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Lang JJ, Li X, Micheler CM, Wilhelm NJ, Seidl F, Schwaiger BJ, Barnewitz D, von Eisenhart-Rothe R, Grosse CU, Burgkart R. Numerical evaluation of internal femur osteosynthesis based on a biomechanical model of the loading in the proximal equine hindlimb. BMC Vet Res 2024; 20:188. [PMID: 38730373 PMCID: PMC11084081 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-024-04044-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Femoral fractures are often considered lethal for adult horses because femur osteosynthesis is still a surgical challenge. For equine femur osteosynthesis, primary stability is essential, but the detailed physiological forces occurring in the hindlimb are largely unknown. The objective of this study was to create a numerical testing environment to evaluate equine femur osteosynthesis based on physiological conditions. The study was designed as a finite element analysis (FEA) of the femur using a musculoskeletal model of the loading situation in stance. Relevant forces were determined in the musculoskeletal model via optimization. The treatment of four different fracture types with an intramedullary nail was investigated in FEA with loading conditions derived from the model. The analyzed diaphyseal fracture types were a transverse (TR) fracture, two oblique fractures in different orientations (OB-ML: medial-lateral and OB-AP: anterior-posterior) and a "gap" fracture (GAP) without contact between the fragments. For the native femur, the most relevant areas of increased stress were located distally to the femoral head and proximally to the caudal side of the condyles. For all fracture types, the highest stresses in the implant material were present in the fracture-adjacent screws. Maximum compressive (-348 MPa) and tensile stress (197 MPa) were found for the GAP fracture, but material strength was not exceeded. The mathematical model was able to predict a load distribution in the femur of the standing horse and was used to assess the performance of internal fixation devices via FEA. The analyzed intramedullary nail and screws showed sufficient stability for all fracture types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan J Lang
- Department of Orthopedics and Sports Orthopedics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
- Chair of Non-destructive Testing, TUM School of Engineering and Design, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
| | - Xinhao Li
- Department of Orthopedics and Sports Orthopedics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Carina M Micheler
- Department of Orthopedics and Sports Orthopedics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Institute for Machine Tools and Industrial Management, TUM School of Engineering and Design, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Nikolas J Wilhelm
- Department of Orthopedics and Sports Orthopedics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Munich Institute of Robotics and Machine Intelligence, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Fritz Seidl
- Department of Orthopedics and Sports Orthopedics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Benedikt J Schwaiger
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Dirk Barnewitz
- Equine Clinic of the Research Centre for Medical Technology and Biotechnology, Bad Langensalza, Germany
| | - Ruediger von Eisenhart-Rothe
- Department of Orthopedics and Sports Orthopedics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Christian U Grosse
- Chair of Non-destructive Testing, TUM School of Engineering and Design, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Rainer Burgkart
- Department of Orthopedics and Sports Orthopedics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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An in vitro biomechanical investigation of an interlocking nail system developed for buffalo tibia. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 2017; 27:36-44. [DOI: 10.3415/vcot-12-12-0149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2012] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
SummaryObjectives: The objectives of the study were to determine the mechanical properties of a customized buffalo interlocking nail (BIN), intact buffalo tibia, and ostectomized tibia stabilized with BIN in different configurations, as well as to assess the convenience of interlocking nailing in buffalo tibia.Methods: The BIN (316L stainless steel, 12 mm diameter, 250 mm long, nine-hole solid nails with 10° proximal bend) alone was loaded in compression and three-point bending (n = 4 each); intact tibiae and ostectomized tibiae (of buffaloes aged 5–8 years, weighing 300–350 kg) stabilized with BIN using 4.9 mm standard or modified locking bolts (4 or 8) in different configurations were subjected to axial compression, cranio-caudal three-point bending and torsion (n = 4 each) using a universal testing machine. Mechanical parameters were determined from load-displacement curves and compared using Kruskal-Wallis test (p <0.05).Results: Intact tibiae were significantly stronger than BIN and bone-BIN constructs in all testing modes. The strength of fixation constructs with eight locking bolts was significantly more than with four bolts. Overall strength of fixation with modified locking bolts was better than standard bolts. Based on technical ease and biomechanical properties, cranio-caudal insertion of bolts into the bone was found better than medio-lateral insertion.Clinical significance: The eight bolt BINbone constructs could be useful to treat tibial fractures in large ruminants, especially buffaloes.
