre
Steglitz, Kieler Straße 1, Berlin, 12163, Germany.
| | - Philipp Niemeyer
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and
Traumatology, University Hospital, Freiburg, Germany,OCM Clinic, Munich, Germany
| | - Volker Laute
- Joint and Spine Centre Steglitz, Berlin,
Germany
| | - Wolfgang Zinser
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and
Traumatology, St. Vinzenz-Hospital, Dinslaken, Germany
| | - Christoph Becher
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery,
Medical University Annastift, Hannover, Germany
| | - Thomas Kolombe
- Traumatology and Reconstructive Surgery,
DRK Hospital, Luckenwalde, Germany
| | - Jakob Fay
- Department of Traumatology and
Arthroscopic Surgery, Lubinus Clinicum, Kiel, Germany
| | - Stefan Pietsch
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and
Traumatology, Rudolf Elle Hospital, Eisenberg, Germany
| | - Tomasz Kuźma
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and
Traumatology, Center of Sports Medicine, Orthopedic Clinic, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Stefan Fickert
- Sporthopaedicum Straubing, Straubing,
Germany,Department of Orthopedic Surgery and
Traumatology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University Medical Centre Mannheim,
University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
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11
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Calvo R, Figueroa D, Figueroa F, Bravo J, Contreras M, Zilleruelo N. Treatment of Patellofemoral Chondral Lesions Using Microfractures Associated with a Chitosan Scaffold: Mid-Term Clinical and Radiological Results. Cartilage 2021; 13:1258S-1264S. [PMID: 33906468 PMCID: PMC8808950 DOI: 10.1177/19476035211011506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the clinical and radiological results of patellofemoral osteochondral lesions treated with microfractures associated with a chitosan scaffold. DESIGN A retrospective observational analytical study was performed. Fifteen patients with full-thickness patellofemoral osteochondral lesions were included. Quantity and quality of the reparation cartilage was assessed with the MOCART 2.0 score on a postoperative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and clinical outcomes were evaluated with pre- and postoperative Kujala score tests. Shapiro-Wilk test for normality was applied as well as Wilcoxon's signed rank test and Kruskal-Wallis H test for clinical scores within subjects and patella versus trochlea subgroups comparisons. Analysis of variance test was used for imaging subgroups comparison, with P < 0.05 defined as statistical significance. RESULTS Mean follow-up was 33.36 months (range 24-60 months). Postoperative Kujala scores improved an average of 19 points compared with the preoperative state (SE = 17.6; P < 0.001). No statistical difference was found through the clinical location assessment (P = 0.756), as well as the cartilage imaging assessment (P = 0.756). The mean MOCART 2.0 scale was 67.67 (range 50-85). CONCLUSIONS Treating full-thickness patellofemoral osteochondral lesions with microfractures associated with a chitosan scaffold proved to be effective regarding defect filling and symptomatic improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Calvo
- Clinica Alemana–Universidad del
Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | - David Figueroa
- Clinica Alemana–Universidad del
Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | - Francisco Figueroa
- Clinica Alemana–Universidad del
Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile,Hospital Sotero del Rio, Santiago,
Chile,Francisco Figueroa, Clinica
Alemana–Universidad del Desarrollo, Vitacura 5951, Santiago, 22222222, Chile.
| | - Jose Bravo
- Clinica Alemana–Universidad del
Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
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12
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Acetabular Coverage May Affect Radiographic and Clinical Outcomes of Osteochondral Allograft Transplantation of Focal Femoral Head Lesions: A Case Series From a Single Institution. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY OF ORTHOPAEDIC SURGEONS GLOBAL RESEARCH AND REVIEWS 2021; 5:01979360-202110000-00008. [PMID: 34637410 DOI: 10.5435/jaaosglobal-d-20-00219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Osteochondral lesions of the femoral head in young people are rare and present unique management challenges. Optimal treatment for these lesions is unclear. From 2009 to 2016, clinical and radiographic outcomes were prospectively collected within a series of symptomatic focal osteochondral lesions of the femoral head with a minimum follow-up of 2 years. A surgical hip dislocation followed by implantation of a size-matched fresh osteochondral femoral head allograft was performed. Nine hips in eight patients (6 female patients) underwent surgery at an average of 17 years (11 to 21 years). Individual allograft sizes ranged from 10 to 35 mm in diameter; with 2 of 9 hips receiving two allografts in a stacked or mosaicplasty technique at the time of treatment. The average graft implantation was 3536.5 mm2. Modified Harris hip scores improved by 13.4 (P = 0.018) from preoperative to final follow-up for all patients. Significant improvements in internal rotation (12° versus 23°, P = 0.011), external rotation (32° versus 50°, P = 0.041), and abduction (28° versus 40°, P = 0.042) were also achieved. Three patients (four hips) demonstrated poor radiographic healing (<50% incorporation at 2 years), which correlated with worse clinical outcomes and was associated with a lower preoperative lateral center edge angle (21.5° versus 30.4°, P = 0.049). Fresh osteochondral allograft treatment is a good option for focal osteochondral lesions of the femoral head with improved outcomes and motion; however, higher failure rates may be seen in those with a lower center edge angle.
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13
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Nelson BB, Mäkelä JTA, Lawson TB, Patwa AN, Snyder BD, McIlwraith CW, Grinstaff MW, Goodrich LR, Kawcak CE. Cationic contrast-enhanced computed tomography distinguishes between reparative, degenerative, and healthy equine articular cartilage. J Orthop Res 2021; 39:1647-1657. [PMID: 33104251 DOI: 10.1002/jor.24894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Cationic contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CECT) is a quantitative imaging technique that characterizes articular cartilage, though its efficacy in differentiating repair tissue from other disease states is undetermined. We hypothesized that cationic CECT attenuation will distinguish between reparative, degenerative, and healthy equine articular cartilage and will reflect biochemical, mechanical, and histologic properties. Chondral defects were created in vivo on equine femoropatellar joint surfaces. Within defects, calcified cartilage was retained (Repair 1) or removed (Repair 2). At sacrifice, plugs were collected from within defects, and at locations bordering (adjacent site) and remote to defects along with site-matched controls. Articular cartilage was analyzed via CECT using CA4+ to assess glycosaminoglycan (GAG) content, compressive modulus (E eq ), and International Cartilage Repair Society (ICRS) II histologic score. Comparisons of variables were made between sites using mixed model analysis and between variables with correlations. Cationic CECT attenuation was significantly lower in Repair 1 (1478 ± 333 Hounsfield units [HUs]), Repair 2 (1229 ± 191 HUs), and adjacent (2139 ± 336 HUs) sites when compared with site-matched controls (2587 ± 298, 2505 ± 184, and 2563 ± 538 HUs, respectively; all p < .0001). Cationic CECT attenuation was significantly higher at remote sites (2928 ± 420 HUs) compared with Repair 1, Repair 2, and adjacent sites (all p < .0001). Cationic CECT attenuation correlated with ICRS II score (r = .79), GAG (r = .76), and E eq (r = .71; all p < .0001). Cationic CECT distinguishes between reparative, degenerative, and healthy articular cartilage and highly correlates with biochemical, mechanical, and histological tissue properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brad B Nelson
- Orthopaedic Research Center, C. Wayne McIlwraith Translational Medicine Institute, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Janne T A Mäkelä
- Center for Advanced Orthopaedic Studies, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Departments of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Taylor B Lawson
- Center for Advanced Orthopaedic Studies, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Departments of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Amit N Patwa
- Departments of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Deparment of Chemistry, School of Science, Navrachana University, Vadodara, Gujarat, India
| | - Brian D Snyder
- Center for Advanced Orthopaedic Studies, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - C Wayne McIlwraith
- Orthopaedic Research Center, C. Wayne McIlwraith Translational Medicine Institute, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Mark W Grinstaff
- Departments of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Laurie R Goodrich
- Orthopaedic Research Center, C. Wayne McIlwraith Translational Medicine Institute, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Chris E Kawcak
- Orthopaedic Research Center, C. Wayne McIlwraith Translational Medicine Institute, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
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14
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Zanotto GM, Liesbeny P, Barrett M, Zlotnick H, Frank E, Grodzinsky AJ, Frisbie DD. Microfracture Augmentation With Trypsin Pretreatment and Growth Factor-Functionalized Self-assembling Peptide Hydrogel Scaffold in an Equine Model. Am J Sports Med 2021; 49:2498-2508. [PMID: 34161182 DOI: 10.1177/03635465211021798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microfracture augmentation can be a cost-effective single-step alternative to current cartilage repair techniques. Trypsin pretreatment combined with a growth factor-functionalized self-assembling KLD hydrogel ("functionalized hydrogel") has been shown to improve overall cartilage repair and integration to surrounding tissue in small animal models of osteochondral defects. HYPOTHESIS Microfracture combined with trypsin treatment and a functionalized hydrogel will improve reparative tissue quality and integration as compared with microfracture alone in an equine model. STUDY DESIGN Controlled laboratory study. METHODS Bilateral cartilage defects (15-mm diameter) were created on the medial trochlear ridge of the femoropatellar joints in 8 adult horses (16 defects total). One defect was randomly selected to receive the treatment, and the contralateral defect served as the control (microfracture only). Treatment consisted of 2-minute trypsin pretreatment of the surrounding cartilage, subchondral bone microfracture, and functionalized hydrogel premixed with growth factors (platelet-derived growth factor and heparin-binding insulin-like growth factor 1). After surgery, all horses were subjected to standardized controlled exercise on a high-speed treadmill. Clinical evaluation was conducted monthly, and radiographic examinations were performed at 2, 16, 24, 32, 40, and 52 weeks after defect creation. After 12 months, all animals were euthanized. Magnetic resonance imaging, arthroscopy, gross pathologic evaluation of the joint, histology, immunohistochemistry, and biomechanical analyses were performed. Generalized linear mixed models (with horse as random effect) were utilized to assess outcome parameters. When P values were <.05, pairwise comparisons were made using least squares means. RESULTS Improved functional outcome parameters were observed for the treatment group, even though mildly increased joint effusion and subchondral bone sclerosis were noted on imaging. Microscopically, treatment resulted in improvement of several histologic parameters and overall quality of repaired tissue. Proteoglycan content based on safranin O-fast green staining was also significantly higher in the treated defects. CONCLUSION Trypsin treatment combined with functionalized hydrogel resulted in improved microfracture augmentation. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Therapeutic strategies for microfracture augmentation, such as those presented in this study, can be cost-effective ways to improve cartilage healing outcomes, especially in more active patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo M Zanotto
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Orthopaedic Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA.,Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, Station, Texas, USA
| | - Paul Liesbeny
- Departments of Biological, Electrical, and Mechanical Engineering, Center for Biomedical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Myra Barrett
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Hannah Zlotnick
- Departments of Biological, Electrical, and Mechanical Engineering, Center for Biomedical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Eliot Frank
- Departments of Biological, Electrical, and Mechanical Engineering, Center for Biomedical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Alan J Grodzinsky
- Departments of Biological, Electrical, and Mechanical Engineering, Center for Biomedical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - David D Frisbie
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Orthopaedic Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
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15
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Hinz M, Imhoff AB, Schmitt A. [Update on the Operative Treatment of Cartilage Defects]. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR ORTHOPADIE UND UNFALLCHIRURGIE 2021; 159:459-475. [PMID: 33975378 DOI: 10.1055/a-1302-8636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Focal cartilage defects lead to swelling, significant pain and loss of function of the affected joint. Additionally, they are linked to early onset of osteoarthritis. Often young and active patients are especially susceptible due to the high stress placed on their joints. A vast amount of treatment options is available to orthopaedic surgeons to cure cartilage defects of the knee, hip, shoulder, elbow and ankle joints. This article serves to give an overview of these available treatment options and to explain the expected outcomes.
