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Ciardullo S, Zerbini F, Cannistraci R, Muraca E, Perra S, Oltolini A, Perseghin G. Differential Association of Sex Hormones with Metabolic Parameters and Body Composition in Men and Women from the United States. J Clin Med 2023; 12:4783. [PMID: 37510898 PMCID: PMC10381414 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12144783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Sex hormones impact body composition. Data on the specific impact of each hormone on different body depots in men and women are scarce. The aim of this study is to evaluate the association between testosterone, estradiol and body fat distribution in the general population. This is a population-based cross-sectional study based on data from the 2013-2016 cycles of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry were performed on participants aged 18-59 years to evaluate body composition and sex hormone levels, respectively. Weighted multivariable linear regression analyses were performed to evaluate the association between these parameters after adjustment for potential confounders. A total of 6655 participants (3309 males and 3346 females) was included in the analysis. Men with lower testosterone levels were older, had a higher body mass index (BMI) and had a generally unfavorable metabolic profile, while no specific trends were found in women. Among men, testosterone was positively associated with lean body mass and was negatively associated with fat mass and the android/gynoid (A/G) ratio, while an opposite trend was found for estradiol. Among women, testosterone did not impact body composition, while estradiol levels were positively associated with lean mass and were negatively associated with fat mass. Our results support the notion that the impact of different sex hormones on specific fat depots varies substantially between men and women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Ciardullo
- Department of Medicine and Rehabilitation, Policlinico di Monza, 20900 Monza, Italy
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano Bicocca, 20900 Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Zerbini
- Department of Medicine and Rehabilitation, Policlinico di Monza, 20900 Monza, Italy
| | - Rosa Cannistraci
- Department of Medicine and Rehabilitation, Policlinico di Monza, 20900 Monza, Italy
| | - Emanuele Muraca
- Department of Medicine and Rehabilitation, Policlinico di Monza, 20900 Monza, Italy
| | - Silvia Perra
- Department of Medicine and Rehabilitation, Policlinico di Monza, 20900 Monza, Italy
| | - Alice Oltolini
- Department of Medicine and Rehabilitation, Policlinico di Monza, 20900 Monza, Italy
| | - Gianluca Perseghin
- Department of Medicine and Rehabilitation, Policlinico di Monza, 20900 Monza, Italy
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano Bicocca, 20900 Milan, Italy
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2
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Ramakrishnan S, Kittles RA, Huss WJ, Wang J, Attwood K, Woloszynska A. Serum Androgen Metabolites Correlate with Clinical Variables in African and European American Men with Localized, Therapy Naïve Prostate Cancer. Metabolites 2023; 13:284. [PMID: 36837903 PMCID: PMC9962438 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13020284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and testosterone (T), which mediate androgen receptor nuclear translocation and target gene transcription, are crucial androgens and essential molecular triggers required for the proliferation and survival of prostate cancer cells. Therefore, androgen metabolism is commonly targeted in the treatment of prostate cancer. Using a high-pressure liquid chromatographic assay with tandem mass spectral detection, we determined the serum levels of metabolites produced during DHT/T biosynthesis in African American (AA) and European American (EA) men with localized, therapy naïve prostate cancer. Serum progesterone and related metabolites were significantly lower in AA men than in EA men, and these differences were associated with rapid disease progression. Multivariate analysis revealed significant differences between a subset of intermediate androgen metabolites between AA and EA men and between men with <=3 + 4 and >=4 + 3 Gleason score disease. AA men have a significantly higher frequency of single nucleotide polymorphisms in CYP11B1 and CYP11B2, enzymes that regulate corticosterone-aldosterone conversion. Finally, higher levels of T and pregnenolone were associated with a lower risk of progression-free survival only in AA men. This work provides new insight into androgen metabolism and racial disparities in prostate cancer by presenting evidence of dysregulated androgen biosynthesis in therapy naïve disease that correlates with clinical variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swathi Ramakrishnan
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Rick A. Kittles
- Community Health and Preventive Medicine, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30310, USA
| | - Wendy J. Huss
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Jianmin Wang
- Department of Bioinformatics and BioStatistics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Kristopher Attwood
- Department of Bioinformatics and BioStatistics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Anna Woloszynska
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
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3
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Smolensky MH, Hermida RC, Sackett-Lundeen L, Hermida-Ayala RG, Geng YJ. Does Patient-Applied Testosterone Replacement Therapy Pose Risk for Blood Pressure Elevation? Circadian Medicine Perspectives. Compr Physiol 2022; 12:4165-4184. [PMID: 35950658 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c220014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
We reviewed medication package inserts, US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) reports, and journal publications concerning the 10 nonbiosimilar patient-applied (PA) testosterone (T) replacement therapies (TRTs) for intraday serum T patterning and blood pressure (BP) effects. Blood T concentration is circadian rhythmic in young adult eugonadal males, being highest around awakening and lowest before bedtime. T level and 24 h variation are blunted in primary and secondary hypogonadism. Utilized as recommended, most PA-TRTs achieve nonphysiologic T 24 h patterning. Only Androderm® , an evening PA transdermal patch, closely replicates the normal T circadian rhythmicity. Accurate determination of risk for BP elevation and hypertension (HTN) by PA-TRTs is difficult due to limitations of office BP measurements (OBPM) and suboptimal methods and endpoints of ambulatory BP monitoring (ABPM). OBPM is subject to "White Coat" pressor effect resulting in unrepresentative BP values plus masked normotension and masked HTN, causing misclassification of approximately 45% of trial participants, both before and during treatment. Change in guideline-recommended diagnostic thresholds over time causes misclassification of an additional approximately 15% of participants. ABPM is improperly incorporated into TRT safety trials. It is done for 24 h rather than preferred 48 h; BP is oversampled during wakefulness, biasing derived 24 h mean values; 24 h mean systolic and diastolic BP (SBP, DBP) are inappropriate primary outcomes, because of not being best predictors of risk for major acute cardiovascular events (MACE); "daytime" and "nighttime" BP means referenced to clock time are reported rather than biologically relevant wake-time and sleep-time BP means; most importantly, asleep SBP mean and dipping, strongest predictors of MACE, are disregarded. © 2022 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 12: 1-20, 2022.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael H Smolensky
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cockrell School of Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA.,The Center for Cardiovascular Biology and Atherosclerosis Research, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, McGovern School of Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Ramon C Hermida
- Bioengineering & Chronobiology Laboratories, Atlantic Research Center for Telecommunication Technologies (atlanTTic), University of Vigo, Vigo, Spain
| | - Linda Sackett-Lundeen
- American Association for Medical Chronobiology and Chronotherapeutics, Roseville, Minnesota, USA
| | - Ramon G Hermida-Ayala
- Circadian Ambulatory Technology & Diagnostics (CAT&D), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Yong-Jian Geng
- The Center for Cardiovascular Biology and Atherosclerosis Research, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, McGovern School of Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
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4
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Adekoya TO, Smith N, Thomas AJ, Lane TS, Burnette N, Rivers EJ, Li Y, Chen XL, Richardson RM. Host versus cell-dependent effects of β-arrestin 1 expression in prostate tumorigenesis. Carcinogenesis 2021; 42:772-783. [PMID: 33710266 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgab021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) constitutes a serious health challenge and remains one of the main causes of cancer-related death among men. The more aggressive form of the disease has been attributed to androgen independence, resulting in a lack of response to androgen deprivation therapy and sustained activation of other growth pathways. The scaffold proteins β-arrestin 1 and 2 (βarr1 and βarr2), which are known to mediate G protein-coupled receptor desensitization and internalization, were also shown to modulate prostate tumorigenesis. βarr1 is significantly overexpressed (>4-fold) in PCa cells relative to βarr2. In this study, we investigated the effect of βarr1 overexpression in PCa development and progression using the mouse and human PCa cell xenografts, and autochthonous transgenic adenocarcinoma of the mouse prostate (TRAMP) models deficient in β-arrestin depletion of βarr1 in TRAMP mice (TRAMP/βarr1-/-) increased PCa growth and decreased overall survival relative to control TRAMP or TRAMP/βarr2-/- animals. Prostate tissues from TRAMP/βarr1-/- tumors displayed an increase in androgen receptor (AR) expression, whereas overexpression of βarr1 in TRAMP-C1 (TRAMP-C1-βarr1-GFP) which derived from TRAMP decreased AR expression, cell proliferation and tumor growth in nude mice xenografts, relative to control TRAMP-C1-GFP. Knockdown of βarr1 expression in human MDA PCa 2b cells (MDA PCa 2b-βarr1-/-) also decreased AR expression cell proliferation and tumor growth relative to control (MDA PCa 2b-Sham) cells. Interestingly, both TRAMP-C1-βarr1-GFP and MDA PCa 2b-βarr1-/- xenografts showed a decrease in AKT phosphorylation but an increase in MAPK activation. Altogether, the data indicate that the effect of βarr1 in modulating AR signaling to regulate PCa aggressiveness is cell and host autonomous.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy O Adekoya
- Julius L. Chambers Biomedical/Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC 27707, USA
| | - Nikia Smith
- Julius L. Chambers Biomedical/Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC 27707, USA
| | - Ariel J Thomas
- Julius L. Chambers Biomedical/Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC 27707, USA
| | - Tonya S Lane
- Julius L. Chambers Biomedical/Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC 27707, USA
| | - Nija Burnette
- Julius L. Chambers Biomedical/Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC 27707, USA
| | - Elizabeth J Rivers
- Julius L. Chambers Biomedical/Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC 27707, USA
| | - Yahui Li
- Julius L. Chambers Biomedical/Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC 27707, USA
| | - Xiaoxin L Chen
- Department of Biological & Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC 27707, USA
| | - Ricardo M Richardson
- Department of Biological & Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC 27707, USA
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5
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Liang X, Cheng S, Ye J, Chu X, Wen Y, Liu L, Qi X, Jia Y, Zhang F. Evaluating the genetic effects of sex hormone traits on the development of mental traits: a polygenic score analysis and gene-environment-wide interaction study in UK Biobank cohort. Mol Brain 2021; 14:3. [PMID: 33407712 PMCID: PMC7788797 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-020-00718-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the genetic effects of sex hormone traits on the development of mental traits in middle-aged adults. METHODS The SNPs associated with sex hormone traits were derived from a two-stage genome-wide association study (GWAS). Four sex hormone traits were selected in the current study, including sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), testosterone, bioavailable testosterone and estradiol. The polygenic risk score (PRS) of sex hormone traits were calculated from individual-level genotype data of the United Kingdom (UK) Biobank cohort. We then used logistic and linear regression models to assess the associations between individual PRS of sex hormone traits and the frequency of alcohol consumption, anxiety, intelligence and so on. Finally, gene-environment-wide interaction study (GEWIS) was performed to detect novel candidate genes interacting with the sex hormone traits on the development of fluid intelligence and the frequency of smoking and alcohol consumption by PLINK2.0. RESULTS We observed positive association between SHBG and the frequency of alcohol consumption (b = 0.0101, p = 3.84 × 10-11) in middle-aged males and females. In addition, estradiol was positively associated with the frequency of alcohol consumption (b = 0.0128, p = 1.96 × 10-8) in middle-aged males. Moreover, bioavailable testosterone was associated with the fluid intelligence (b = - 0.0136, p = 5.74 × 10-5) in middle-aged females. Finally, GEWIS identified one significant loci, Tenascin R (TNR) (rs34633780, p = 3.45 × 10-8) interacting with total testosterone for fluid intelligence. CONCLUSION Our study results support the genetic effects of sex hormone traits on the development of intelligence and the frequency of alcohol consumption in middle-aged adults in UK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Liang
- National Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biodiagnostics and Biotherapy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - ShiQiang Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 71006, China
| | - Jing Ye
- Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 71006, China
| | - XiaoMeng Chu
- Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 71006, China
| | - Yan Wen
- Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 71006, China
| | - Li Liu
- Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 71006, China
| | - Xin Qi
- Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 71006, China
| | - YuMeng Jia
- Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 71006, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 71006, China.