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Auer JA, Grainger DW. Fracture management in horses: Where have we been and where are we going? Vet J 2015; 206:5-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2015.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2015] [Revised: 05/30/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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In vitro biomechanical evaluation and comparison of a new prototype locking plate and a limited-contact self compression plate for equine fracture repair. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 2012; 25:273-80. [PMID: 22695636 DOI: 10.3415/vcot-11-01-0011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2011] [Accepted: 02/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine if the mechanical properties (strength and stiffness) of a new prototype 4.5 mm broad locking plate (NP-LP) are comparable with those of a traditional 4.5 mm broad limited-contact self compression plate (LC-SCP), and to compare the bending and torsional properties of the NP-LP and LC-SCP when used in osteotomized equine third metacarpal bones (MC3). METHODS The plates alone were tested in four-point bending single cycle to failure. The MC3-plate constructs were created with mid-diaphyseal osteotomies with a 1 cm gap. Constructs were tested in four-point bending single cycle to failure, four-point bending cyclic fatigue, and torsion single cycle to failure. RESULTS There were not any significant differences in bending strength and stiffness found between the two implants. The MC3-NP-LP construct was significantly stiffer than the MC3-LC-SCP in bending. No other biomechanical differences were found in bending, yield load in torsion, or mean composite rigidity. Mean cycles to failure for bending fatigue testing were similar for both constructs. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE The NP-LP was comparable to the LC-SCP in intrinsic, as well as structural properties. The NP-LP construct was more rigid than the LC-SCP construct under four-point bending, and both constructs behaved similarly under four-point bending cyclic fatigue testing and torsion single cycle to failure. The new NP-LP implant fixation is biomechanically comparable to the LC-SCP in a simulated MC3 fracture.
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Jenner F, Kirker-Head C. Core decompression of the equine navicular bone: an in vitro biomechanical study. Vet Surg 2011; 40:163-70. [PMID: 21204856 DOI: 10.1111/j.1532-950x.2010.00766.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the effect of core decompression surgery and bone mineral density (BMD) on the mechanical properties of equine navicular bones. STUDY DESIGN Experimental, in vitro study. SAMPLE POPULATION Fore limb navicular bones (n=36 pairs) from sound 2-5-year-old horses with no radiographic abnormalities of the distal aspect of the forelimbs. METHODS Navicular BMD was measured using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. One randomly assigned navicular bone from each pair served as control. The contralateral test specimen was allocated to 1 of 6 treatment groups defined by drill bit size (3.2 versus 2.5 mm diameter) and by the number of drill channels (1, 2, or 3) created in the proximal border of the bone. Bones were then tested until failure in 3-point bending. Data were statistically analyzed using ANOVA and regression analysis. RESULTS There were significant (P<.001) positive correlations between BMD and biomechanical data. A significant (P<.001) reduction in breaking strength was noted between intact and drilled bone pairs; however, the diameter and number of decompression channels did not significantly (P>.05) influence the extent of the reduction in mechanical strength. CONCLUSION In vitro core decompression significantly decreases the breaking strength of the equine navicular bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florien Jenner
- Department of Large Animal Surgery, University College Dublin, Ireland.