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16
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Yoshimatsu M, Ohnishi H, Zhao C, Hayashi Y, Kuwata F, Kaba S, Okuyama H, Kawai Y, Hiwatashi N, Kishimoto Y, Sakamoto T, Ikeya M, Omori K. In vivo regeneration of rat laryngeal cartilage with mesenchymal stem cells derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells via neural crest cells. Stem Cell Res 2021; 52:102233. [PMID: 33607469 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2021.102233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The laryngotracheal cartilage is a cardinal framework for the maintenance of the airway for breathing, which occasionally requires reconstruction. Because hyaline cartilage has a poor intrinsic regenerative ability, various regenerative approaches have been attempted to regenerate laryngotracheal cartilage. The use of autologous mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) for cartilage regeneration has been widely investigated. However, long-term culture may limit proliferative capacity. Human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived MSCs (iMSCs) can circumvent this problem due to their unlimited proliferative capacity. This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of iMSCs in the regeneration of thyroid cartilage in immunodeficient rats. Herein, we induced iMSCs through neural crest cell intermediates. For the relevance to prospective future clinical application, induction was conducted under xeno-free/serum-free conditions. Then, clumps fabricated from an iMSC/extracellular matrix complex (C-iMSC) were transplanted into thyroid cartilage defects in immunodeficient rats. Histological examinations revealed cartilage-like regenerated tissue and human nuclear antigen (HNA)-positive surviving transplanted cells in the regenerated lesion. HNA-positive cells co-expressed SOX9, and type II collagen was identified around HNA-positive cells. These results indicated that the transplanted C-iMSCs promoted thyroid cartilage regeneration and some of the iMSCs differentiated into chondrogenic lineage cells. Induced MSCs may be a promising candidate cell therapy for human laryngotracheal reconstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayoshi Yoshimatsu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
| | - Hiroe Ohnishi
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Chengzhu Zhao
- Department of Clinical Application, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Hayashi
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Fumihiko Kuwata
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shinji Kaba
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hideaki Okuyama
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Kawai
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Nao Hiwatashi
- Department of Otolaryngology, Kyoto-Katsura Hospital, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yo Kishimoto
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
| | - Tatsunori Sakamoto
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, Shimane, Japan
| | - Makoto Ikeya
- Department of Clinical Application, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Koichi Omori
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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17
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Oláh T, Cai X, Michaelis JC, Madry H. Comparative anatomy and morphology of the knee in translational models for articular cartilage disorders. Part I: Large animals. Ann Anat 2021; 235:151680. [PMID: 33548412 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2021.151680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The human knee is a complex joint, and affected by a variety of articular cartilage disorders. Large animal models are critical to model the complex disease mechanisms affecting a functional joint. Species-dependent differences highly affect the results of a pre-clinical study and need to be considered, necessitating specific knowledge not only of macroscopic and microscopic anatomical and pathological aspects, but also characteristics of their individual gait and joint movements. METHODS Literature search in Pubmed. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION This narrative review summarizes the most relevant anatomical structural and functional characteristics of the knee (stifle) joints of the major translational large animal species, comprising dogs, (mini)pigs, sheep, goats, and horses in comparison with humans. Specific characteristics of each species, including kinematical gait parameters are provided. Considering these multifactorial dimensions will allow to select the appropriate model for answering the research questions in a clinically relevant fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamás Oláh
- Center of Experimental Orthopaedics, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Xiaoyu Cai
- Center of Experimental Orthopaedics, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | | | - Henning Madry
- Center of Experimental Orthopaedics, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, Germany.
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18
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Gao L, Cucchiarini M, Madry H. Cyst formation in the subchondral bone following cartilage repair. Clin Transl Med 2020; 10:e248. [PMID: 33377663 PMCID: PMC7733665 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Subchondral bone cysts represent an early postoperative sign associated with many articular cartilage repair procedures. They may be defined as an abnormal cavity within the subchondral bone in close proximity of a treated cartilage defect with a possible communication to the joint cavity in the absence of osteoarthritis. Two synergistic mechanisms of subchondral cyst formation, the theory of internal upregulation of local proinflammatory factors, and the external hydraulic theory, are proposed to explain their occurrence. This review describes subchondral bone cysts in the context of articular cartilage repair to improve investigations of these pathological changes. It summarizes their epidemiology in both preclinical and clinical settings with a focus on individual cartilage repair procedures, examines an algorithm for subchondral bone analysis, elaborates on the underlying mechanism of subchondral cyst formation, and condenses the clinical implications and perspectives on subchondral bone cyst formation in cartilage repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Gao
- Center of Experimental OrthopaedicsSaarland University Medical Center and Saarland UniversityHomburgGermany
| | - Magali Cucchiarini
- Center of Experimental OrthopaedicsSaarland University Medical Center and Saarland UniversityHomburgGermany
| | - Henning Madry
- Center of Experimental OrthopaedicsSaarland University Medical Center and Saarland UniversityHomburgGermany
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19
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Vezzoni A, Vezzoni L, Boiocchi S, Miolo A, Holsworth IG. A Modification of the Cheli Craniolateral Approach for Minimally Invasive Treatment of Osteochondritis Dissecans of the Shoulder in Dogs: Description of the Technique and Outcome in 164 Cases. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 2020; 34:130-136. [PMID: 33232983 DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1719090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to describe a novel minimally invasive surgical approach for the treatment of shoulder osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) in dogs and to retrospectively review our clinical cases treated with this approach. STUDY DESIGN The study describes a modification of Cheli surgical approach (1985), developed to reduce the degree of invasiveness as well as the incidence of postoperative complications observed in other surgical approaches to the shoulder joint. Medical records of dogs that underwent our minimally invasive approach to the scapulohumeral joint for treatment of OCD from May 2001 to May 2019 were retrospectively reviewed for intraoperative findings and complications. Clinical outcome and complications were also evaluated in the operated dogs with a minimum of a 2-month-follow-up evaluation. RESULTS A total of 164 shoulders in 141 dogs (23 bilateral), 103 males and 38 females, were examined and treated with our modified craniolateral approach for the treatment of OCD of the humeral head. In all cases, the modified craniolateral approach allowed visibility and adequate exposure of the caudal humeral head surface. Radiographic and clinical follow-up evaluations were available in 123/164 (75%) cases. The clinical outcome was consistent with other reports using different surgical approaches for OCD lesions of the humeral head in dogs. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE This technique provided a reliable approach for surgical treatment of canine shoulder OCD and can be considered a valid alternative to other surgical approaches including arthroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Alda Miolo
- CeDIS Innovet, Innovet Italia, Saccolongo, Padova, Italy
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20
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Hevesi M, Jacob G, Shimomura K, Ando W, Nakamura N, Krych AJ. Current hip cartilage regeneration/repair modalities: a scoping review of biologics and surgery. INTERNATIONAL ORTHOPAEDICS 2020; 45:319-333. [PMID: 32910240 DOI: 10.1007/s00264-020-04789-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The rapidly growing and emerging nature of biologics have made indications for regenerative and reparative hip therapies ever changing, with at times only early-stage evidence for their use. The purpose of this study was to review and summarize the currently available data on the management of hip cartilage injuries and osteoarthritis. METHODS A scoping review of the available scientific literature for hip biologics was performed, with available evidence for hyaluronic acid (HA), platelet rich plasma (PRP), stem/stromal cells, microfracture, mosaicplasty, osteochondral allograft, and cell-based therapies investigated. RESULTS To date, there exist better guidelines and further consensus concerning knee joint biologic treatments than the hip due to a greater number of studies as well as the more recent emergence of hip preservation approaches. However, increasing evidence is available for the selective implementation of biologics on an individualized basis with attention to lesion size and location. CONCLUSION Orthopedic surgeons are at an exciting crossroads in medicine, where hip biologic therapies are evolving and increasingly available. Timetested interventions such as arthroplasty have shown good results and still have a major role to play but newer, regenerative approaches have the potential to effectively delay or reduce the requirement for such invasive procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Hevesi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - George Jacob
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kazunori Shimomura
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Wataru Ando
- Department of Orthopaedic Medical Engineering, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Norimasa Nakamura
- Institute for Medical Science in Sports, Osaka Health Science University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Aaron J Krych
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
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21
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Rahmani Del Bakhshayesh A, Babaie S, Tayefi Nasrabadi H, Asadi N, Akbarzadeh A, Abedelahi A. An overview of various treatment strategies, especially tissue engineering for damaged articular cartilage. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 48:1089-1104. [DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2020.1809439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Azizeh Rahmani Del Bakhshayesh
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Tissue Engineering, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Soraya Babaie
- Department of Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hamid Tayefi Nasrabadi
- Department of Tissue Engineering, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Nahideh Asadi
- Department of Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Abolfazl Akbarzadeh
- Department of Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ali Abedelahi
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Tissue Engineering, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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22
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Kraeutler MJ, Aliberti GM, Scillia AJ, McCarty EC, Mulcahey MK. Microfracture Versus Drilling of Articular Cartilage Defects: A Systematic Review of the Basic Science Evidence. Orthop J Sports Med 2020; 8:2325967120945313. [PMID: 32913875 PMCID: PMC7443991 DOI: 10.1177/2325967120945313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microfracture (MFx) is one of the most common techniques used for the treatment of articular cartilage defects, although recently there has been a trend toward the use of drilling rather than MFx for the treatment of these defects. PURPOSE To perform a systematic review of basic science studies to determine the effect of microfracture versus drilling for articular cartilage repair. STUDY DESIGN Systematic review. METHODS A systematic review was performed by searching PubMed, the Cochrane Library, and EMBASE to identify basic science studies comparing outcomes of MFx versus drilling. The search phrase used was microfracture AND (drilling OR microdrilling). Inclusion criteria were basic science studies that directly compared the effect of MFx versus drilling on subchondral bone, bone marrow stimulation, and cartilage regeneration. RESULTS A total of 7 studies met the inclusion criteria and were included in this systematic review. Of these, 4 studies were performed in rabbits, 1 study in sheep, and 2 studies in humans. All of the included studies investigated cartilage repair in the knee. In the animal studies, microfracture produced fractured and compacted bone and led to increased osteocyte necrosis compared with drilling. Deep drilling (6 mm) was superior to both shallow drilling (2 mm) and MFx in terms of increased subchondral hematoma with greater access to marrow stroma, improved cartilage repair, and increased mineralized bone. However, the overall quality of cartilage repair tissue was poor regardless of marrow stimulation technique. In 2 studies that investigated repair tissue after MFx and/or drilling in human patients with osteoarthritis and cartilage defects, the investigators found that cartilage repair tissue did not achieve the quality of normal hyaline articular cartilage. CONCLUSION In the limited basic science studies that are available, deep drilling of cartilage defects in the knee resulted in improved biological features compared with MFx, including less damage to the subchondral bone and greater access to marrow stroma. Regardless of marrow stimulation technique, the overall quality of cartilage regeneration was poor and did not achieve the characteristics of native hyaline cartilage. Overall, there is a general lack of basic science literature comparing microfracture versus drilling for focal chondral defects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gianna M. Aliberti