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6
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Phenotype profiling for forensic purposes: Nondestructive potentially on scene attenuated total reflection Fourier transform-infrared (ATR FT-IR) spectroscopy of bloodstains. Forensic Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forc.2019.100176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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7
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King Thomas J, Mir H, Kapur N, Singh S. Racial Differences in Immunological Landscape Modifiers Contributing to Disparity in Prostate Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11121857. [PMID: 31769418 PMCID: PMC6966521 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11121857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer affects African Americans disproportionately by exhibiting greater incidence, rapid disease progression, and higher mortality when compared to their Caucasian counterparts. Additionally, standard treatment interventions do not achieve similar outcome in African Americans compared to Caucasian Americans, indicating differences in host factors contributing to racial disparity. African Americans have allelic variants and hyper-expression of genes that often lead to an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment, possibly contributing to more aggressive tumors and poorer disease and therapeutic outcomes than Caucasians. In this review, we have discussed race-specific differences in external factors impacting internal milieu, which modify immunological topography as well as contribute to disparity in prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeronay King Thomas
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30310, USA; (J.K.T.); (H.M.); (N.K.)
- Cancer Health Equity Institute, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30310, USA
| | - Hina Mir
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30310, USA; (J.K.T.); (H.M.); (N.K.)
- Cancer Health Equity Institute, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30310, USA
| | - Neeraj Kapur
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30310, USA; (J.K.T.); (H.M.); (N.K.)
- Cancer Health Equity Institute, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30310, USA
| | - Shailesh Singh
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30310, USA; (J.K.T.); (H.M.); (N.K.)
- Cancer Health Equity Institute, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30310, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-404-756-5718; Fax: +1-404-752-1179
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8
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Platz EA, Barber JR, Chadid S, Lu J, Dobs AS, Kanarek NF, Nelson WG, Bradwin G, McGlynn KA, Rohrmann S. Nationally Representative Estimates of Serum Testosterone Concentration in Never-Smoking, Lean Men Without Aging-Associated Comorbidities. J Endocr Soc 2019; 3:1759-1770. [PMID: 31528824 PMCID: PMC6735742 DOI: 10.1210/js.2019-00151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Context Testosterone deficiency prevalence increases with age, comorbidities, and obesity. Objective To inform clinical guidelines for testosterone deficiency management and development of targets for nonpharmacologic intervention trials for these men, we determined serum testosterone in never-smoking, lean men without select comorbidities in nationally representative surveys. Design Setting Participants We used cross-sectional data for never-smoking, lean men ≥20 years without diabetes, myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure, stroke, or cancer, without use of hormone-influencing medications, and participated in morning sessions of National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) III (phase I 1988-1991) or continuous NHANES (1999-2004). By age, we determined median total testosterone (ng/mL) measured previously by a Food and Drug Administration-approved immunoassay and median estimated free testosterone concentration. Results In NHANES III, in never-smoking, lean men without comorbidities, median (25th, 75th percentile) testosterone was 4% to 9% higher than all men-20 to 39 years: 6.24 (5.16, 7.51), 40 to 59: 5.37 (3.83, 6.49), and ≥60: 4.61 (4.01, 5.18). In continuous NHANES, in never-smoking, lean men without comorbidities, levels were 13% to 24% higher than all men-20 to 39 years: 6.26 (5.32, 7.27), 40 to 59: 5.86 (4.91, 6.55), and ≥60: 4.22 (3.74, 5.73). In never-smoking, lean men without comorbidities, median estimated free testosterone was similar to (NHANES III) or slightly higher than (continuous NHANES) in all men. Conclusions These nationally representative data document testosterone levels (immunoassay) in never-smoking, lean men without select comorbidities 30 and 15 to 20 years ago. This information can be incorporated into guidelines for testosterone deficiency management and used to develop targets for nonpharmacologic intervention trials for testosterone deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Platz
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland.,Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Urology and the James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - John R Barber
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Susan Chadid
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jiayun Lu
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Adrian S Dobs
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland.,Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Norma F Kanarek
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - William G Nelson
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Urology and the James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Gary Bradwin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Katherine A McGlynn
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology & Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Sabine Rohrmann
- Division of Chronic Disease Epidemiology; Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute (EBPI), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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El-Adawy EH, El-Khamisy ET, El-Said G, Seleem A. Salivary versus Serum Testosterone Levels in Boys with Constitutional Delay of Growth and Puberty. THE EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF INTERNAL MEDICINE 2019. [DOI: 10.4103/ejim.ejim_66_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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10
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Rai R, Yadav SS, Pan H, Khan I, O'Connor J, Alshalalfa M, Davicioni E, Taioli E, Elemento O, Tewari AK, Yadav KK. Epigenetic analysis identifies factors driving racial disparity in prostate cancer. Cancer Rep (Hoboken) 2019; 2:e1153. [PMID: 32721098 DOI: 10.1002/cnr2.1153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostate cancer (PCa) is the second most leading cause of death in men worldwide. African-American men (AA) represent more aggressive form of the disease compared to Caucasian (CA) counterparts. Several lines of evidences suggest that biological factors are responsible for the observed racial disparity. AIM This study was aimed at identifying the epigenetic variation among AA and CA PCa patients and whether DNA methylation differences have an association with clinical outcomes in the two races. METHODS AND RESULTS The cancer genome atlas (TCGA) dataset (2015) was used to identify existing epigenetic variation in AA and CA PCa patients. Reduced Representation Bisulfite Sequencing (RRBS) was performed to identify global DNA methylation changes in a small cohort of AA and CA PCa patients. The RRBS data were then used to identify survival and recurrence outcomes in AA and CA PCa patients using publicly available datasets. The TCGA data analysis revealed epigenetic heterogeneity, which could be categorized into four classes. AA associated primarily to methylation cluster 1 (p = 0.048), and CA associated to methylation cluster 3 (p = 0.000146). Enrichment of the Wnt signaling pathway was identified in both the races; however, they were differentially activated in terms of canonical and non-canonical Wnt signaling. This was further validated using the Decipher Genomics Resource Information Database (GRID). The RRBS data also identified discrete methylation patterns in AA compared with CA and, in part, validated our TCGA findings. Survival analysis using the RRBS data suggested hypomethylated genes to be significantly associated with recurrence of PCa in CA (p = 6.07 × 10-6) as well as in AA (p = 0.0077). CONCLUSION Overall, we observed epigenetic-based racial disparity in PCa which could affect survival and should be considered during prognosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richa Rai
- Department of Urology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Shalini S Yadav
- Department of Urology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Heng Pan
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute for Precision Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
| | - Irtaza Khan
- Department of Urology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - James O'Connor
- Department of Urology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Elai Davicioni
- GenomeDx Biosciences, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Emanuela Taioli
- Department of Population Health Science and Policy and Institute for Translational Epidemiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Olivier Elemento
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute for Precision Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
| | - Ashutosh K Tewari
- Department of Urology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Kamlesh K Yadav
- Department of Urology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.,Sema4, Stamford, Connecticut, USA