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Yoneda A, Mazzer N, Barbieri CH, Shimano AC. Propriedades mecânicas de um sistema de osteossíntese de estabilidade relativa. ACTA ORTOPEDICA BRASILEIRA 2008. [DOI: 10.1590/s1413-78522008000100010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Neste trabalho foram estudadas as propriedades mecânicas de um novo sistema de osteossíntese metálica (SPS® - Sistema Pengo de Síntese) por meio de ensaios mecânicos de flexão e torção. Os SPS® foram montados e fixados em bastões cilíndricos de madeira. Para os ensaios mecânicos foram adotados nove grupos de modelos em função dos três comprimentos de placas e das três distâncias de montagem entre as placas. Os ensaios de flexão foram realizados com o SPS® na posição lateral em relação ao eixo de movimentação da máquina de ensaios. Para os ensaios de torção não se adotou nenhuma posição específica do SPS®. Os resultados das propriedades de rigidez e da deflexão do SPS®, nos ensaios mecânicos de flexão e torção, tiveram a interferência das variantes números de furos nas placas e o espaço entre as placas, ou seja, quanto maior o número de furos nas placas e menor o espaço entre elas maior a rigidez e menor a deflexão. Conclui-se que a rigidez e a deflexão variaram proporcionalmente ao número de furos nas placas e ao espaço entre elas.
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Sod GA, Hubert JD, Martin GS, Gill MS. An In Vitro Biomechanical Comparison Between Prototype Tapered Shaft Cortical Bone Screws and AO Cortical Bone Screws for an Equine Metacarpal Dynamic Compression Plate Fixation of Osteotomized Equine Third Metacarpal Bones. Vet Surg 2006; 35:634-42. [PMID: 17026548 DOI: 10.1111/j.1532-950x.2006.00201.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To compare biomechanical properties of a prototype 5.5 mm tapered shaft cortical screw (TSS) and 5.5 mm AO cortical screw for an equine third metacarpal dynamic compression plate (EM-DCP) fixation to repair osteotomized equine third metacarpal (MC3) bones. STUDY DESIGN Paired in vitro biomechanical testing of cadaveric equine MC3 with a mid-diaphyseal osteotomy, stabilized by 1 of 2 methods for fracture fixation. ANIMAL POPULATION Adult equine cadaveric MC3 bones (n=12 pairs). METHODS Twelve pairs of equine MC3 were divided into 3 groups (4 pairs each) for (1) 4-point bending single cycle to failure testing, (2) 4-point bending cyclic fatigue testing, and (3) torsional single cycle to failure testing. An EM-DCP (10-hole, 4.5 mm) was applied to the dorsal surface of each, mid-diaphyseal osteotomized, MC3 pair. For each MC3 bone pair, 1 was randomly chosen to have the EM-DCP secured with four 5.5 mm TSS (2 screws proximal and distal to the osteotomy; TSS construct), two 5.5 mm AO cortical screws (most proximal and distal holes in the plate) and four 4.5 mm AO cortical screws in the remaining holes. The control construct (AO construct) had four 5.5 mm AO cortical screws to secure the EM-DCP in the 2 holes proximal and distal to the osteotomy in the contralateral bone from each pair. The remaining holes of the EM-DCP were filled with two 5.5 mm AO cortical screws (most proximal and distal holes in the plate) and four 4.5 mm AO cortical screws. All plates and screws were applied using standard AO/ASIF techniques. Mean test variable values for each method were compared using a paired t-test within each group. Significance was set at P<.05. RESULTS Mean 4-point bending yield load, yield bending moment, bending composite rigidity, failure load and failure bending moment of the TSS construct were significantly greater (P<.00004 for yield and P<.00001 for failure loads) than those of the AO construct. Mean cycles to failure in 4-point bending of the TSS construct was significantly greater (P<.0002) than that of the AO construct. The mean yield load and composite rigidity in torsion of the TSS construct were significantly greater (P<.0039 and P<.00003, respectively) than that of the AO construct. CONCLUSION The TSS construct provides increased stability in both static overload testing and cyclic fatigue testing. CLINICAL RELEVANCE The results of this in vitro study support the conclusion that the EM-DCP fixation using the prototype 5.5 mm TSS is biomechanically superior to the EM-DCP fixation using 5.5 mm AO cortical screws for the stabilization of osteotomized equine MC3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary A Sod
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA.