- Tulane University School of Medicine, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New
Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Anthony J. Scillia
- St. Joseph’s University Medical Center, Paterson, New Jersey,
USA
- New Jersey Orthopaedic Institute, Wayne, New Jersey, USA
| | - Eric C. McCarty
- University of Colorado School of Medicine, Department of Orthopedics, Aurora, Colorado,
USA
| | - Mary K. Mulcahey
- Tulane University School of Medicine, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New
Orleans, Louisiana, USA
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23
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Jain D, Belay ES, Anderson JA, Garrett WE, Lau BC. Are Weightbearing Restrictions Required After Microfracture for Isolated Chondral Lesions of the Knee? A Review of the Basic Science and Clinical Literature. Sports Health 2020; 13:111-115. [PMID: 32723000 DOI: 10.1177/1941738120938662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT A strict rehabilitation protocol is traditionally followed after microfracture, including weightbearing restrictions for 2 to 6 weeks. However, such restrictions pose significant disability, especially in a patient population that is younger and more active. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION An extensive literature review was performed through PubMed and Google Scholar of all studies through December 2018 related to microfracture, including biomechanical, basic science, and clinical studies. For inclusion, clinical studies had to report weightbearing status and outcomes with a minimum 12-month follow-up. STUDY DESIGN Clinical review. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level 3. RESULTS Review of biomechanical and biology studies suggest new forming repair tissue is protected from shear forces of knee joint loading by the cartilaginous margins of the defect. This margin acts as a shoulder to maintain axial height and allow for tissue remodeling up to at least 12 months after surgery, well beyond current weight bearing restriction trends. A retrospective case-control study showed that weightbearing status postoperatively had no effect on clinical outcomes in patients who underwent microfracture for small chondral (<2 mm2) defects. In fact, 1 survey showed that many orthopaedic surgeons currently do not restrict weightbearing after microfracture. CONCLUSION This clinical literature review suggests that weightbearing restrictions may not be required after microfracture for isolated tibiofemoral chondral lesions of the knee. STRENGTH OF RECOMMENDATION TAXONOMY C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deeptee Jain
- Division of Spine Surgery, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery at Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Elshaday S Belay
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - John A Anderson
- Department of Sports Medicine, Rothman Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - William E Garrett
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Brian C Lau
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
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24
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Fugazzola MC, van Weeren PR. Surgical osteochondral defect repair in the horse-a matter of form or function? Equine Vet J 2020; 52:489-499. [PMID: 31958175 PMCID: PMC7317185 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Focal cartilaginous and osteochondral lesions can have traumatic or chondropathic degenerative origin. The fibrocartilaginous repair tissue that forms naturally, eventually undergoes fibrillation and degeneration leading to further disruption of joint homeostasis. Both types of lesion will therefore eventually lead to activity-related pain, swelling and decreased mobility and will frequently progress to osteoarthritis. Most attempts at realising cartilage regeneration have so far resulted in cartilage repair (and not regeneration). The aim of this article was to review experimental research on surgical cartilage restoration techniques performed so far in equine models. Currently available surgical options for treatment of osteochondral lesions in the horse are summarised. The experimental validity of equine experimental models is addressed and finally possible avenues for further research are discussed.
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25
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O'Keefe RJ, Tuan RS, Lane NE, Awad HA, Barry F, Bunnell BA, Colnot C, Drake MT, Drissi H, Dyment NA, Fortier LA, Guldberg RE, Kandel R, Little DG, Marshall MF, Mao JJ, Nakamura N, Proffen BL, Rodeo SA, Rosen V, Thomopoulos S, Schwarz EM, Serra R. American Society for Bone and Mineral Research-Orthopaedic Research Society Joint Task Force Report on Cell-Based Therapies - Secondary Publication. J Orthop Res 2020; 38:485-502. [PMID: 31994782 DOI: 10.1002/jor.24485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Cell-based therapies, defined here as the delivery of cells in vivo to treat disease, have recently gained increasing public attention as a potentially promising approach to restore structure and function to musculoskeletal tissues. Although cell-based therapy has the potential to improve the treatment of disorders of the musculoskeletal system, there is also the possibility of misuse and misrepresentation of the efficacy of such treatments. The medical literature contains anecdotal reports and research studies, along with web-based marketing and patient testimonials supporting cell-based therapy. Both the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR) and the Orthopaedic Research Society (ORS) are committed to ensuring that the potential of cell-based therapies is realized through rigorous, reproducible, and clinically meaningful scientific discovery. The two organizations convened a multidisciplinary and international Task Force composed of physicians, surgeons, and scientists who are recognized experts in the development and use of cell-based therapies. The Task Force was charged with defining the state-of-the art in cell-based therapies and identifying the gaps in knowledge and methodologies that should guide the research agenda. The efforts of this Task Force are designed to provide researchers and clinicians with a better understanding of the current state of the science and research needed to advance the study and use of cell-based therapies for skeletal tissues. The design and implementation of rigorous, thorough protocols will be critical to leveraging these innovative treatments and optimizing clinical and functional patient outcomes. In addition to providing specific recommendations and ethical considerations for preclinical and clinical investigations, this report concludes with an outline to address knowledge gaps in how to determine the cell autonomous and nonautonomous effects of a donor population used for bone regeneration. © 2020 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 38:485-502, 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regis J O'Keefe
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Rocky S Tuan
- The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Institute for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Nancy E Lane
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Hani A Awad
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Frank Barry
- Regenerative Medicine Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Bruce A Bunnell
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | | | - Matthew T Drake
- Department of Endocrinology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Hicham Drissi
- Department of Orthopaedics, Emory Healthcare, Emory University, Tucker, GA, USA
| | - Nathaniel A Dyment
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Lisa A Fortier
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Robert E Guldberg
- Phil and Penny Knight Campus for Accelerating Scientific Impact, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA
| | - Rita Kandel
- Mount Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - David G Little
- Orthopaedic Research and Biotechnology, Kids Research Institute, Westmead, Australia
| | - Mary F Marshall
- Center for Biomedical Ethics and Humanities, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Jeremy J Mao
- Division of Orthodontics, College of Dental Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Norimasa Nakamura
- Institute for Medical Science in Sports, Osaka Health Science University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Benedikt L Proffen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sports Medicine Research Laboratory, Harvard Medical School/Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Vicki Rosen
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Edward M Schwarz
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Rosa Serra
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL, USA
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26
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Utsunomiya H, Gao X, Deng Z, Cheng H, Nakama G, Scibetta AC, Ravuri SK, Goldman JL, Lowe WR, Rodkey WG, Alliston T, Philippon MJ, Huard J. Biologically Regulated Marrow Stimulation by Blocking TGF-β1 With Losartan Oral Administration Results in Hyaline-like Cartilage Repair: A Rabbit Osteochondral Defect Model. Am J Sports Med 2020; 48:974-984. [PMID: 32027515 DOI: 10.1177/0363546519898681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microfracture or bone marrow stimulation (BMS) is often the first choice for clinical treatment of cartilage injuries; however, fibrocartilage, not pure hyaline cartilage, has been reported because of the development of fibrosis in the repair tissue. Transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1), which can promote fibrosis, can be inhibited by losartan and potentially be used to reduce fibrocartilage. HYPOTHESIS Blocking TGF-β1 would improve cartilage healing in a rabbit knee BMS model via decreasing the amount of fibrocartilage and increasing hyaline-like cartilage formation. STUDY DESIGN Controlled laboratory study. METHODS An osteochondral defect was made in the patellar groove of 48 New Zealand White rabbits. The rabbits were divided into 3 groups: a defect group (defect only), a BMS group (osteochondral defect + BMS), and a BMS + losartan group (osteochondral defect + BMS + losartan). For the rabbits in the BMS + losartan group, losartan was administrated orally from the day after surgery through the day of euthanasia. Rabbits were sacrificed 6 or 12 weeks postoperatively. Macroscopic appearance, microcomputed tomography, histological assessment, and TGF-β1 signaling pathway were evaluated at 6 and 12 weeks postoperatively. RESULTS The macroscopic assessment of the repair revealed that the BMS + losartan group was superior to the other groups tested. Microcomputed tomography showed superior healing of the bony defect in the BMS + losartan group in comparison with the other groups. Histologically, fibrosis in the repair tissue of the BMS + losartan group was significantly reduced when compared with the other groups. Results obtained with the modified O'Driscoll International Cartilage Repair Society grading system yielded significantly superior scores in the BMS + losartan group as compared with both the defect group and the BMS group (F value: 15.8, P < .001, P = .012, respectively). TGF-β1 signaling and TGF-β-activated kinase 1 of the BMS + losartan group were significantly suppressed in the synovial tissues. CONCLUSION By blocking TGF-β1 with losartan, the repair cartilage tissue after BMS was superior to the other groups and consisted primarily of hyaline cartilage. These results should be easily translated to the clinic because losartan is a Food and Drug Administration-approved drug and it can be combined with the BMS technique for optimal repair of chondral defects. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Biologically regulated marrow stimulation by blocking TGF-β1 (oral intake of losartan) provides superior repair via decreasing fibrocartilage formation and resulting in hyaline-like cartilage as compared with outcomes from BMS only.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajime Utsunomiya
- Investigation performed at Center for Regenerative Sports Medicine, Steadman Philippon Research Institute, Vail, Colorado, USA
| | - Xueqin Gao
- Investigation performed at Center for Regenerative Sports Medicine, Steadman Philippon Research Institute, Vail, Colorado, USA
| | - Zhenhan Deng
- Investigation performed at Center for Regenerative Sports Medicine, Steadman Philippon Research Institute, Vail, Colorado, USA
| | - Haizi Cheng
- Investigation performed at Center for Regenerative Sports Medicine, Steadman Philippon Research Institute, Vail, Colorado, USA
| | - Gilberto Nakama
- Investigation performed at Center for Regenerative Sports Medicine, Steadman Philippon Research Institute, Vail, Colorado, USA
| | - Alex C Scibetta
- Investigation performed at Center for Regenerative Sports Medicine, Steadman Philippon Research Institute, Vail, Colorado, USA
| | - Sudheer K Ravuri
- Investigation performed at Center for Regenerative Sports Medicine, Steadman Philippon Research Institute, Vail, Colorado, USA
| | - Julia L Goldman
- Investigation performed at Center for Regenerative Sports Medicine, Steadman Philippon Research Institute, Vail, Colorado, USA
| | - Walter R Lowe
- Investigation performed at Center for Regenerative Sports Medicine, Steadman Philippon Research Institute, Vail, Colorado, USA
| | - William G Rodkey
- Investigation performed at Center for Regenerative Sports Medicine, Steadman Philippon Research Institute, Vail, Colorado, USA
| | - Tamara Alliston
- Investigation performed at Center for Regenerative Sports Medicine, Steadman Philippon Research Institute, Vail, Colorado, USA