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11
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Lopez DS, Rohrmann S, Peskoe SB, Joshu CE, Tsilidis KK, Selvin E, Dobs AS, Kanarek N, Canfield S, Nelson WG, Platz EA. Racial/Ethnic Differences in the Associations of Overall and Central Body Fatness with Circulating Hormones and Metabolic Factors in US Men. Int J Endocrinol Metab 2017; 15:e44926. [PMID: 28848613 PMCID: PMC5556314 DOI: 10.5812/ijem.44926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Racial/ethnic disparities in the associations of body fatness with hormones and metabolic factors remain poorly understood. Therefore, we evaluated whether the associations of overall and central body fatness with circulating sex steroid hormones and metabolic factors differ by race/ethnicity. METHODS Data from 1,243 non-Hispanic white (NHW), non-Hispanic black (NHB) and Mexican-American (MA) adult men in the third national health and nutrition examination survey (NHANES III) were analyzed. Waist circumference (central body fatness) was measured during the physical examination. Percent body fat (overall body fatness) was calculated from bioelectrical impedance. Associations were estimated by using weighted linear regression models to adjust the two measures of body fatness for each other. RESULTS Waist circumference, but not percent body fat was inversely associated with total testosterone and SHBG in all three racial/ethnic groups after their mutual adjustment (all P < 0.0001). Percent body fat (P = 0.02), but not waist circumference was positively associated with total estradiol in NHB men; no association was present in NHW and MA men (P-interaction = 0.04). Waist circumference, but not body fat was strongly positively associated with fasting insulin (all P < 0.0001) and inversely associated with HDL cholesterol (all P ≤ 0.003) in all three racial/ethnic groups. Both percent body fat and waist circumference were positively associated with leptin (all P < 0.0001) in all three racial/ethnic groups. CONCLUSIONS There was no strong evidence in the associations of sex hormones and metabolic factors with body fatness in different racial/ethnic groups. These findings should be further explored in prospective studies to determine their relevance in racial/ethnic disparities of chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S. Lopez
- UTHealth McGovern Medical School- Division of Urology and UTHealth School of Public Health, Houston, TX
- Corresponding author: David S. Lopez, Division of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, University of Texas- Houston School of Public Health, 1200 Herman Pressler, Suite E-629, Houston, TX 77030. Tel: +1-7135006348, Fax: +1-7135009264, E-mail:
| | - Sabine Rohrmann
- Department of Chronic Disease Epidemiology- University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sarah B. Peskoe
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
| | - Corinne E. Joshu
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
| | - Konstantinos K. Tsilidis
- Tsilidis Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, University of Ioannina, School of Medicine, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Elizabeth Selvin
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
| | - Adrian S. Dobs
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Norma Kanarek
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Steven Canfield
- UTHealth McGovern Medical School-Division of Urology, Houston, TX
| | - William G. Nelson
- Department of Urology and the James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Elizabeth A. Platz
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
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12
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Zhang HY, Cui J, Zhang Y, Wang ZL, Chong T, Wang ZM. Isoflavones and Prostate Cancer: A Review of Some Critical Issues. Chin Med J (Engl) 2017; 129:341-7. [PMID: 26831238 PMCID: PMC4799580 DOI: 10.4103/0366-6999.174488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: The purpose of this review is to discuss some critical issues of isoflavones protective against the development of prostate cancer (PCa). Data Sources: Data cited in this review were obtained primarily from PubMed and Embase from 1975 to 2015. Study Selection: Articles were selected with the search terms “isoflavone”, “Phytoestrogen”, “soy”, “genistin”, and “PCa”. Results: Isoflavones do not play an important role on prostate-specific antigen levels reduction in PCa patients or healthy men. The effect of isoflavones on sex hormone levels and PCa risk may be determined by equol converting bacteria in the intestine, specific polymorphic variation and concentrations of isoflavones. The intake of various types of phytoestrogens with lower concentrations in the daily diet may produce synergistic effects against PCa. Moreover, prostate tissue may concentrate isoflavones to potentially anti-carcinogenic levels. In addition, it is noteworthy that isoflavones may act as an agonist in PCa. Conclusions: Isoflavones play a protective role against the development of PCa. However, careful consideration should be given when isoflavones are used in the prevention and treatment of PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Zi-Ming Wang
- Department of Urology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, China
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Mouser JG, Loprinzi PD, Loenneke JP. The association between physiologic testosterone levels, lean mass, and fat mass in a nationally representative sample of men in the United States. Steroids 2016; 115:62-66. [PMID: 27543675 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2016.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2016] [Revised: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Testosterone deficiency leads to increased muscle loss with aging and increased fat mass. Supraphysiologic levels cause an increase in muscle mass and decrease in fat mass. The difference in lean and fat mass across physiologic levels of testosterone has been under examined in men. OBJECTIVE Examine the association between physiologic testosterone levels with lean and fat mass. METHODS Data from the 1999-2000 NHANES were used (n=252 men; 18-85yrs). Testosterone and SHBG values were obtained by a morning blood sample. Body composition was measured by DXA. Multivariable linear regression was used to compute unadjusted, minimally adjusted, and extended models of relative upper- and lower-body lean and fat mass. RESULTS In the extended model, men with total testosterone levels in the highest 25% (4th quartile) had more lower-body lean mass (LBLM) (β=22.1(%), 95%CI: 9.0, 35.3, p=0.003) and upper-body lean mass (UBLM) (β=5.6(%), 95%CI: 0.1, 11.2, p=0.046), and less lower-body fat mass (LBFM) (β=-9.9(%), 95%CI: -17.7, -2.1, p=0.016) and upper-body fat mass (UBFM) (β=-6.1(%), 95%CI: -10.1, -2.1, p=0.005) than those in the 1st quartile. Men in the 3rd quartile had more LBLM (β=14.2, 95%CI: 5.3, 23.1, p=0.004), UBLM (β=5.6, 95%CI: 2.0, 9.2, p=0.004), and less LBFM (β=-9.7(%), 95%CI: -16.7, -2.7, p=0.010) and UBFM (β=-4.7(%), 95%CI: -8.3, -1.2, p=0.012) than those in the 1st quartile. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that, at physiologic levels, an association exists between higher levels of testosterone and favorable lean and fat measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Grant Mouser
- Department of Health, Exercise Science and Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, United States
| | - Paul D Loprinzi
- Department of Health, Exercise Science and Recreation Management, Center for Health Behavior Research, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, United States
| | - Jeremy P Loenneke
- Department of Health, Exercise Science and Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, United States.
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Chin KY, Wan Ngah WZ, Ima-Nirwana S. Lessons from the Bone Chapter of the Malaysian Aging Men Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2016; 13:ijerph13060531. [PMID: 27231930 PMCID: PMC4923988 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph13060531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2016] [Revised: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Male osteoporosis in Malaysia is a largely neglected problem. Therefore, a bone health study in men using quantitative ultrasonometry was launched as part of the Malaysian Aging Men Study in 2009–2012. This review aimed to summarize the findings of the aforementioned bone health study. The study examined the bone health of Chinese and Malaysian men aged 20 years and above living in Kuala Lumpur using a quantitative ultrasound device. Participants answered a questionnaire on their demographic details and physical activity status. Body anthropometry of the participants was measured and their blood collected for biochemical analysis. Results showed that a significant proportion of the Malaysian Chinese and Malay men had suboptimal bone health indicated by calcaneal speed of sound and vitamin D status. Age-related decline of the calcaneal speed of sound in these men was gradual and biphasic without ethnic difference. Body anthropometry such as height, weight, body mass index, and body fat percentage contributed to the variation of the calcaneal speed of sound in Malaysian men. Age-related changes in testosterone, insulin-like growth factor 1, and thyroid stimulating hormone also influenced the calcaneal speed of sound in these men. This study serves as a reminder that male osteoporosis in Malaysia should be an issue of concern. It is also a basis for a more comprehensive study on bone health in men in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kok-Yong Chin
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia.
| | - Wan Zurinah Wan Ngah
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia.
| | - Soelaiman Ima-Nirwana
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia.