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Sod GA, Hubert JD, Martin GS, Gill MS. An in vitro biomechanical comparison of a limited-contact dynamic compression plate fixation with a dynamic compression plate fixation of osteotomized equine third metacarpal bones. Vet Surg 2005; 34:579-86. [PMID: 16343145 DOI: 10.1111/j.1532-950x.2005.00092.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To compare the monotonic biomechanical properties and fatigue life of a broad, limited contact, dynamic compression plate (LC-DCP) fixation with a broad, dynamic compression plate (DCP) fixation to repair osteotomized equine 3rd metacarpal (MC3) bones. STUDY DESIGN In vitro biomechanical testing of paired cadaveric equine MC3 with a mid-diaphyseal osteotomy, stabilized by 1 of 2 methods for fracture fixation. ANIMAL POPULATION Twelve pairs of adult equine cadaveric MC3 bones. METHODS Twelve pairs of equine MC3 were divided into 3 test groups (4 pairs each) for (1) 4-point bending single cycle to failure testing, (2) 4-point bending cyclic fatigue testing, and (3) torsional single cycle to failure testing. An LC-DCP (8-hole, 4.5 mm) was applied to the dorsal surface of 1 randomly selected bone from each pair. One DCP (8-hole, 4.5 mm broad) was applied dorsally to the contralateral bone from each pair. All plates and screws were applied using standard AO/ASIF techniques to MC3 bones that had mid-diaphyseal osteotomies. Mean test variable values for each method were compared using a paired t-test within each group. Significance was set at P<.05. RESULTS The mean 4-point bending yield load, yield bending moment, composite rigidity, failure load, and failure bending moment of LC-DCP fixation were significantly greater (P<.01) than those of broad DCP fixation. Mean cycles to failure for 4-point bending was significantly (P<.001) greater for broad DCP fixation compared with broad LC-DCP fixation. Mean yield load, mean composite rigidity, and mean failure load in torsion was significantly (P<.02) greater for broad LC-DCP fixation compared with broad DCP fixation. CONCLUSION Broad LC-DCP offers increased stability in static overload testing, however, it offers significantly less stability in cyclic fatigue testing. CLINICAL RELEVANCE The clinical relevance of the cyclic fatigue data supports the conclusion that the broad DCP fixation is biomechanically superior to the broad LC-DCP fixation in osteotomized equine MC3 bones despite the results of the static overload testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary A Sod
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA.
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Sod GA, Hubert JD, Martin GS, Gill MS. An In Vitro Biomechanical Comparison of a Prototype Equine Metacarpal Dynamic Compression Plate Fixation with Double Dynamic Compression Plate Fixation of Osteotomized Equine Third Metacarpal Bones. Vet Surg 2005; 34:594-603. [PMID: 16343147 DOI: 10.1111/j.1532-950x.2005.00093.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To compare the monotonic biomechanical properties of a prototype equine third metacarpal dynamic compression plate (EM-DCP) fixation with a double broad dynamic compression plate (DCP) fixation to repair osteotomized equine third metacarpal (MC3) bones. STUDY DESIGN In vitro biomechanical testing of paired cadaveric equine MC3 with a mid-diaphyseal osteotomy, stabilized by 1 of 2 methods for fracture fixation. POPULATION Twelve pairs of adult equine cadaveric MC3 bones. METHODS Twelve pairs of equine MC3 were divided into 3 test groups (4 pairs each) for (1) 4-point bending single cycle to failure testing, (2) 4-point bending cyclic fatigue testing, and (3) torsional testing. The EM-DCP (10-hole, 4.5 mm) was applied to the dorsal surface of one randomly selected bone from each pair. Two DCPs, 1 dorsally (10-hole, 4.5 mm broad) and 1 laterally (9-hole, 4.5 mm broad) were applied to the contralateral bone from each pair. All plates and screws were applied using standard AO/ASIF techniques to MC3 bones that had mid-diaphyseal osteotomies. Mean test variable values for each method were compared using a paired t-test within each group. Significance was set at P<.05. RESULTS Mean 4-point bending yield load, yield bending moment, bending composite rigidity, failure load and failure bending moment of the EM-DCP fixation were significantly greater (P<.0001) than those of the double broad DCP fixation. Mean cycles to failure in 4-point bending of the EM-DCP fixation was significantly greater (P<.0008) than that of the double broad DCP fixation. Mean yield load, composite rigidity, and failure load in torsion of the EM-DCP fixation were significantly greater (P<.0035) than that of the double broad DCP fixation. CONCLUSION The EM-DCP provides increased stability in both static overload testing and cyclic fatigue testing. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results of this in vitro study support the conclusion that the prototype EM-DCP fixation is biomechanically superior to the double broad DCP fixation for the stabilization of osteotomized equine MC3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary A Sod
- From the Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA.