| | - Marc J Philippon
- Investigation performed at Center for Regenerative Sports Medicine, Steadman Philippon Research Institute, Vail, Colorado, USA
| | - Johnny Huard
- Investigation performed at Center for Regenerative Sports Medicine, Steadman Philippon Research Institute, Vail, Colorado, USA
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27
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Qiao Z, Tang J, Yue B, Wang J, Zhang J, Xuan L, Dai C, Li S, Li M, Xu C, Dai K, Wang Y. Human adipose-derived mesenchymal progenitor cells plus microfracture and hyaluronic acid for cartilage repair: a Phase IIa trial. Regen Med 2020; 15:1193-1214. [PMID: 32043426 DOI: 10.2217/rme-2019-0068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: This study aimed to preliminarily evaluate the safety and efficacy of human adipose-derived mesenchymal progenitor cells (haMPCs) in combination with microfracture and hyaluronic acid (HA) for treating cartilage defects. Materials & methods: A total of 30 patients with medial femoro-tibial condylar cartilage defects were randomized into three groups: arthroscopic microfracture group and normal saline injection, arthroscopic microfracture and intra-articular injection of HA, or arthroscopic microfracture in combination with intra-articular injection of HA and haMPCs. Results & conclusions: The data demonstrated that intra-articular injection of haMPCs plus microfracture and HA is a safe procedure to improve joint function in patients with knee cartilage defects. These findings provide an impetus for future research on this treatment. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02855073.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiguang Qiao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implants, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China.,Medical 3D Printing Innovation Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200125, China
| | - Jiaxin Tang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implants, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China.,Department of Bone & Joint Surgery, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200081, China
| | - Bing Yue
- Department of Bone & Joint Surgery, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200020, China
| | - Jinwu Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implants, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implants, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Liang Xuan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implants, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China
| | | | - Suke Li
- Cellular Biomedicine Group, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Meng Li
- Cellular Biomedicine Group, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Cuili Xu
- Cellular Biomedicine Group, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Kerong Dai
- Department of Bone & Joint Surgery, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200020, China
| | - You Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implants, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China.,Medical 3D Printing Innovation Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200125, China
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28
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O'Keefe RJ, Tuan RS, Lane NE, Awad HA, Barry F, Bunnell BA, Colnot C, Drake MT, Drissi H, Dyment NA, Fortier LA, Guldberg RE, Kandel R, Little DG, Marshall MF, Mao JJ, Nakamura N, Proffen BL, Rodeo SA, Rosen V, Thomopoulos S, Schwarz EM, Serra R. American Society for Bone and Mineral Research-Orthopaedic Research Society Joint Task Force Report on Cell-Based Therapies. J Bone Miner Res 2020; 35:3-17. [PMID: 31545883 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.3839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Cell-based therapies, defined here as the delivery of cells in vivo to treat disease, have recently gained increasing public attention as a potentially promising approach to restore structure and function to musculoskeletal tissues. Although cell-based therapy has the potential to improve the treatment of disorders of the musculoskeletal system, there is also the possibility of misuse and misrepresentation of the efficacy of such treatments. The medical literature contains anecdotal reports and research studies, along with web-based marketing and patient testimonials supporting cell-based therapy. Both the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR) and the Orthopaedic Research Society (ORS) are committed to ensuring that the potential of cell-based therapies is realized through rigorous, reproducible, and clinically meaningful scientific discovery. The two organizations convened a multidisciplinary and international Task Force composed of physicians, surgeons, and scientists who are recognized experts in the development and use of cell-based therapies. The Task Force was charged with defining the state-of-the art in cell-based therapies and identifying the gaps in knowledge and methodologies that should guide the research agenda. The efforts of this Task Force are designed to provide researchers and clinicians with a better understanding of the current state of the science and research needed to advance the study and use of cell-based therapies for skeletal tissues. The design and implementation of rigorous, thorough protocols will be critical to leveraging these innovative treatments and optimizing clinical and functional patient outcomes. In addition to providing specific recommendations and ethical considerations for preclinical and clinical investigations, this report concludes with an outline to address knowledge gaps in how to determine the cell autonomous and nonautonomous effects of a donor population used for bone regeneration. © 2019 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regis J O'Keefe
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Rocky S Tuan
- The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Institute for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Nancy E Lane
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Hani A Awad
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Frank Barry
- Regenerative Medicine Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Bruce A Bunnell
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | | | - Matthew T Drake
- Department of Endocrinology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Hicham Drissi
- Department of Orthopaedics, Emory Healthcare, Emory University, Tucker, GA, USA
| | - Nathaniel A Dyment
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Lisa A Fortier
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Robert E Guldberg
- Phil and Penny Knight Campus for Accelerating Scientific Impact, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA
| | - Rita Kandel
- Mount Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - David G Little
- Orthopaedic Research and Biotechnology, Kids Research Institute, Westmead, Australia
| | - Mary F Marshall
- Center for Biomedical Ethics and Humanities, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Jeremy J Mao
- Division of Orthodontics, College of Dental Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Norimasa Nakamura
- Institute for Medical Science in Sports, Osaka Health Science University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Benedikt L Proffen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sports Medicine Research Laboratory, Harvard Medical School/Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Vicki Rosen
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Edward M Schwarz
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Rosa Serra
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL, USA
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29
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Zanotto G, Liebesny P, Barrett M, Zlotnick H, Grodzinsky A, Frisbie D. Trypsin Pre-Treatment Combined With Growth Factor Functionalized Self-Assembling Peptide Hydrogel Improves Cartilage Repair in Rabbit Model. J Orthop Res 2019; 37:2307-2315. [PMID: 31318103 PMCID: PMC6778710 DOI: 10.1002/jor.24414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to improve cartilage repair and integration using self-assembling KLD hydrogel functionalized with platelet-derived growth factor-BB and heparin-binding insulin-like growth factor-1 with associated enzymatic trypsin pre-treatment of the native cartilage. Bilateral osteochondral defects were created at the central portion of the femoral trochlear groove of 48 skeletally mature, white New Zealand rabbits. One limb received a randomly assigned treatment and the contralateral limb served as the control. Treated defects were exposed to trypsin for 2 min and filled with self-assembling KLD hydrogel only, or associated to growth factors. All control limbs received KLD hydrogel alone or received only trypsin but not hydrogel. Ninety days post-defect creation, the rabbits were euthanized and magnetic resonance imaging, radiography, macroscopic evaluation, histology, and immunohistochemistry of the joint and repaired tissue were performed. Mixed model analyses of variance were utilized to assess the outcome parameters and individual comparisons were performed using Least Square Means procedure and differences with p-value < 0.05 were considered significant. Trypsin enzymatic pre-treatment improved cellular morphology, cluster formation and subchondral bone reconstitution. Platelet-derived growth factor-BB improved subchondral bone healing and basal integration. Heparin-binding insulin-like growth factor-1 associated with platelet-derived growth factor improved tissue and cell morphology. The authors conclude that self-assembling KLD hydrogel functionalized with platelet-derived growth factor and heparin-binding insulin-like growth factor-1 with associated enzymatic pre-treatment of the native cartilage with trypsin resulted in an improvement on the cartilage repair process. © 2019 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 37:2307-2315, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Zanotto
- Orthopaedic Research Center, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, 300 West Drake Road, Fort Collins, CO 80523
| | - Paul Liebesny
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 500 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Myra Barrett
- Orthopaedic Research Center, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, 300 West Drake Road, Fort Collins, CO 80523
| | - Hannah Zlotnick
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 500 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Alan Grodzinsky
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 500 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - David Frisbie
- Orthopaedic Research Center, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, 300 West Drake Road, Fort Collins, CO 80523.,Corresponding author: David Frisbie, Translational Medicine Institute, Colorado State University, 2350 Gillette Drive, Fort Collins, CO 80523 (current address), , Ph (970) 297-4555, Fax (970) 297-4138
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30
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Salonius E, Kontturi L, Laitinen A, Haaparanta AM, Korhonen M, Nystedt J, Kiviranta I, Muhonen V. Chondrogenic differentiation of human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells in a three-dimensional environment. J Cell Physiol 2019; 235:3497-3507. [PMID: 31552691 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cell therapy combined with biomaterial scaffolds is used to treat cartilage defects. We hypothesized that chondrogenic differentiation bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) in three-dimensional biomaterial scaffolds would initiate cartilaginous matrix deposition and prepare the construct for cartilage regeneration in situ. The chondrogenic capability of human BM-MSCs was first verified in a pellet culture. The BM-MSCs were then either seeded onto a composite scaffold rhCo-PLA combining polylactide and collagen type II (C2) or type III (C3), or commercial collagen type I/III membrane (CG). The BM-MSCs were either cultured in a proliferation medium or chondrogenic culture medium. Adult human chondrocytes (ACs) served as controls. After 3, 14, and 28 days, the constructs were analyzed with quantitative polymerase chain reaction and confocal microscopy and sulfated glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) were measured. The differentiated BM-MSCs entered a hypertrophic state by Day 14 of culture. The ACs showed dedifferentiation with no expression of chondrogenic genes and low amount of GAG. The CG membrane induced the highest expression levels of hypertrophic genes. The two different collagen types in composite scaffolds yielded similar results. Regardless of the biomaterial scaffold, culturing BM-MSCs in chondrogenic differentiation medium resulted in chondrocyte hypertrophy. Thus, caution for cell fate is required when designing cell-biomaterial constructs for cartilage regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eve Salonius
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Clinicum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Leena Kontturi
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anita Laitinen
- Advanced Cell Therapy Centre, Finnish Red Cross Blood Service, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anne-Marie Haaparanta
- Department of Electronics and Communications Engineering, Tampere University of Technology and BioMediTech, Tampere, Finland
| | - Matti Korhonen
- Advanced Cell Therapy Centre, Finnish Red Cross Blood Service, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Johanna Nystedt
- Advanced Cell Therapy Centre, Finnish Red Cross Blood Service, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ilkka Kiviranta
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Clinicum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Virpi Muhonen
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Clinicum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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31