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15
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Xu X, Chen X, Hu H, Dailey AB, Odedina FT. WITHDRAWN: Current opinion in the role of testosterone in the development of prostate cancer: A dynamic model. Med Hypotheses 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2015.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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16
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Ellis L, Lykins A, Hoskin A, Ratnasingam M. Putative Androgen Exposure and Sexual Orientation: Cross-Cultural Evidence Suggesting a Modified Neurohormonal Theory. J Sex Med 2015; 12:2364-77. [PMID: 26663858 DOI: 10.1111/jsm.13070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION According to neurohormonal theory, prenatal androgens are key determinants of sexual orientation. As a reputed marker for prenatal androgens, the 2D:4D finger length ratio has been used in more than a dozen studies to test the hypothesis that prenatal androgens influence sexual orientation. Findings have been very inconsistent. AIM The present study sought to retest the hypothesis that 2D:4D and sexual orientation are related is a manner consistent with neurohormonal theory. METHODS A 2D:4D measure (of the right hand) along with four additional somatic markers of androgen exposure (height, physical strength, muscularity, and athletic ability) with samples of college students in Malaysia (N = 2,058) and the United States (N = 2,511). The five androgen measures were factor analyzed, resulting in a two-factor solution: Factor 1 consisted of strength, muscularity, and athletic ability (the muscular coordination factor), and Factor 2 was comprised of the r2D:4D and adult height (the bone growth factor). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Sexual orientation was measured by asking each respondent the extent to which they were sexually attracted to males and the extent to which they were sexually attracted to females, both on 11-point scales. RESULTS When the countries and sexes were analyzed separately, neither the r2D:4D measure nor Factor 2 correlated with sexual orientation to significant degrees. Instead, it was the muscular coordination factor that correlated the best. Support was found for the hypothesis that prenatal androgens influence sexual orientation, but the nature of these influences was more complex than neurohormonal theory predicted. CONCLUSION A modified theory is needed and presented to accommodate the results from this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee Ellis
- University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Amy Lykins
- University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia
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Xu X, Chen X, Hu H, Dailey AB, Taylor BD. Current opinion on the role of testosterone in the development of prostate cancer: a dynamic model. BMC Cancer 2015; 15:806. [PMID: 26502956 PMCID: PMC4623905 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-015-1833-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since the landmark study conducted by Huggins and Hodges in 1941, a failure to distinguish between the role of testosterone in prostate cancer development and progression has led to the prevailing opinion that high levels of testosterone increase the risk of prostate cancer. To date, this claim remains unproven. PRESENTATION OF THE HYPOTHESIS We present a novel dynamic mode of the relationship between testosterone and prostate cancer by hypothesizing that the magnitude of age-related declines in testosterone, rather than a static level of testosterone measured at a single point, may trigger and promote the development of prostate cancer. TESTING THE HYPOTHESIS Although not easily testable currently, prospective cohort studies with population-representative samples and repeated measurements of testosterone or retrospective cohorts with stored blood samples from different ages are warranted in future to test the hypothesis. IMPLICATIONS OF THE HYPOTHESIS Our dynamic model can satisfactorily explain the observed age patterns of prostate cancer incidence, the apparent conflicts in epidemiological findings on testosterone and risk of prostate cancer, racial disparities in prostate cancer incidence, risk factors associated with prostate cancer, and the role of testosterone in prostate cancer progression. Our dynamic model may also have implications for testosterone replacement therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Xu
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Texas A&M Health Science Center, 205A SRPH Administration Building | MS 1266, 212 Adriance Lab Road, College Station, TX, 77843-1266, USA.
| | - Xinguang Chen
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health and Health Professions and College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
| | - Hui Hu
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health and Health Professions and College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
| | - Amy B Dailey
- Health Sciences Department, Gettysburg College, Gettysburg, PA, USA.
| | - Brandie D Taylor
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Texas A&M Health Science Center, 205A SRPH Administration Building | MS 1266, 212 Adriance Lab Road, College Station, TX, 77843-1266, USA.
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Lee JK, Byun SS, Lee SE, Hong SK. Preoperative Serum Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin Level Is an Independent Predictor of Biochemical Outcome After Radical Prostatectomy. Medicine (Baltimore) 2015; 94:e1185. [PMID: 26181566 PMCID: PMC4617085 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000001185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate the significance of preoperative serum sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) level regarding the postoperative biochemical outcome in patients who were followed up for relative longer periods after undergoing radical prostatectomy (RP). Preoperative serum levels of testosterone (T), free T, and SHBG level were prospectively analyzed in 307 consecutive patients who underwent RP at our institution between January 2006 and July 2007. We analyzed potential associations of sex hormones with postoperative biochemical recurrence (BCR)-free survival via multivariate Cox proportional regression analysis. Mean postoperative follow-up duration for 307 total patients was 72.1 ± 19.6 months. Kaplan-Meier curve demonstrated that BCR-free survival was significantly worse in patients with higher (≥ 40 ng/mL) SHBG level than others (P < 0.001). Serum T (P = 0.280) and free T (P = 0.606) levels showed no significant association with biochemical outcome. In multivariate analysis encompassing postoperative variables along with PSA, T, and free T, SHBG level (HR 1.825, 1.061-3.138; P = 0.030) was observed to be independently associated with BCR-free survival. Addition of SHBG level to the multivariate model for prediction of BCR-free survival resulted in increased accuracy (83.5% vs. 82.2%; P = 0.164). Our study of patients who were followed up for relative longer periods after RP shows that preoperative serum SHBG level, but not T, is an independent predictor of postoperative BCR-free survival. According to our findings, SHBG measurement may be useful in the selection of candidates for adjuvant treatment following RP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Keun Lee
- From the Department of Urology, Seoul National University of Hospital, Seoul (JKL); and Department of Urology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Gyeonggi-do, Korea (S-SB, SEL, SKH)
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Hu H, Odedina FT, Reams RR, Lissaker CTK, Xu X. Racial Differences in Age-Related Variations of Testosterone Levels Among US Males: Potential Implications for Prostate Cancer and Personalized Medication. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities 2014; 2:69-76. [PMID: 26863244 DOI: 10.1007/s40615-014-0049-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Revised: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 08/22/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
AIM The magnitude of the age-related declines in testosterone rather than levels measured at single point in time may be related to the genesis of prostate cancer (PCa). We examined age-related variations of testosterone levels among black and white males, which may provide important insights into racial disparities in PCa incidence and mortality. METHOD We analyzed data from the 1999-2004 National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey to compare age-related variations in the testosterone levels of 355 black and 631 white males. RESULT Overall, between the ages of 12 and 15, black males had lower testosterone levels than white males. Testosterone levels increased rapidly with age and reached higher and earlier peak levels in black males compared to white males at 20-30 years of age. After reaching a peak level, testosterone levels declined earlier in blacks than in whites. Further analyses showed that black males had considerably higher levels of testosterone compared to white males aged 20-39 years after adjusting for covariates, including age, body mass index, cigarette smoking, physical activity, and waist circumference; however, no statistically significant differences were observed between the groups at any other age. CONCLUSION Our study revealed that testosterone levels in black males decrease substantially with increasing age compared to those in white males. This rapid drop in testosterone levels may contribute to racial disparities in PCa. Our findings also suggest that personalized medication for hormone replacement therapy may be necessary to avoid sudden drops in testosterone levels, particularly for black males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Hu
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health and Health Professions and College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Folakemi T Odedina
- Department of Radiation Oncology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Romonia R Reams
- Division of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A& M University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Claudia T K Lissaker
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health and Health Professions and College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Xiaohui Xu
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health and Health Professions and College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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Mustafa M, Horuz R, Celik M, Kucukcan A. Is there an association between serum prostate-specific antigen values and serum testosterone levels in healthy men? Korean J Urol 2014; 55:465-8. [PMID: 25045445 PMCID: PMC4101116 DOI: 10.4111/kju.2014.55.7.465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2013] [Accepted: 07/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To evaluate the relationship between levels of total testosterone and total prostate-specific antigen (PSA) in healthy men with PSA<4 ng/mL. Materials and Methods The study comprised 179 men with a mean age of 59.19±12 years who visited Osmaniye State Hospital, Osmaniye, Turkey, between January 2006 and January 2007 for a routine checkup. The patients were divided into two subgroups: patients with PSA<2.5 mg/ml (group I, n=160 patients) and patients with PSA of 2.5 to 4 ng/mL (group II, n=19 patients). The relationship between PSA and testosterone levels was investigated in both groups and in patients aged <60 years. The mean testosterone level was calculated for patients aged <50 years and was compared with the mean value of patients aged ≥50 years. Results In all patients, the mean values for serum PSA and total testosterone were 1.27±0.88 ng/mL and 404.04±158.86 ng/mL, respectively. No correlation was detected between serum PSA and testosterone levels in either subgroup (group I, r=0.072, p=0.363; group II, r=0.031, p=0.900) or in patients aged <60 years (r=0.032, p=0.72). The mean values of testosterone in patients aged ≥50 years and in patients aged <50 years were 417.01±163.35 and 344.16±120.21 ng/dL, respectively (p=0.02). Conclusions No impact of testosterone was found on the PSA level in healthy men with PSA <4 ng/mL. Therefore, a high serum testosterone level may not mandate adjustment of PSA values. This serum sex hormone showed a significant increment after the age of 50 years. Further studies including a larger number of patients should be carried out to confirm these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Mustafa
- Urology Department, School of Medicine and Health Science, An-Najah University, Nablus, West-Bank, Palestine
| | - Rahim Horuz
- Department of Urology, Kartal Teaching Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Metin Celik
- Department of Biochemistry, Osmaniye state Hospital, Osmaniye, Turkey
| | - Akif Kucukcan
- Department of Biochemistry, Osmaniye state Hospital, Osmaniye, Turkey
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Ritchey J, Zhang H, Karmaus W, Steck SE, Sabo-Attwood T. "Linearity assessment methods for sex steroid hormones and carrier proteins among men in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III)". Steroids 2014; 82:23-8. [PMID: 24412759 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2013.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2013] [Revised: 10/12/2013] [Accepted: 12/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION It has been hypothesized that racial disparities among several diseases are explained by differences in testosterone (T), 17-β estradiol (E), sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) and albumin (A) levels, yet epidemiologic results have been mixed. Statistical advice regarding appropriate adjustment methods for carrier proteins of sex steroid hormones in the literature is scant. Therefore, we investigated different adjustment methods for carrier proteins. METHODS Data for 1496 men, >17 years from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III) 1988-91 were used to analyze linearity between sex hormones and carrier proteins by examining correlation, plots, and regression models. The statistical importance of age, body mass index (BMI), and race/ethnicity were examined for changes in results by the adjustment method. RESULTS T was weakly correlated with SHBG and A (r-squared, 0.25, 0.13, respectively) and E was weakly negatively correlated with A (p<0.0001), but not SHBG (p<0.1799). Based on the model residual plots and r-squared, the categorical model performed better than linear models. Regression coefficients for age, BMI, and race/ethnicity groups using quotient (e.g., T/A and E/A) models differed from continuous and categorical models. CONCLUSION Choosing an appropriate adjustment for carrier proteins is important to prevent bias in analyses and inconsistency in findings across studies. Linearity between variables should not be assumed when adjusting models, and should be conducted and reported. An independent categorical carrier protein variable is recommended in analysis exploring factors predicting sex hormone levels, although statistical testing should always be employed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie Ritchey
- University of South Carolina, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, 800 Sumter Street, Columbia, SC 29208, United States; Inter Tribal Council of Arizona, Tribal Epidemiology Center, 2214 N Central Ave., Phoenix, AZ 85004, United States.