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Horstman CL, Beale BS, Conzemius MG, Evans R R. Biological Osteosynthesis Versus Traditional Anatomic Reconstruction of 20 Long-Bone Fractures Using an Interlocking Nail: 1994-2001. Vet Surg 2004; 33:232-7. [PMID: 15104629 DOI: 10.1111/j.1532-950x.2004.04034.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To observe differences in surgical and healing times as well as complication rates in dogs with a comminuted long-bone fracture stabilized with an interlocking nail (IN) using either anatomic or biologic repair. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective study. ANIMALS Twenty client-owned dogs with comminuted long-bone fractures. METHODS Medical records for dogs with fractures repaired during a 7-year period were reviewed; 20 dogs had repair with an IN nail and radiographic evidence of healing. These 20 dogs where divided into 2 groups, anatomic (11 dogs) and biological (9) repair, for statistical evaluation. Surgical and healing time and complication rates were compared between groups. RESULTS Median surgical times were: anatomic (95 minutes) and biologic (110 minutes; P=.06). Median healing times were anatomic (8 weeks) and biologic (6 weeks; P=.04). No statistical differences were observed in complication rates (the likelihood that a case required a second surgery [P=.58], the likelihood of a complication that was managed non-surgically [P=.27]). Use of a bone graft did not shorten healing times (P=.55). CONCLUSIONS Biological osteosynthesis provides clinical advantages over anatomic reconstruction with respect to a reduction in surgical and healing time without increasing complication rates. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Highly comminuted long-bone fractures can be successfully repaired using an IN without reconstructing the fracture fragments in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher L Horstman
- Orthopedic Research Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA.
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Sod GA, Martin GS. An In Vitro Biomechanical Comparison of a Prototype Intramedullary Pin-Plate with a Dynamic Compression Plate for Equine Metacarpophalangeal Arthrodesis. Vet Surg 2004; 33:83-91. [PMID: 14687191 DOI: 10.1046/j.1532-950x.2004.04010.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To compare the biomechanical properties of a prototype intramedullary pin-plate (IMPP) implant specifically designed for equine metacarpophalangeal (MCP) arthrodesis with a dynamic compression plate (DCP) system. STUDY DESIGN In vitro biomechanical testing of paired cadaveric equine forelimbs with a simulated traumatic disruption of the suspensory apparatus, stabilized by one of two methods for MCP arthrodesis. ANIMAL POPULATION Twenty-one pairs of adult equine cadaveric forelimbs. METHODS Each forelimb had the distal sesamoidean ligaments severed to create a disrupted suspensory apparatus. For each forelimb pair, the MCP joint was stabilized with the IMPP in one limb, and a DCP in the other limb. Seven matching limb pairs were tested in axial compression in a single cycle to failure, 7 matching limb pairs were tested in torsion in a single cycle to failure, and 7 matching limb pairs were fatigued tested in axial compression. Mean test variable values for each method were compared using a paired t-test within each group. Significance was set at P<.05. RESULTS The mean yield load, yield stiffness, and failure load (axial compression, torsional loading) was significantly greater for the IMPP compared with the DCP system. Mean cycles to failure for axial compression was significantly greater for the IMPP compared with the DCP system. Significance in all tests was P<.0001. CONCLUSION The IMPP was superior to the DCP system in resisting the biomechanical forces most likely to cause failure of MCP joint arthrodesis. CLINICAL RELEVANCE The IMPP implant should be considered for MCP arthrodesis in horses with traumatic disruption of the suspensory apparatus. The specific design of the IMPP implant may facilitate equine MCP arthrodesis and avoid convalescent complications related to cyclic fatigue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary A Sod
- Equine Health Studies Program, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA.
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