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Kim JK, Vaidya R, Lee SK, Yu J, Park JY, Ro DH, Lee MC, Han HS. Clinical and Radiological Changes after Microfracture of Knee Chondral Lesions in Middle-Aged Asian Patients. Clin Orthop Surg 2019; 11:282-290. [PMID: 31475048 PMCID: PMC6695334 DOI: 10.4055/cios.2019.11.3.282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although microfracture is widely accepted as an effective treatment option for knee chondral lesions, little is known about the deterioration of clinical outcomes and radiological progression in middle-aged patients. Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate the clinical and radiological changes after microfracture of knee chondral lesions in middle-aged Asian patients. Methods A total of 71 patients were included in the study. They were between the ages of 40 and 60 years and underwent arthroscopic microfracture for localized full-thickness cartilage defects of the knee from January 2000 to September 2015. The recovery status of chondral lesions was assessed by using the magnetic resonance observation of cartilage repair tissue (MOCART) score in postoperative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Clinical and radiological results were reviewed, and survival rate with conversion to arthroplasty or osteotomy as an end point was evaluated. Results The mean age of the patients at surgery was 51.3 ± 4.7 years (range, 40 to 60 years), and the mean follow-up period was 7.2 ± 2.6 years (range, 1.0 to 17.4 years). The MOCART scores of 32 patients at mean postoperative 2.1 years showed three cases (9%) of full recovery, two cases (7%) of hyperplastic recovery, 23 cases (70%) with more than 50% filling, and four cases (14%) with less than 50% filling. Clinical scores improved significantly at 1 year after surgery (p < 0.05); however, the scores deteriorated over time after postoperative 1 year, and the mean values reached preoperative levels at postoperative 10 years. Significant radiological progression of arthritis (Kellgren-Lawrence grade) was observed at 5 years after surgery. Four patients underwent total knee arthroplasty during follow-up. Conclusions Most patients showed more than 50% of defect filling at 2 years after surgery on MRI. Clinical results of microfracture of knee chondral lesion showed the best improvement at postoperative 1 year but gradually worsened thereafter until postoperative 10 years. Radiological progression of arthritis was observed from 5 years after surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Keun Kim
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Hanil Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Rupesh Vaidya
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Suvekchya International Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Su-Keon Lee
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Gwangmyeong Sungae Hospital, Gwangmyeong, Korea
| | - JeongSeok Yu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Gwangmyeong Sungae Hospital, Gwangmyeong, Korea
| | - Jae-Young Park
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Du Hyun Ro
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Myung Chul Lee
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyuk-Soo Han
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Chu CR, Fortier LA, Williams A, Payne KA, McCarrel TM, Bowers ME, Jaramillo D. Minimally Manipulated Bone Marrow Concentrate Compared with Microfracture Treatment of Full-Thickness Chondral Defects: A One-Year Study in an Equine Model. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2019; 100:138-146. [PMID: 29342064 DOI: 10.2106/jbjs.17.00132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microfracture is commonly performed for cartilage repair but usually results in fibrocartilage. Microfracture augmented by autologous bone marrow concentrate (BMC) was previously shown to yield structurally superior cartilage repairs in an equine model compared with microfracture alone. The current study was performed to test the hypothesis that autologous BMC without concomitant microfracture improves cartilage repair compared with microfracture alone. METHODS Autologous sternal bone marrow aspirate (BMA) was concentrated using a commercial system. Cells from BMC were evaluated for chondrogenic potential in vitro and in vivo. Bilateral full-thickness chondral defects (15-mm diameter) were created on the midlateral trochlear ridge in 8 horses. Paired defects were randomly assigned to treatment with BMC without concomitant microfracture, or to microfracture alone. The repairs were evaluated at 1 year by in vitro assessment, arthroscopy, morphological magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), quantitative T2-weighted and ultrashort echo time enhanced T2* (UTE-T2*) MRI mapping, and histological assessment. RESULTS Culture-expanded but not freshly isolated cells from BMA and BMC underwent cartilage differentiation in vitro. In vivo, cartilage repairs in both groups were fibrous to fibrocartilaginous at 1 year of follow-up, with no differences observed between BMC and microfracture by arthroscopy, T2 and UTE-T2* MRI values, and histological assessment (p > 0.05). Morphological MRI showed subchondral bone changes not observed by arthroscopy and improved overall outcomes for the BMC repairs (p = 0.03). Differences in repair tissue UTE-T2* texture features were observed between the treatment groups (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS When BMC was applied directly to critical-sized, full-thickness chondral defects in an equine model, the cartilage repair results were similar to those of microfracture. Our data suggest that, given the few mesenchymal stem cells in minimally manipulated BMC, other mechanisms such as paracrine, anti-inflammatory, or immunomodulatory effects may have been responsible for tissue regeneration in a previous study in which BMC was applied to microfractured repairs. While our conclusions are limited by small numbers, the better MRI outcomes for the BMC repairs may have been related to reduced surgical trauma to the subchondral bone. CLINICAL RELEVANCE MRI provides important information on chondral defect subsurface repair organization and subchondral bone structure that is not well assessed by arthroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constance R Chu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, California.,VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California
| | - Lisa A Fortier
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - Ashley Williams
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Karin A Payne
- Department of Orthopedics, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Taralyn M McCarrel
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | | | - Diego Jaramillo
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California.,Nicklaus Children's Hospital, Miami, Florida
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Lee GS, Kim MG, Kwon HJ. Electrical stimulation induces direct reprogramming of human dermal fibroblasts into hyaline chondrogenic cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 513:990-996. [PMID: 31005261 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The repair of articular cartilage needs a sufficient number of chondrocytes to replace the defect tissue. Direct reprogramming of fibroblasts into chondrocytes can provide a sufficient number of chondrocytes because fibroblasts can be expanded efficiently. Herein, we demonstrate for the first time that electrical stimulation can drive direct reprogramming of human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs) into hyaline chondrogenic cells. Our results shows that electrical stimulation drives condensation of HDFs and then enhances expression levels of chondrogenic markers, such as type II collagen, aggrecan, and Sox9, and decreases type I collagen levels without the addition of exogenous growth factors or gene transduction. Electrical stimulation-directly reprogrammed chondrogenic cells showed the normal karyotype. It was also found that electrical stimulation increased the secretion levels of TGF-beta1, PDGF-AA, and IGFBP-2, 3. These findings may contribute to not only novel approach of direct reprogramming but also cell therapy for cartilage regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyu Seok Lee
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation, College of Health Science, Eulji University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Gu Kim
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation, College of Health Science, Eulji University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyuck Joon Kwon
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation, College of Health Science, Eulji University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea.
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Salonius E, Rieppo L, Nissi MJ, Pulkkinen HJ, Brommer H, Brünott A, Silvast TS, Van Weeren PR, Muhonen V, Brama PAJ, Kiviranta I. Critical-sized cartilage defects in the equine carpus. Connect Tissue Res 2019; 60:95-106. [PMID: 29560747 DOI: 10.1080/03008207.2018.1455670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
AIM The horse joint, due to its similarity with the human joint, is the ultimate model for translational articular cartilage repair studies. This study was designed to determine the critical size of cartilage defects in the equine carpus and serve as a benchmark for the evaluation of new cartilage treatment options. MATERIAL AND METHODS Circular full-thickness cartilage defects with a diameter of 2, 4, and 8 mm were created in the left middle carpal joint and similar osteochondral (3.5 mm in depth) defects in the right middle carpal joint of 5 horses. Spontaneously formed repair tissue was examined macroscopically, with MR and µCT imaging, polarized light microscopy, standard histology, and immunohistochemistry at 12 months. RESULTS Filling of 2 mm chondral defects was good (77.8 ± 8.5%), but proteoglycan depletion was evident in Safranin-O staining and gadolinium-enhanced MRI (T1Gd). Larger chondral defects showed poor filling (50.6 ± 2.7% in 4 mm and 31.9 ± 7.3% in 8 mm defects). Lesion filling in 2, 4, and 8 mm osteochondral defects was 82.3 ± 3.0%, 68.0 ± 4.6% and 70.8 ± 15.4%, respectively. Type II collagen staining was seen in 9/15 osteochondral defects but only in 1/15 chondral defects. Subchondral bone pathologies were evident in 14/15 osteochondral samples but only in 5/15 chondral samples. Although osteochondral lesions showed better neotissue quality than chondral lesions, the overall repair was deemed unsatisfactory because of the subchondral bone pathologies. CONCLUSION We recommend classifying 4 mm as critical osteochondral lesion size and 2 mm as critical chondral lesion size for cartilage repair research in the equine carpal joint model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eve Salonius
- a Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology , University of Helsinki , Helsinki , Finland
| | - Lassi Rieppo
- b Research Unit of Medical Imaging, Physics and Technology , University of Oulu , Oulu , Finland.,c Medical Research Center , University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital , Oulu , Finland
| | - Mikko J Nissi
- d Department of Applied Physics , University of Eastern Finland , Kuopio , Finland
| | - Hertta J Pulkkinen
- e Institute of Biomedicine , University of Eastern Finland , Kuopio , Finland
| | - Harold Brommer
- f Department of Equine Sciences , Utrecht University , Utrecht , The Netherlands
| | - Anne Brünott
- f Department of Equine Sciences , Utrecht University , Utrecht , The Netherlands
| | - Tuomo S Silvast
- g SIB Labs , University of Eastern Finland , Kuopio , Finland
| | - P René Van Weeren
- f Department of Equine Sciences , Utrecht University , Utrecht , The Netherlands
| | - Virpi Muhonen
- a Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology , University of Helsinki , Helsinki , Finland
| | - Pieter A J Brama
- h Section of Veterinary Clinical Sciences , School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin , Dublin , Ireland
| | - Ilkka Kiviranta
- a Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology , University of Helsinki , Helsinki , Finland.,i Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology , Helsinki University Hospital , Helsinki , Finland
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Seow D, Yasui Y, Hutchinson ID, Hurley ET, Shimozono Y, Kennedy JG. The Subchondral Bone Is Affected by Bone Marrow Stimulation: A Systematic Review of Preclinical Animal Studies. Cartilage 2019; 10:70-81. [PMID: 28573889 PMCID: PMC6376565 DOI: 10.1177/1947603517711220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Despite the mechanical and biological roles of subchondral bone (SCB) in articular cartilage health, there remains no consensus on the postoperative morphological status of SCB following bone marrow stimulation (BMS). The purpose of this systematic review was to clarify the morphology of SCB following BMS in preclinical, translational animal models. DESIGN The MEDLINE and EMBASE databases were systematically reviewed using specific search terms on April 19, 2016 based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. The morphology of the SCB was assessed using of microcomputed tomography (bone density) and histology (microscopic architecture). RESULTS Seventeen animal studies with 520 chondral lesions were included. The morphology of SCB did not recover following BMS. Compared with untreated chondral defects, BMS resulted in superior morphology of superficial SCB and cartilage but inferior morphology (specifically bone density, P < 0.05) of the deep SCB. Overall, the use of biological adjuvants during BMS resulted in the superior postoperative morphology of SCB. CONCLUSIONS Alterations in the SCB following BMS were confirmed. Biologics adjuvants may improve the postoperative morphology of both SCB and articular cartilage. Refinements of BMS techniques should incorporate consideration of SCB damage and restoration. Investigations to optimize BMS techniques incorporating both minimally invasive approaches and biologically augmented platforms are further warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dexter Seow
- Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, USA,Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Youichi Yasui
- Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, USA,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ian D. Hutchinson
- Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, USA,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Albany Medical Center, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Eoghan T. Hurley
- Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, USA,Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Yoshiharu Shimozono
- Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, USA,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - John G. Kennedy
- Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, USA,John G. Kennedy, Hospital for Special Surgery, 523 East 72nd Street, Suite 507, New York, NY 10021, USA.