| | - Hongmei Zhang
- University of South Carolina, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, 800 Sumter Street, Columbia, SC 29208, United States
| | - Wilfried Karmaus
- University of South Carolina, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, 800 Sumter Street, Columbia, SC 29208, United States; University of Memphis, School of Public Health, Division of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Environmental Health, 301 Robinson Hall, Memphis, TN 38152, United States
| | - Susan E Steck
- University of South Carolina, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, 800 Sumter Street, Columbia, SC 29208, United States
| | - Tara Sabo-Attwood
- University of Florida, Department of Environmental and Global Health, PO Box 100188, HPNP Building, Room 2150, Gainesville, FL 32610, United States
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Richard A, Rohrmann S, Zhang L, Eichholzer M, Basaria S, Selvin E, Dobs AS, Kanarek N, Menke A, Nelson WG, Platz EA. Racial variation in sex steroid hormone concentration in black and white men: a meta-analysis. Andrology 2014; 2:428-35. [PMID: 24648111 DOI: 10.1111/j.2047-2927.2014.00206.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Revised: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 02/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Sex steroid hormones are associated with chronic diseases and mortality with risk associations that differ between racial and ethnic groups. However, it is currently unclear whether sex steroid hormone levels differ between black and white men. The aim of this study was to assess racial variation in circulating testosterone, free testosterone, sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) and estradiol levels in men. We searched PubMed for articles comparing circulating hormones in black and white men. A meta-analysis was performed using weighted mean differences (WMD) to compare hormones levels between black and white men. Fifteen eligible studies were identified; three did not report adjusted means. After age adjustment, free testosterone levels were significantly higher in black than in white men (WMD = 4.07 pg/mL, 95% CI 1.26, 6.88). Depending on the free testosterone concentration in white men, this WMD translates into a racial difference ranging from 2.5 to 4.9%. Total testosterone (WMD = 0.10 ng/mL, 95% CI -0.02, 0.22), estradiol (WMD = 0.67 pg/mL, 95% CI -0.04, 1.38) and SHBG (WMD = -0.45 nmol/L, 95% CI -1.75, 0.85) concentrations did not differ comparing blacks with whites. After adjustment for age, black men have a modestly but significantly 2.5 to 4.9% higher free testosterone level than white men. Based on previous studies on effects of sex steroid hormones on risk of chronic diseases or mortality, this modest difference is unlikely to explain racial differences in disease risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Richard
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention, Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Estrogen receptor alpha gene polymorphisms and risk of prostate cancer: a meta-analysis involving 18 studies. Tumour Biol 2014; 35:5921-30. [DOI: 10.1007/s13277-014-1785-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Harden KP, Kretsch N, Tackett JL, Tucker-Drob EM. Genetic and environmental influences on testosterone in adolescents: evidence for sex differences. Dev Psychobiol 2014; 56:1278-89. [PMID: 24523135 DOI: 10.1002/dev.21207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2013] [Accepted: 01/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The current study investigated genetic and environmental influences on salivary testosterone during adolescence, using data from 49 pairs of monozygotic twins and 68 pairs of dizygotic twins, ages 14-19 years (M = 16.0 years). Analyses tested for sex differences in genetic and environmental influences on testosterone and its relation to pubertal development. Among adolescent males, individual differences in testosterone were heritable (55%) and significantly associated with self-reported pubertal status (controlling for age) via common genetic influences. In contrast, there was minimal heritable variation in testosterone for females, and testosterone in females was not significantly associated with pubertal status after controlling for age. Rather, environmental influences shared by twins raised together accounted for nearly all of the familial similarity in female testosterone. This study adds to a small but growing body of research that investigates genetic influences on individual differences in behaviorally relevant hormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Paige Harden
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas, Austin, TX.
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Jones J, Grizzle W, Wang H, Yates C. MicroRNAs that affect prostate cancer: emphasis on prostate cancer in African Americans. Biotech Histochem 2013; 88:410-24. [PMID: 23901944 DOI: 10.3109/10520295.2013.807069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Although concerted efforts have been directed toward eradicating health disparities in the United States, the disease and mortality rates for African American men still are among the highest in the world. We focus here on the role of microRNAs (miRNAs) in the signaling pathways of androgen receptors and growth factors that promote the progression of prostate cancer to more aggressive disease. We explore also how differential expression of miRNAs contributes to aggressive prostate cancer including that of African Americans.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Jones
- Department of Biology and Center for Cancer Research, Tuskegee University , Tuskegee, Alabama
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Farrell J, Petrovics G, McLeod DG, Srivastava S. Genetic and molecular differences in prostate carcinogenesis between African American and Caucasian American men. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:15510-31. [PMID: 23892597 PMCID: PMC3759870 DOI: 10.3390/ijms140815510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2013] [Revised: 07/08/2013] [Accepted: 07/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the most common non-skin cancer and the second leading cause of cancer-related death for men in the United States. Prostate cancer incidence and associated mortality are highest in African American men in comparison to other races. The observed differences in incidence and disease aggressiveness at presentation support a potential role for different pathways of prostate carcinogenesis between African American and Caucasian men. This review focuses on some of the recent molecular biology discoveries, which have been investigated in prostate carcinogenesis and their likely contribution to the known discrepancies across race and ethnicity. Key discussion points include the androgen receptor gene structure and function, genome-wide association studies and epigenetics. The new observations of the ethnic differences of the ERG oncogene, the most common prostate cancer gene, are providing new insights into ERG based stratification of prostate cancers in the context of ethnically diverse patient populations. This rapidly advancing knowledge has the likely potential to benefit clinical practice. Current and future work will improve the ability to sub-type prostate cancers by molecular alterations and lead to targeted therapy against this common malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Farrell
- Center for Prostate Disease Research, Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, 1530 E. Jefferson St., Rockville, MD 20852, USA; E-Mails: (J.F.); (G.P.); (D.G.M.)
- Urology Service, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD 20889, USA
| | - Gyorgy Petrovics
- Center for Prostate Disease Research, Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, 1530 E. Jefferson St., Rockville, MD 20852, USA; E-Mails: (J.F.); (G.P.); (D.G.M.)
| | - David G. McLeod
- Center for Prostate Disease Research, Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, 1530 E. Jefferson St., Rockville, MD 20852, USA; E-Mails: (J.F.); (G.P.); (D.G.M.)
- Urology Service, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD 20889, USA
| | - Shiv Srivastava
- Center for Prostate Disease Research, Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, 1530 E. Jefferson St., Rockville, MD 20852, USA; E-Mails: (J.F.); (G.P.); (D.G.M.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +1-240-543-8952; Fax: +1-240-453-8912
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Abstract
Afro-Caribbean sprinters often reach high performance levels at an early age. Adolescence is a time of morphological and physiological changes. This study was designed to analyze the evolution in parameters of short sprint performance during adolescence in Afro-Caribbean boys, especially the stride number/body height ratio (SN/BH), which is at the interface of technical and morphological factors. Seventy-one 13-year-old boys performed vertical jumps and short sprint races. The races were filmed with a view to determine stride variables. Anthropometric parameters were also measured. The same tests were performed two years later. Body height and SN/BH were the main predictors of sprint performance. The delta of performance was principally explained by stride length and stride number. Although deterioration in technical parameters was expected, the parameters related to body size and stride length were the main sprint performance predictors rather than explosive force. These results could be useful in developing tests to detect sprint potential in youth.
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Lopez DS, Peskoe SB, Joshu CE, Dobs A, Feinleib M, Kanarek N, Nelson WG, Selvin E, Rohrmann S, Platz EA. Racial/ethnic differences in serum sex steroid hormone concentrations in US adolescent males. Cancer Causes Control 2013; 24:817-26. [PMID: 23354421 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-013-0154-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2012] [Accepted: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Contrary to the hypothesis that the racial/ethnic disparity in prostate cancer has a hormonal basis, we did not observe a difference in serum testosterone concentration between non-Hispanic black and white men in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III), although non-Hispanic black men had a higher estradiol level. Unexpectedly, Mexican-American men had the highest testosterone level. Next, we evaluated whether the same patterns are observed during adolescence, the time of prostate maturation. METHODS We measured serum testosterone, estradiol, and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) by immunoassay in 134 males aged 12-19 in NHANES III. Mean concentrations were compared by race/ethnicity adjusting for age, Tanner stage, percent body fat, waist, physical activity, tobacco smoke, and the other hormones. RESULTS After multivariable adjustment, in the 12-15-year-old males, testosterone concentration was lower in non-Hispanic blacks than whites (p = 0.043), SHBG concentration did not significantly differ between the two groups. Mexican-Americans had the highest testosterone (versus non-Hispanic black: p = 0.002) and lowest SHBG (versus non-Hispanic white: p = 0.010; versus non-Hispanic black: p = 0.047) concentrations. Estradiol concentration was lower in non-Hispanic blacks (p = 0.11) and Mexican-Americans (p = 0.033) compared with non-Hispanic whites. After multivariable adjustment, in the 16-19-year-old males, testosterone, estradiol, and SHBG concentrations did not differ between non-Hispanic blacks and whites. Mexican-Americans had the highest testosterone concentration (versus non-Hispanic white: p = 0.08), but did not differ from the other groups on estradiol and SHBG concentrations. In both age groups, these patterns were generally present, but less pronounced after adjusting for age and Tanner stage only. CONCLUSION In adolescent males, non-Hispanic blacks did not have a higher testosterone concentration than non-Hispanic whites, and Mexican-Americans had the highest testosterone concentration, patterns similar to adult males.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Lopez
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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Chin KY, Soelaiman IN, Mohamed IN, Ahmad F, Ramli ESM, Aminuddin A, Ngah WZW. Sex hormones in Malay and Chinese men in Malaysia: are there age and race differences? Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2013; 68:159-66. [PMID: 23525310 PMCID: PMC3584271 DOI: 10.6061/clinics/2013(02)oa07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2012] [Accepted: 10/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Variations in the prevalence of sex-hormone-related diseases have been observed between Asian ethnic groups living in the same country; however, available data concerning their sex hormone levels are limited. The present study aimed to determine the influence of ethnicity and age on the sex hormone levels of Malay and Chinese men in Malaysia. METHODS A total of 547 males of Malay and Chinese ethnicity residing in the Klang Valley Malaysia underwent a detailed screening, and their blood was collected for sex hormones analyses. RESULTS Testosterone levels were normally distributed in the men (total, free and non-sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) bound fractions), and significant ethnic differences were observed (p<0.05); however, the effect size was small. In general, testosterone levels in males began to decline significantly after age 50. Significant ethnic differences in total, free and non-SHBG bound fraction estradiol levels were observed in the 20-29 and 50-59 age groups (p<0.05). The estradiol levels of Malay men decreased as they aged, but they increased for Chinese men starting at age 40. CONCLUSIONS Small but significant differences in testosterone levels existed between Malay and Chinese males. Significant age and race differences existed in estradiol levels. These differences might contribute to the ethnic group differences in diseases related to sex hormones, which other studies have found in Malaysia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kok-Yong Chin
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Alvarado LC. Do evolutionary life-history trade-offs influence prostate cancer risk? a review of population variation in testosterone levels and prostate cancer disparities. Evol Appl 2013; 6:117-33. [PMID: 23396824 PMCID: PMC3567477 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2012] [Revised: 10/31/2012] [Accepted: 11/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
An accumulation of evidence suggests that increased exposure to androgens is associated with prostate cancer risk. The unrestricted energy budget that is typical of Western diets represents a novel departure from the conditions in which men's steroid physiology evolved and is capable of supporting distinctly elevated testosterone levels. Although nutritional constraints likely underlie divergent patterns of testosterone secretion between Westernized and non-Western men, considerable variability exists in men's testosterone levels and prostate cancer rates within Westernized populations. Here, I use evolutionary life history theory as a framework to examine prostate cancer risk. Life history theory posits trade-offs between investment in early reproduction and long-term survival. One corollary of life history theory is the 'challenge hypothesis', which predicts that males augment testosterone levels in response to intrasexual competition occurring within reproductive contexts. Understanding men's evolved steroid physiology may contribute toward understanding susceptibility to prostate cancer. Among well-nourished populations of Westerners, men's testosterone levels already represent an outlier of cross-cultural variation. I hypothesize that Westernized men in aggressive social environments, characterized by intense male-male competition, will further augment testosterone production aggravating prostate cancer risk.
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Editorial Comment. Urology 2012; 79:1334-5; author reply 1335. [DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2012.01.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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FitzGerald LZ, Robbins WA, Kesner JS, Xun L. Reproductive hormones and interleukin-6 in serious leisure male athletes. Eur J Appl Physiol 2012; 112:3765-73. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-012-2356-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2011] [Accepted: 02/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Ritchey J, Karmaus W, Sabo-Attwood T, Steck SE, Zhang H. A cross-sectional study of the association of age, race and ethnicity, and body mass index with sex steroid hormone marker profiles among men in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III). BMJ Open 2012; 2:bmjopen-2012-001315. [PMID: 23043125 PMCID: PMC3488758 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2012-001315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Since sex hormone markers are metabolically linked, examining sex steroid hormones singly may account for inconsistent findings by age, race/ethnicity and body mass index (BMI) across studies. First, these markers were statistically combined into profiles to account for the metabolic relationship between markers. Then, the relationships between sex steroid hormone profiles and age, race/ethnicity and BMI were explored in multinomial logistic regression models. DESIGN Cross-sectional survey. SETTING The US Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III). PARTICIPANTS 1538 Men, >17 years. PRIMARY OUTCOME MEASURE Sex hormone profiles. RESULTS Cluster analysis was used to identify four statistically determined profiles with Blom-transformed T, E, sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG), and 3-α diol G. We used these four profiles with multinomial logistic regression models to examine differences by race/ethnicity, age and BMI. Mexican American men >50 years were associated with the profile that had lowest T, E and 3-α diol G levels compared to other profiles (p<0.05). Non-Hispanic Black, overweight (25-29.9 kg/m(2)) and obese (>30 kg/m(2)) men were most likely to be associated with the cluster with the lowest SHBG (p<0.05). CONCLUSION The associations of sex steroid hormone profiles by race/ethnicity are novel, while the findings by age and BMI groups are largely consistent with observations from single hormone studies. Future studies should validate these hormone profile groups and investigate these profiles in relation to chronic diseases and certain cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie Ritchey
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | - Wilfried Karmaus
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | - Tara Sabo-Attwood
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | - Susan E Steck
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
- Cancer Prevention and Control Program, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | - Hongmei Zhang
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
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de Magalhães JP, Matsuda A. Genome-wide patterns of genetic distances reveal candidate Loci contributing to human population-specific traits. Ann Hum Genet 2011; 76:142-58. [PMID: 22188222 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-1809.2011.00695.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Modern humans originated in Africa before migrating across the world with founder effects and adaptations to new environments contributing to their present phenotypic diversity. Determining the genetic basis of differences between populations may provide clues about our evolutionary history and may have clinical implications. Herein, we develop a method to detect genes and biological processes in which populations most differ by calculating the genetic distance between modern populations and a hypothetical ancestral population. We apply our method to large-scale single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) data from human populations of African, European and Asian origin. As expected, ancestral alleles were more conserved in the African populations and we found evidence of high divergence in genes previously suggested as targets of selection related to skin pigmentation, immune response, senses and dietary adaptations. Our genome-wide scan also reveals novel candidates for contributing to population-specific traits. These include genes related to neuronal development and behavior that may have been influenced by cultural processes. Moreover, in the African populations, we found a high divergence in genes related to UV protection and to the male reproductive system. Taken together, these results confirm and expand previous findings, providing new clues about the evolution and genetics of human phenotypic diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Pedro de Magalhães
- Integrative Genomics of Ageing Group, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
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Giton F, Fiet J, Cornu JN, Cussenot O, Bélanger A, Urien S, Oliva A, Blanchet P, Multigner L. Serum sex steroids measured in middle-aged European and African-Caribbean men by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Eur J Endocrinol 2011; 165:917-24. [PMID: 21951700 DOI: 10.1530/eje-11-0551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Differences in circulating steroid hormone levels have been hypothesized to explain ethnic differences in steroid-related diseases. The aim of this study was to determine the serum levels of a wide panel of steroid hormones, both androgens and estrogens, in healthy middle-aged African-Caribbean and European men. DESIGN AND METHODS Serum steroid hormone levels were determined in men participating in a systematic public health study funded by the French National Health Insurance system. Blood was collected in the morning from 304 healthy African-Caribbean and European men aged between 40 and 69 years. Serum steroids were measured by mass spectrometry-gas chromatography, except for DHEAS and sex hormone-binding globulin, which were determined by RIA. Data were analyzed in 10-year age intervals by analysis of covariance, with adjustment for age, body mass index, waist-to-hip ratio, tobacco and alcohol consumption, and season of sampling. RESULTS Compared with Europeans, African-Caribbean men presented significantly higher serum levels of measured bioavailable testosterone, 4-androstenedione (4-dione), and estrone (E1) regardless of the age group, of 5-androstenediol (5-diol) in those aged 40-49 and 50-59 years, and of testosterone (TT) and dihydrotestosterone in those aged 40-49 years. In contrast, European men aged 40-69 years showed significantly higher serum levels of DHEA and DHEAS. CONCLUSIONS Significant differences in serum steroid hormone levels were observed in middle-aged African-Caribbean and European men. Whether such differences could contribute to ethnic differences in disease risk in adult men remains to be investigated. Some steroids, such as bioavailable TT, 4-dione, 5-diol, and E1, deserve particular attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Giton
- AP-HP CIB GHU Sud, Hôpital Henri Mondor, Creteil, France
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Müezzinoğlu T, Korkmaz M, Neşe N, Bakırdere S, Arslan Y, Ataman OY, Lekili M. Prevalence of prostate cancer in high boron-exposed population: a community-based study. Biol Trace Elem Res 2011; 144:49-57. [PMID: 21431327 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-011-9023-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2010] [Accepted: 03/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the possible relationship between boron exposure and prostate cancer (PCa) for men living and being employed at boron mines in villages with rich boron minerals. Out of 456 men studied, 159 were from villages with rich boron sources and boron levels in drinking water of >1 mg L(-1) and these men formed the study group, while 63 from villages with rich boron sources and boron levels in drinking water of <1 mg L(-1) were enrolled into control group 1. A further 234 subjects from other villages with no boron mines were considered as control group 2. Prostate specific antigen (PSA) levels could be obtained from a total of 423 men. Urinary boron concentration as an indicator of boron exposure in 63 subjects, prostatic volumes by transrectal ultrasonography in 39 subjects, and prostatic biopsies in 36 subjects were obtained for study and control groups. The daily boron exposure was calculated according to urinary boron levels. Although there was no significant difference among the groups in terms of total PSA levels, the number of subjects with tPSA ≥2.5 and tPSA ≥10.0 ng dL(-1) prostatic volumes in men whose prostates were biopsied (p < 0.012) was significantly lower in the study group as compared with those in the control group 2. These results suggested that high exposure to boron might have an implication within the prostatic cellular processes related to hyperplasia and carcinogenesis, even though we did not find a statistically significant association between PCa and boron exposure.