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Vangsness CT, Higgs G, Hoffman JK, Farr J, Davidson PA, Milstein F, Geraghty S. Implantation of a Novel Cryopreserved Viable Osteochondral Allograft for Articular Cartilage Repair in the Knee. J Knee Surg 2018; 31:528-535. [PMID: 28738433 PMCID: PMC6053312 DOI: 10.1055/s-0037-1604138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Restoration and repair of articular cartilage injuries remain a challenge for orthopaedic surgeons. The standard first-line treatment of articular cartilage lesions is marrow stimulation; however, this procedure can often result in the generation of fibrous repair cartilage rather than the biomechanically superior hyaline cartilage. Marrow stimulation is also often limited to smaller lesions, less than 2 cm2. Larger lesions may require implantation of a fresh osteochondal allograft, though a short shelf life, size-matched donor requirements, potential challenges of bone healing, limited availability, and the relatively high price limit the wide use of this therapeutic approach. We present a straightforward, single-stage surgical technique of a novel reparative and restorative approach for articular cartilage repair with the implantation of a cryopreserved viable osteochondral allograft (CVOCA). The CVOCA contains full-thickness articular cartilage and a thin layer of subchondral bone, and maintains the intact native cartilage architecture with viable chondrocytes, growth factors, and extracellular matrix proteins to promote articular cartilage repair. We report the results of a retrospective case series of three patients who presented with articular cartilage lesions more than 2 cm2 and were treated with the CVOCA using the presented surgical technique. Patients were followed up to 2 years after implantation of the CVOCA and all three patients had satisfactory outcomes without adverse events. Controlled randomized studies are suggested for evaluation of CVOCA efficacy, safety, and long-term outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Thomas Vangsness
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California,Address for correspondence C. Thomas Vangsness Jr., MD Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Southern CaliforniaKeck School of Medicine, 1520 San Pablo St, Suite 2000, Los Angeles, CA 90033
| | - Geoffrey Higgs
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Sports Medicine, OrthoCare Institute, Lumin Health, Plano, Texas
| | - James K. Hoffman
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Coordinated Health, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania
| | - Jack Farr
- Cartilage Restoration Center of Indiana, OrthoIndy Hospital, Indianapolis, Indiana,Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
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Auffarth A, Resch H, Matis N, Hudelmaier M, Wirth W, Forstner R, Neureiter D, Traweger A, Moroder P. Cartilage Morphological and Histological Findings After Reconstruction of the Glenoid With an Iliac Crest Bone Graft. Am J Sports Med 2018; 46:1039-1045. [PMID: 29350537 DOI: 10.1177/0363546517749813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The J-bone graft is presumably representative of iliac crest bone grafts in general and allows anatomic glenoid reconstruction in cases of bone defects due to recurrent traumatic anterior shoulder dislocations. As a side effect, these grafts have been observed to be covered by some soft, cartilage-like tissue when arthroscopy has been indicated after such procedures. PURPOSE To evaluate the soft tissue covering of J-bone grafts by use of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and histological analysis. STUDY DESIGN Case series; Level of evidence, 4. METHODS Patients underwent MRI at 1 year after the J-bone graft procedures. Radiological data were digitally processed and evaluated by segmentation of axial images. Independent from the MRI analysis, 2 biopsy specimens of J-bone grafts were harvested for descriptive histological analysis. RESULTS Segmentation of the images revealed that all grafts were covered by soft tissue. This layer had an average thickness of 0.87 mm compared with 1.96 mm at the adjacent native glenoid. Of the 2 biopsy specimens, one exhibited evident hyaline-like cartilage and the other presented patches of chondrocytes embedded in a glycosaminoglycan-rich extracellular matrix. CONCLUSION J-bone grafts are covered by soft tissue that can differentiate into fibrous and potentially hyaline cartilage. This feature may prove beneficial for delaying the onset of dislocation arthropathy of the shoulder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Auffarth
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | | | - Nicholas Matis
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Martin Hudelmaier
- Institute of Anatomy & Musculoskeletal Research, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria.,Chondrometrics GmbH, Ainring, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Wirth
- Institute of Anatomy & Musculoskeletal Research, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria.,Chondrometrics GmbH, Ainring, Germany
| | - Rosemarie Forstner
- Department of Radiology, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Daniel Neureiter
- Institute of Pathology, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Andreas Traweger
- Institute of Tendon & Bone Regeneration, Paracelsus Medical University, Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center, Salzburg, Austria.,Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
| | - Philipp Moroder
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria.,Center for Musculoskeletal Surgery, Campus Virchow, Charité-Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Dias IR, Viegas CA, Carvalho PP. Large Animal Models for Osteochondral Regeneration. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1059:441-501. [PMID: 29736586 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-76735-2_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Namely, in the last two decades, large animal models - small ruminants (sheep and goats), pigs, dogs and horses - have been used to study the physiopathology and to develop new therapeutic procedures to treat human clinical osteoarthritis. For that purpose, cartilage and/or osteochondral defects are generally performed in the stifle joint of selected large animal models at the condylar and trochlear femoral areas where spontaneous regeneration should be excluded. Experimental animal care and protection legislation and guideline documents of the US Food and Drug Administration, the American Society for Testing and Materials and the International Cartilage Repair Society should be followed, and also the specificities of the animal species used for these studies must be taken into account, such as the cartilage thickness of the selected defect localization, the defined cartilage critical size defect and the joint anatomy in view of the post-operative techniques to be performed to evaluate the chondral/osteochondral repair. In particular, in the articular cartilage regeneration and repair studies with animal models, the subchondral bone plate should always be taken into consideration. Pilot studies for chondral and osteochondral bone tissue engineering could apply short observational periods for evaluation of the cartilage regeneration up to 12 weeks post-operatively, but generally a 6- to 12-month follow-up period is used for these types of studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel R Dias
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences School, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal. .,3B's Research Group - Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, Department of Polymer Engineering, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark - Parque da Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, Barco - Guimarães, 4805-017, Portugal. .,Department of Veterinary Medicine, ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.
| | - Carlos A Viegas
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences School, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal.,3B's Research Group - Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, Department of Polymer Engineering, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark - Parque da Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, Barco - Guimarães, 4805-017, Portugal.,Department of Veterinary Medicine, ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Pedro P Carvalho
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University School Vasco da Gama, Av. José R. Sousa Fernandes 197, Lordemão, Coimbra, 3020-210, Portugal.,CIVG - Vasco da Gama Research Center, University School Vasco da Gama, Coimbra, Portugal
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Fahy N, Alini M, Stoddart MJ. Mechanical stimulation of mesenchymal stem cells: Implications for cartilage tissue engineering. J Orthop Res 2018; 36:52-63. [PMID: 28763118 DOI: 10.1002/jor.23670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Articular cartilage is a load-bearing tissue playing a crucial mechanical role in diarthrodial joints, facilitating joint articulation, and minimizing wear. The significance of biomechanical stimuli in the development of cartilage and maintenance of chondrocyte phenotype in adult tissues has been well documented. Furthermore, dysregulated loading is associated with cartilage pathology highlighting the importance of mechanical cues in cartilage homeostasis. The repair of damaged articular cartilage resulting from trauma or degenerative joint disease poses a major challenge due to a low intrinsic capacity of cartilage for self-renewal, attributable to its avascular nature. Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are considered a promising cell type for cartilage replacement strategies due to their chondrogenic differentiation potential. Chondrogenesis of MSCs is influenced not only by biological factors but also by the environment itself, and various efforts to date have focused on harnessing biomechanics to enhance chondrogenic differentiation of MSCs. Furthermore, recapitulating mechanical cues associated with cartilage development and homeostasis in vivo, may facilitate the development of a cellular phenotype resembling native articular cartilage. The goal of this review is to summarize current literature examining the effect of mechanical cues on cartilage homeostasis, disease, and MSC chondrogenesis. The role of biological factors produced by MSCs in response to mechanical loading will also be examined. An in-depth understanding of the impact of mechanical stimulation on the chondrogenic differentiation of MSCs in terms of endogenous bioactive factor production and signaling pathways involved, may identify therapeutic targets and facilitate the development of more robust strategies for cartilage replacement using MSCs. © 2017 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 36:52-63, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niamh Fahy
- AO Research Institute Davos, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Mauro Alini
- AO Research Institute Davos, Davos, Switzerland
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Armiento AR, Stoddart MJ, Alini M, Eglin D. Biomaterials for articular cartilage tissue engineering: Learning from biology. Acta Biomater 2018; 65:1-20. [PMID: 29128537 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2017.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 348] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Revised: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Articular cartilage is commonly described as a tissue that is made of up to 80% water, is devoid of blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatics, and is populated by only one cell type, the chondrocyte. At first glance, an easy tissue for clinicians to repair and for scientists to reproduce in a laboratory. Yet, chondral and osteochondral defects currently remain an open challenge in orthopedics and tissue engineering of the musculoskeletal system, without considering osteoarthritis. Why do we fail in repairing and regenerating articular cartilage? Behind its simple and homogenous appearance, articular cartilage hides a heterogeneous composition, a high level of organisation and specific biomechanical properties that, taken together, make articular cartilage a unique material that we are not yet able to repair or reproduce with high fidelity. This review highlights the available therapies for cartilage repair and retraces the research on different biomaterials developed for tissue engineering strategies. Their potential to recreate the structure, including composition and organisation, as well as the function of articular cartilage, intended as cell microenvironment and mechanically competent replacement, is described. A perspective of the limitations of the current research is given in the light of the emerging technologies supporting tissue engineering of articular cartilage. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE The mechanical properties of articular tissue reflect its functionally organised composition and the recreation of its structure challenges the success of in vitro and in vivo reproduction of the native cartilage. Tissue engineering and biomaterials science have revolutionised the way scientists approach the challenge of articular cartilage repair and regeneration by introducing the concept of the interdisciplinary approach. The clinical translation of the current approaches are not yet fully successful, but promising results are expected from the emerging and developing new generation technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Armiento
- AO Research Institute Davos, Davos Platz, Switzerland.
| | - M J Stoddart
- AO Research Institute Davos, Davos Platz, Switzerland; University Medical Center, Albert-Ludwigs University, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - M Alini
- AO Research Institute Davos, Davos Platz, Switzerland.
| | - D Eglin
- AO Research Institute Davos, Davos Platz, Switzerland.
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Nelson B, King M, Frisbie D. Assessment of a novel equine tarsocrural experimental joint disease model using recombinant interleukin-1β and arthroscopic articular sampling of the medial malleolus of the tibia on the standing sedated horse. Vet J 2017; 229:54-59. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2017.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Revised: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Pfeifer CG, Fisher MB, Saxena V, Kim M, Henning EA, Steinberg DA, Dodge GR, Mauck RL. Age-Dependent Subchondral Bone Remodeling and Cartilage Repair in a Minipig Defect Model. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2017; 23:745-753. [PMID: 28747146 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2017.0109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
After cartilage injury and repair, the subchondral bone plate remodels. Skeletal maturity likely impacts both bone remodeling and inherent cartilage repair capacity. The objective of this study was to evaluate subchondral bone remodeling as a function of injury type, repair scenario, and skeletal maturity in a Yucatan minipig model. Cartilage defects (4 mm) were created bilaterally in the trochlear groove. Treatment conditions included a full thickness chondral defect (full chondral defect, n = 3 adult/3 juvenile), a partial thickness (∼50%) chondral defect (PCD, n = 3/3), and FCD treated with microfracture (MFX, n = 3/3). At 6 weeks postoperatively, osteochondral samples containing the lesion site were imaged by micro-computed tomography (CT) and analyzed by histology and immunohistochemistry. Via micro-CT, FCD and MFX groups showed increased bone loss in juveniles compared with adults. Quantification of histology using the ICRS II scoring system showed equal overall assessment for the FCD groups and better overall assessment in juvenile animals treated with MFX compared with adults. All FCD and MFX groups were inferior to control samples. For the PCD injury, both age groups had values close to the control values. For the FCD groups, there were greater alterations in the subchondral bone in juveniles compared with adults. Staining for collagen II showed more intense signals in juvenile FCD and MFX groups compared with adults. This large animal study of cartilage repair shows the significant impact of skeletal maturity on the propensity of subchondral bone to remodel as a result of chondral injury. This will improve selection criteria for animal models for studying cartilage injury, repair, and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian G Pfeifer
- 1 Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,2 Translational Musculoskeletal Research Center, Philadelphia VA Medical Center , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,3 Department of Trauma Surgery, Regensburg University Medical Center , Regensburg, Germany
| | - Matthew B Fisher
- 1 Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,2 Translational Musculoskeletal Research Center, Philadelphia VA Medical Center , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Vishal Saxena
- 1 Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,2 Translational Musculoskeletal Research Center, Philadelphia VA Medical Center , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Minwook Kim
- 1 Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,2 Translational Musculoskeletal Research Center, Philadelphia VA Medical Center , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,4 Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Elizabeth A Henning
- 1 Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,2 Translational Musculoskeletal Research Center, Philadelphia VA Medical Center , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,4 Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - David A Steinberg
- 1 Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,2 Translational Musculoskeletal Research Center, Philadelphia VA Medical Center , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - George R Dodge
- 1 Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,2 Translational Musculoskeletal Research Center, Philadelphia VA Medical Center , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,5 Collaborative Research Partner (CRP), Acute Cartilage Injury (ACI) Program of the AO Foundation , Davos, Switzerland
| | - Robert L Mauck
- 1 Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,2 Translational Musculoskeletal Research Center, Philadelphia VA Medical Center , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,4 Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,5 Collaborative Research Partner (CRP), Acute Cartilage Injury (ACI) Program of the AO Foundation , Davos, Switzerland
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Dorcemus DL, George EO, Dealy CN, Nukavarapu SP. * Harnessing External Cues: Development and Evaluation of an In Vitro Culture System for Osteochondral Tissue Engineering. Tissue Eng Part A 2017; 23:719-737. [PMID: 28346796 PMCID: PMC5568178 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2016.0439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the last decade, engineered structures have been developed for osteochondral (OC) tissue regeneration. While the optimal structure design is yet to be determined, these scaffolds require in vitro evaluation before clinical use. However, the means by which complex scaffolds, such as OC scaffolds, can be tested are limited. Taking advantage of a mesenchymal stem cell's (MSC's) ability to respond to its surrounding we harness external cues, such as the cell's mechanical environment and delivered factors, to create an in vitro culture system for OC tissue engineering with a single cell source on a gradient yet integrated scaffold system. To do this, the effect of hydrogel stiffness on the expression of human MSCs (hMSCs) chondrogenic differentiation was studied using histological analysis. Additionally, hMSCs were also cultured in different combinations of chondrogenic and osteogenic media to develop a co-differentiation media suitable for OC lineage differentiation. A uniquely graded (density-gradient matrix) OC scaffold with a distal cartilage hydrogel phase specifically tailored to support chondrogenic differentiation was cultured using a newly developed "simulated in vivo culture method." The scaffold's culture in co-differentiation media models hMSC infiltration into the scaffold and subsequent differentiation into the distal cartilage and proximal bone layers. Cartilage and bone marker staining along with specific matrix depositions reveal the effect of external cues on the hMSC differentiation. As a result of these studies a model system was developed to study and culture OC scaffolds in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah L Dorcemus
- 1 Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut , Storrs, Connecticut
- 2 Institute for Regenerative Engineering, UCONN Health , Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Eve O George
- 2 Institute for Regenerative Engineering, UCONN Health , Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Caroline N Dealy
- 3 Center for Regenerative Medicine and Skeletal Development, Department of Reconstructive Sciences, UCONN Health , Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Syam P Nukavarapu
- 1 Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut , Storrs, Connecticut
- 2 Institute for Regenerative Engineering, UCONN Health , Farmington, Connecticut
- 4 Orthopaedic Surgery Department, UCONN Health , Farmington, Connecticut
- 5 Department of Material Science and Engineering, University of Connecticut , Storrs, Connecticut
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Hünnebeck SM, Magosch P, Habermeyer P, Loew M, Lichtenberg S. Chondral defects of the glenohumeral joint: Long-term outcome after microfracturing of the shoulder. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 12:165-170. [PMID: 28868088 PMCID: PMC5579070 DOI: 10.1007/s11678-017-0415-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Introduction An increasing number of young patients are diagnosed with chondral lesions. Minimally invasive surgical techniques are important in order to delay progression of the early stages of osteoarthritis and the need for total joint replacement. Materials and methods Patients (n = 32) who had received microfracturing of the shoulder were retrospectively enrolled, of whom 5 had received shoulder replacements after a mean time of 47 months. Of these patients, 23 completed the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (DASH) and Constant–Murley Scores in addition to an additional subjective questionnaire. Patients were then clinically examined and received x‑ray analysis of the operated shoulder. Data from an additional 4 patients were acquired by telephone interview. Results Mean follow-up was 105 months. Of the included patients, 13/27 patients reported no pain, 12/27 patients moderate pain. Of these 12, 6/27 reported pain only at night and 3/27 only during rest. Concerning the outcome of surgery, 19/27 patients were “satisfied” or “very satisfied”. There was a statistically significant increase in internal rotation, but no further differences in the range of motion pre- and postoperatively. Patients without any signs of osteoarthritis before surgery showed statistically significantly better outcomes. There was a statistically significant increase in radiological signs of osteoarthrosis in pre- versus postoperative patients. Patients with bipolar lesions showed statistically significantly poorer Subjective Shoulder Value (SSV) results. Conclusion Even though microfracturing does not prevent radiographic progression, microfracture of the glenohumeral joint might be worth considering as part of a treatment regimen for younger patients who may not yet be treated with arthroplasty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia M Hünnebeck
- Abteilung für Obere Extremität, Hand- und Mikrochirurgie, Immanuel Krankenhaus Berlin, Königstraße 63, 14109 Berlin, Germany
| | - Petra Magosch
- German Joint Center Heidelberg, ATOS Clinic Heidelberg, Bismarckstraße 9-15, 69115 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Peter Habermeyer
- German Joint Center Heidelberg, ATOS Clinic Heidelberg, Bismarckstraße 9-15, 69115 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Markus Loew
- German Joint Center Heidelberg, ATOS Clinic Heidelberg, Bismarckstraße 9-15, 69115 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sven Lichtenberg
- German Joint Center Heidelberg, ATOS Clinic Heidelberg, Bismarckstraße 9-15, 69115 Heidelberg, Germany
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Goldberg A, Mitchell K, Soans J, Kim L, Zaidi R. The use of mesenchymal stem cells for cartilage repair and regeneration: a systematic review. J Orthop Surg Res 2017; 12:39. [PMID: 28279182 PMCID: PMC5345159 DOI: 10.1186/s13018-017-0534-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The management of articular cartilage defects presents many clinical challenges due to its avascular, aneural and alymphatic nature. Bone marrow stimulation techniques, such as microfracture, are the most frequently used method in clinical practice however the resulting mixed fibrocartilage tissue which is inferior to native hyaline cartilage. Other methods have shown promise but are far from perfect. There is an unmet need and growing interest in regenerative medicine and tissue engineering to improve the outcome for patients requiring cartilage repair. Many published reviews on cartilage repair only list human clinical trials, underestimating the wealth of basic sciences and animal studies that are precursors to future research. We therefore set out to perform a systematic review of the literature to assess the translation of stem cell therapy to explore what research had been carried out at each of the stages of translation from bench-top (in vitro), animal (pre-clinical) and human studies (clinical) and assemble an evidence-based cascade for the responsible introduction of stem cell therapy for cartilage defects. This review was conducted in accordance to PRISMA guidelines using CINHAL, MEDLINE, EMBASE, Scopus and Web of Knowledge databases from 1st January 1900 to 30th June 2015. In total, there were 2880 studies identified of which 252 studies were included for analysis (100 articles for in vitro studies, 111 studies for animal studies; and 31 studies for human studies). There was a huge variance in cell source in pre-clinical studies both of terms of animal used, location of harvest (fat, marrow, blood or synovium) and allogeneicity. The use of scaffolds, growth factors, number of cell passages and number of cells used was hugely heterogeneous. SHORT CONCLUSIONS This review offers a comprehensive assessment of the evidence behind the translation of basic science to the clinical practice of cartilage repair. It has revealed a lack of connectivity between the in vitro, pre-clinical and human data and a patchwork quilt of synergistic evidence. Drivers for progress in this space are largely driven by patient demand, surgeon inquisition and a regulatory framework that is learning at the same pace as new developments take place.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy Goldberg