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Alvarado LC. Total testosterone in young men is more closely associated than free testosterone with prostate cancer disparities. Ther Adv Urol 2011; 3:99-106. [PMID: 21904566 DOI: 10.1177/1756287211405706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Early adulthood has been suggested as the most relevant time to determine the influence of testosterone on prostate carcinogenesis. For a more detailed assessment of this hypothesis, the present study examined whether serum total or free testosterone in young men was more closely associated with prostate cancer disparities. METHODS A literature search was conducted for studies that reported both total and free testosterone levels for population samples of young men, along with prostate cancer incidences for the populations from which study populations were sampled. A previously developed analytical method was used to standardize the hormone levels of 19 population samples gathered from nine studies, and these standardized values were compared with disparities in prostate cancer incidence. RESULTS Population differences in total testosterone levels were significantly associated with prostate cancer disparities, r = 0.833, p = 0.001, as were population differences in free testosterone, r = 0.661, p = 0.027. After controlling for age differences, total and free testosterone remained associated with prostate cancer disparities, partial r = 0.888, p < 0.001, and partial r = 0.657, p = 0.039, respectively. A marginally significant difference existed in the strength of relationships between total and free testosterone with respect to prostate cancer disparities, with total testosterone exhibiting a stronger association, T(2) = 1.573, p = 0.077. CONCLUSIONS Across analyses, total testosterone demonstrated a more robust relationship than free testosterone with cancer disparities, which may suggest that total testosterone is the more sensitive biomarker for evaluating androgenic stimulation of the prostate gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis Calistro Alvarado
- Department of Anthropology, MSC01-1040, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
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Cummings-Vaughn LA, Malmstrom TK, Morley JE, Miller DK. Testosterone is not associated with mortality in older African-American males. Aging Male 2011; 14:132-40. [PMID: 20681930 PMCID: PMC4519078 DOI: 10.3109/13685538.2010.502269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION. Although testosterone and its association with disease progression and mortality is a widely studied topic, no studies have evaluated mortality risks related to testosterone levels in an older African-American population. The mechanisms for known racial differences in mortality risk for certain cancers and cardiovascular risk factors are largely unknown. Elucidating a mortality risk associated with testosterone levels may give insight into the elevated risk for certain diseases in African-Americans. METHODS AND RESULTS. Study data were derived from a cohort 622 African-Americans (age 80.05 ± 6.4, range 68-102) from Saint Louis, Missouri that includes 190 males (age 79.38 ± 6.2, range 70-102). The eligible sample for this report includes 56 of the 190 males (age 78.89 ± 6.9, range 70-102) who donated blood at baseline in 1992-1994 and subsequently tested for total testosterone and bioavailable testosterone. Covariates for adjusted analyses were lower body functional limitations, physician visits and comorbidities, also collected at baseline. Males' mean bioavailable testosterone levels (ng/dl) were 33.33 ± 24.4 (n above 70 ng/dl = 5) and mean total testosterone levels (ng/dl) were 246.63 ± 118.7 (n above 300 ng/dl = 20). Vital status was determined through 2002; 41 males (73%) were deceased and 15 were alive. Mortality did not differ among males with testosterone levels <300 versus 300+ (p = 0.42) or with bioavailable testosterone levels <70 versus > 70 (p = 0.34). Total testosterone levels did not predict mortality when adjusted for age (Adjusted Hazard Ratio [AHR] = 0.998; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.995-1.001; p = 0.28) or adjusted for age and other covariates (AHR = 0.099; 95% CI 0.996, 1.002; p = 0.35). Bioavailable testosterone levels did not predict mortality when adjusted for age (AHR = 0.992; 95% CI .977-1.007; p = 0.30) or when adjusted for age and other covariates (AHR 0.991; 95% CI .976-1.006; p = 0.261). CONCLUSION. In older African-American males, total and bioavailable testosterone levels, with and without adjustment for covariates, are not independently associated with mortality risk.
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Moreira DM, Anderson T, Gerber L, Thomas JA, Bañez LL, McKeever MG, Hoyo C, Grant D, Jayachandran J, Freedland SJ. The association of diabetes mellitus and high-grade prostate cancer in a multiethnic biopsy series. Cancer Causes Control 2011; 22:977-83. [PMID: 21562753 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-011-9770-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2010] [Accepted: 04/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To analyze the association of diabetes mellitus (DM) with risk of prostate cancer and cancer grade among men undergoing prostate biopsy and to analyze how obesity and race modify these associations. MATERIALS AND METHODS Retrospective analysis of 998 men from the Durham VA undergoing first prostate biopsy between 2001 and 2009 with complete data available. History of DM was determined by chart review. Patients' characteristics at biopsy were analyzed with chi-square and ranksum. Multivariable analyses of DM and risk of cancer and cancer grade were done using logistic regression adjusting for PSA, body mass index, race, age, year, and digital rectal exam. RESULTS At biopsy, 284 (28%) men had DM. DM was associated with African American (AAM; p = 0.010) and higher BMI (p < 0.001). DM was not associated with prostate cancer risk on either bivariate (p = 0.600) or multivariate analysis (p = 0.485). Similar results were found after stratification by race and obesity. In multivariable analysis, DM was associated with greater risk of high-grade disease (RR = 2.13, p = 0.024). The association was stronger among obese men (RR = 3.84, p = 0.020) and null in non-obese subjects (RR = 1.39, p = 0.460). After further stratification by race, DM was associated with high-grade disease only in obese Caucasian men (CM; RR = 5.81, p = 0.025) but not in obese AAM. DM was not associated with risk of low-grade disease in all men together or after stratification by obesity or race. CONCLUSION History of DM was associated with greater risk of high-grade disease. The association was strongest among obese CM suggesting the effect of DM on high-grade prostate cancer is modified by race and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel M Moreira
- Division of Urologic Surgery, Department of Surgery and Duke Prostate Center, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.
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Fiet J, Giton F. Circulating steroid hormones in prostate carcinogenesis. Part 2: Estrogens. Horm Mol Biol Clin Investig 2011; 6:175-83. [DOI: 10.1515/hmbci.2010.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2010] [Accepted: 12/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe aim of this review is to describe the associations between circulating plasma estrogens and prostate cancer (PCa). We recall the origins of estrogens, which derive from the aromatization of androgens, but also by sulfatase hydrolysis of estrone sulfate (E1-S), the main circulating plasma estrogen. We evoke that the carcinogenic effects of estrogens were demonstrated in the rat and murine prostate when estrogens and androgens were simultaneously administered to them. We also describe estrogen proliferative activity and the genotoxicity of estrogen-hydroxylated metabolites with the formation of DNA adducts. We report published aromatase and CYP1B1 polymorphisms found in men with PCa. We published a bibliography on the relation between PCa and prostate inflammation, as well as the possible role of obesity in the aggressiveness of PCa. In this review, we provide an exhaustive list of assays carried out in subjects at high risk for PCa compared with Caucasians, showing that higher estrogen levels were found in the plasma of these subjects at high risk for PCa. Plasma estrone was the estrogen for which plasma concentration was highest in subjects of African descent. We recall the links observed between plasma estrogens, particularly E1-S, and PCa aggressiveness. Finally, we describe assays for determining hydroxylated estrogens and DNA adducts in the urine of men with PCa. We insist on the importance of the technology employed in estrogen measurement and propose the use of mass spectrometry methods to carry out estrogen assays, in order to decrease variability in the results of plasma estrogen assays.