- Institute of Orthopaedics and Musculoskeletal Science, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital (RNOH), Brockley Hill Stanmore, London, HA7 4LP UK
| | - Katrina Mitchell
- Institute of Orthopaedics and Musculoskeletal Science, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital (RNOH), Brockley Hill Stanmore, London, HA7 4LP UK
| | - Julian Soans
- Institute of Orthopaedics and Musculoskeletal Science, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital (RNOH), Brockley Hill Stanmore, London, HA7 4LP UK
| | - Louise Kim
- Joint Research and Enterprise Office, St George’s University of London and St George’s University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Hunter Wing, Cranmer Terrace, London, SW17 0RE UK
| | - Razi Zaidi
- Institute of Orthopaedics and Musculoskeletal Science, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital (RNOH), Brockley Hill Stanmore, London, HA7 4LP UK
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Joswig AJ, Mitchell A, Cummings KJ, Levine GJ, Gregory CA, Smith R, Watts AE. Repeated intra-articular injection of allogeneic mesenchymal stem cells causes an adverse response compared to autologous cells in the equine model. Stem Cell Res Ther 2017; 8:42. [PMID: 28241885 PMCID: PMC5329965 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-017-0503-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Revised: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Intra-articular injection of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) is efficacious in osteoarthritis therapy. A direct comparison of the response of the synovial joint to intra-articular injection of autologous versus allogeneic MSCs has not been performed. The objective of this study was to assess the clinical response to repeated intra-articular injection of allogeneic versus autologous MSCs prepared in a way to minimize xeno-contaminants in a large animal model. Methods Intra-articular injections of bone marrow-derived, culture-expanded MSCs to a forelimb metacarpophalangeal joint were performed at week 0 and week 4 (six autologous; six autologous with xeno-contamination; six allogeneic). In the week following each injection, clinical and synovial cytology evaluations were performed. Results Following the first intra-articular injection, there were no differences in clinical parameters over time. Following the second intra-articular injection, there was a significant adverse response of the joint to allogeneic MSCs and autologous MSCs with xeno-contamination with elevated synovial total nucleated cell counts. There was also significantly increased pain from joints injected with autologous MSCs with xeno-contamination. Conclusions Repeated intra-articular injection of allogeneic MSCs results in an adverse clinical response, suggesting there is immune recognition of allogeneic MSCs upon a second exposure. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13287-017-0503-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda-Jo Joswig
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Alexis Mitchell
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Kevin J Cummings
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Gwendolyn J Levine
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Carl A Gregory
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine and Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Texas A&M University, Temple, TX, 76502, USA
| | - Roger Smith
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Ashlee E Watts
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA.
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Pellegrino M, Trinchese E, Bisaccia M, Rinonapoli G, Meccariello L, Falzarano G, Medici A, Piscitelli L, Ferrara P, Caraffa A. Long-term outcome of grade III and IV chondral injuries of the knee treated with Steadman microfracture technique. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 13:237-240. [PMID: 28228789 DOI: 10.11138/ccmbm/2016.13.3.237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The aim of our study is to demonstrate the effectiveness of Steadman microfracture technique in the management of high-grade chondral defects at the level of the knee by clinical follow-ups at eleven years. MATERIALS AND METHODS This is a study conducted on fifteen patients suffering from Outerbridge grade III and IV chondral lesions of the knee, who underwent Steadman microfracture surgery between 2003 and 2004. Selective exclusion criteria to prevent that other treatments or comorbidities could invalidate the results were used. Patients were clinically evaluated with Lysholm and IKDC scale scores before surgery and at follow-ups at eleven years. RESULTS There has been an improvement in the Lysholm scores (59.33 ± 18.2 at time zero vs 82.13 ± 14.16 at time t; p value: 0.0342) and in the IKDC scores (45.13 ± 17.07 at time zero vs 68.66 ± 21.47 at time t; p value: 0.04) that appears statistically significant. DISCUSSION Currently microfracture surgery is not indicated in patients with high-grade chondral defects, but at the same time, it is a technique of easy execution, low cost and good results. The clinical improvement observed appears statistically significant, but we have also noticed a slight clinical worsening in two patients, possibly caused by: improper treatment, new trauma, incorrect rehabilitation and age at time of surgery. CONCLUSIONS The study has shown significant clinical improvements in patients, despite the fact that indications to the use of microfracture are still very limited and selective. It's essential to underline the importance of the single patient assessment process, taking into account a variety of aspects including the site, the number and extent of the lesion, the degree of functionality, activity level, age and previous trauma. This shows the importance of a comprehensive assessment of the patient in order to choose the most suitable surgical option, which not necessarily has to strictly adhere to standard practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Pellegrino
- Division of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, University of Perugia, "S. Maria della Misericordia" Hospital, Perugia, Italy
| | - Ermanno Trinchese
- Division of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, University of Perugia, "S. Maria della Misericordia" Hospital, Perugia, Italy
| | - Michele Bisaccia
- Division of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, University of Perugia, "S. Maria della Misericordia" Hospital, Perugia, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Rinonapoli
- Division of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, University of Perugia, "S. Maria della Misericordia" Hospital, Perugia, Italy
| | - Luigi Meccariello
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Neuroscience, Section of Orthopedics and Traumatology, University of Siena, University Hospital "Santa Maria alle Scotte", Siena, Italy
| | - Gabriele Falzarano
- U.O.C. Orthopedics and Traumatology, Azienda Ospedaliera "Gaetano Rummo", Benevento, Italy
| | - Antonio Medici
- U.O.C. Orthopedics and Traumatology, Azienda Ospedaliera "Gaetano Rummo", Benevento, Italy
| | - Luigi Piscitelli
- Division of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, University of Perugia, "S. Maria della Misericordia" Hospital, Perugia, Italy
| | - Pellegrino Ferrara
- Division of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, University of Perugia, "S. Maria della Misericordia" Hospital, Perugia, Italy
| | - Auro Caraffa
- Division of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, University of Perugia, "S. Maria della Misericordia" Hospital, Perugia, Italy
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Park H, Lee HJ, An H, Lee KY. Alginate hydrogels modified with low molecular weight hyaluronate for cartilage regeneration. Carbohydr Polym 2017; 162:100-107. [PMID: 28224886 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.01.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Revised: 12/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Alginate is a typical biomaterial that forms hydrogels in the presence of calcium ions and has often been utilized in tissue engineering approaches. However, it lacks biofunctionality in the form of interactions with cells and proteins. Hyaluronate, a main component of glycosaminoglycans, provides CD44-specific interactions with chondrocytes but typically requires chemical cross-linking agents to fabricate hydrogels, which may cause unexpected side effects in the body. In this study, we propose the design and fabrication of a hybrid structure of alginate and hyaluronate useful for cartilage regeneration. Alginate was used as a backbone, and hyaluronate with a low molecular weight was introduced to the backbone to fabricate alginate-hyaluronate hybrid coupled by ethylenediamine. We hypothesized that alginate-hyaluronate hybrid (AH) could maintain its ability to form gels in the presence of calcium ions and could be useful for cartilage regeneration as an injectable system. Characteristics of AH hydrogels containing various composition ratios of hyaluronate to alginate were investigated, and the chondrogenic potential of ATDC5 cells encapsulated within AH hydrogels was evaluated in vitro. Consequently, AH hydrogels having a defined polymer composition and mechanical stiffness were useful to successfully regulate chondrogenic differentiation and to maintain the chondrocytic cell phenotype, which may lead to many useful applications in cartilage regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honghyun Park
- Department of Bioengineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Ji Lee
- Department of Bioengineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoseok An
- Department of Bioengineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Kuen Yong Lee
- Department of Bioengineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea; Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea.
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Gao L, Orth P, Goebel LKH, Cucchiarini M, Madry H. A novel algorithm for a precise analysis of subchondral bone alterations. Sci Rep 2016; 6:32982. [PMID: 27596562 PMCID: PMC5011758 DOI: 10.1038/srep32982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Subchondral bone alterations are emerging as considerable clinical problems associated with articular cartilage repair. Their analysis exposes a pattern of variable changes, including intra-lesional osteophytes, residual microfracture holes, peri-hole bone resorption, and subchondral bone cysts. A precise distinction between them is becoming increasingly important. Here, we present a tailored algorithm based on continuous data to analyse subchondral bone changes using micro-CT images, allowing for a clear definition of each entity. We evaluated this algorithm using data sets originating from two large animal models of osteochondral repair. Intra-lesional osteophytes were detected in 3 of 10 defects in the minipig and in 4 of 5 defects in the sheep model. Peri-hole bone resorption was found in 22 of 30 microfracture holes in the minipig and in 17 of 30 microfracture holes in the sheep model. Subchondral bone cysts appeared in 1 microfracture hole in the minipig and in 5 microfracture holes in the sheep model (n = 30 holes each). Calculation of inter-rater agreement (90% agreement) and Cohen’s kappa (kappa = 0.874) revealed that the novel algorithm is highly reliable, reproducible, and valid. Comparison analysis with the best existing semi-quantitative evaluation method was also performed, supporting the enhanced precision of this algorithm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Gao
- Center of Experimental Orthopaedics, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Patrick Orth
- Center of Experimental Orthopaedics, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, Germany
| | - Lars K H Goebel
- Center of Experimental Orthopaedics, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, Germany
| | - Magali Cucchiarini
- Center of Experimental Orthopaedics, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Henning Madry
- Center of Experimental Orthopaedics, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, Germany
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