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Coward RM, Simhan J, Carson III CC. Racial differences in hypogonadal improvement and prostate-specific antigen levels in hypogonadal men treated with testosterone replacement therapy. Int Braz J Urol 2010; 36:700-7; discussion 707-9. [DOI: 10.1590/s1677-55382010000600008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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McDougall JA, Li CI. Trends in distant-stage breast, colorectal, and prostate cancer incidence rates from 1992 to 2004: potential influences of screening and hormonal factors. Discov Oncol 2010; 1:55-62. [PMID: 21761350 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-009-0002-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2009] [Accepted: 12/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Differential utilization of cancer screening between populations could lead to changes in cancer disparities. Evaluating incidence rates trends is one means of monitoring these disparities. Using Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results data, we compared annual percent changes (APC) in age-adjusted incidence rates of distant-stage breast, colorectal, and prostate cancer between non-Hispanic whites (NHW) and African Americans (AA). From 1992 to 2004, distant-stage breast cancer incidence rates remained essentially constant among both AA and NHW women, though rates were 30-90% higher among AA women throughout. NHW men and women experienced declines in distant-stage colorectal cancer incidence rates [APC = -1.6, 95% confidence interval (CI) -2.3, -0.9], but AA men and women did not. Distant-stage prostate cancer incidence rates declined for both AA (APC = -5.8, 95% CI -7.9, -3.8) and NHW (APC = -5.1, 95% CI -6.7, -3.4). Despite now having nearly equal mammography screening rates, the persistent breast cancer disparity observed among AAs compared to NHWs may be due to the greater susceptibility of AAs to more aggressive tumors, particularly hormone-receptor-negative disease, which is more difficult to detect by mammography. For colorectal cancer, greater utilization of screening tests among NHWs vs. AAs is likely a primary contributor to the observed widening disparity. Wider recognition of AA race as a prostate cancer risk factor may contribute to the narrowing disparity in the incidence of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean A McDougall
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington School of Public Health, Seattle, WA 98195-7236, USA.
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Calistro Alvarado L. Population differences in the testosterone levels of young men are associated with prostate cancer disparities in older men. Am J Hum Biol 2010; 22:449-55. [DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.21016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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Fiet J, Giton F. Circulating steroid hormones in prostate carcinogenesis. Part 1 – Androgens. Horm Mol Biol Clin Investig 2010; 3:341-56. [DOI: 10.1515/hmbci.2010.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2010] [Accepted: 08/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe aim of this review is to identify circulating steroids associated with prostate cancer (PCa) in bibliographic reports. First, we summarize chronological reports comparing circulating steroid levels in men with a high risk of PCa, such as African-Americans (AAs), with men having a lower risk. Higher testosterone plasma levels in young AA men have been reported. However, the difference between AAs and Caucasians decreases with age. When measured, dihydrotestosterone (DHT) was found to be higher in AAs; however, these results must be taken with caution, as immunological assay of this steroid is difficult. Second, we summarize chronological reports concerning circulating steroids assayed in blood samples drawn several years before a diagnosis of PCa was made, compared to controls. These nested case-control studies did not lead to straightforward conclusions regarding an increase in circulating testosterone. However, large collaborative studies showed a trend of a decrease in plasma sex hormone binding globulin, consequently an increase in bioavailable plasma testosterone in PCa. These nested case-control studies failed to associate plasma DHT levels with PCa risk. Third, we summarize numerous chronological publications relating plasma concentrations, measured at the time of PCa diagnosis. Numerous results showed a decrease in plasma testosterone levels in aggressive PCa (high Gleason score, advanced stage with positive surgical margins). Testosterone levels returned to normal several months after prostatectomy. All plasma hormone assay levels were always carried out using immunological methods. We recommend replacing this methodology by mass spectrometry coupled with gas chromatography or liquid chromatography in these epidemiologic studies.
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Hong SK, Min GE, Ha SB, Doo SH, Kang MY, Park HJ, Yoon CY, Jeong SJ, Byun SS, Lee SE. Effect of the dual 5alpha-reductase inhibitor, dutasteride, on serum testosterone and body mass index in men with benign prostatic hyperplasia. BJU Int 2009; 105:970-4. [PMID: 19793378 DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-410x.2009.08915.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of dutasteride on serum testosterone level and body mass index (BMI) in men who received medical therapy for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). PATIENTS AND METHODS In all, 120 patients with BPH were randomized to three treatment groups: tamsulosin 0.2 mg/day (alpha-blocker group), dutasteride 0.5 mg/day (dutasteride group), or tamsulosin 0.2 mg plus dutasteride 0.5 mg/day (combination group) for 1 year. For all patients the BMI and serum testosterone levels were checked at baseline and after 1 year of treatment. RESULTS Among the evaluable 107 patients, the dutasteride (33) and combination groups (37) had significantly greater increases in serum testosterone level (16.3% and 15%, respectively) than the alpha-blocker group (37; 0.3%) after 1 year of treatment (both P < 0.001). When analysed by baseline serum testosterone tertile, the increases in serum testosterone level among the dutasteride and combination group were greatest in the lowest tertile. For BMI, the dutasteride and combination group had mean decreases of 0.17 and 0.20 kg/m(2), respectively, at 1 year, whereas the alpha-blocker group had a mean increase of 0.04 kg/m(2). The decreases in BMI for the dutasteride and combination group were statistically significant only in the lowest tertile (P = 0.048 and 0.010, respectively). CONCLUSION Our results show that dutasteride treatment in men with BPH led to a significant increase in serum testosterone level and a significant decrease in BMI among those with relatively lower baseline serum testosterone levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Kyu Hong
- Department of Urology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
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Rohrmann S, Sutcliffe CG, Bienstock JL, Monsegue D, Akereyeni F, Bradwin G, Rifai N, Pollak MN, Agurs-Collins T, Platz EA. Racial variation in sex steroid hormones and the insulin-like growth factor axis in umbilical cord blood of male neonates. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009; 18:1484-91. [PMID: 19423525 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-08-0817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To address whether umbilical cord blood concentrations of sex steroid hormones and the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) axis differ between African-American and White male neonates. METHODS In 2004 and 2005, venous cord blood samples were collected from 75 African-American and 38 White male full-term uncomplicated births along with birth weight, placental weight, mother's age and parity, and time of birth. Testosterone, androstanediol glucuronide, estradiol, and sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) were measured by immunoassay, and IGF-I, IGF-2, and IGF binding protein (BP)-3 by ELISA. Crude and multivariable-adjusted geometric mean concentrations were computed. RESULTS Androstanediol glucuronide, estradiol, and SHBG concentrations did not differ by race; however, the molar ratio of testosterone to SHBG was higher in African-American than White male babies after adjustment (P = 0.01). Both before and after adjustment, Whites had higher concentrations of IGF-I (adjusted; White, African-American, 93.1, 71.9 ng/mL), IGF-2 (537.3-474.8 ng/mL), and IGFBP-3 (1,673-1,482 ng/mL) than African-Americans (P < 0.05), although the molar ratio of IGF-I plus IGF-2 to IGFBP-3 did not differ by race. CONCLUSION The higher cord blood testosterone to SHBG ratio in African-American compared with White male babies after taking into account maternal and birth factors is compatible with the hypothesis that differences in androgen levels in utero contribute to their higher prostate cancer risk, although we would have expected crude differences as well. Lower cord blood IGF-I and IGF-2 levels in African-American compared with White male babies are not consistent with the hypothesis that differences in growth factor levels contribute to their higher prostate cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Rohrmann
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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Lee SE, Chung JS, Han BK, Park CS, Moon KH, Byun SS, Choe G, Hong SK. Preoperative Serum Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin as a Predictive Marker for Extraprostatic Extension of Tumor in Patients with Clinically Localized Prostate Cancer. Eur Urol 2008; 54:1324-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2008.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2007] [Accepted: 02/28/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Pettaway CA, Song R, Wang X, Sanchez-Ortiz R, Spiess PE, Strom S, Troncoso P. The ratio of matrix metalloproteinase to E-cadherin expression: a pilot study to assess mRNA and protein expression among African American prostate cancer patients. Prostate 2008; 68:1467-76. [PMID: 18618693 PMCID: PMC2574568 DOI: 10.1002/pros.20812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We assessed the expression of Matrix Metalloproteinase (MMP) to E-cadherin (M/E ratio) to determine the correlation of gene expression with pathologic variables and outcome in a cohort of African American (AA) prostate cancer patients. METHODS Tumors from formalin-fixed, paraffin embedded RP specimens were examined. Gleason scores were 6, 7, and >or=8 in 7, 16, 13 tumors, respectively. Pathologic stage was organ confined (pT2) in 18 and advanced (>pT2) in 18 tumors. A colorimetric mRNA in situ hybridization (ISH) assay was performed using biotinylated anti-sense oligonucleotide probes for MMP 2 and 9, as well as for E-cadherin gene transcripts. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was performed utilizing specific monoclonal antibodies to detect the above genes. Image analysis was performed to determine the intensity of both mRNA and protein expression. Two reviewers analyzed ISH gene expression independently. RESULTS The M/E expression ratio was significantly increased at the invasive edge (but not the center) of tumors of higher Gleason score (P = 0.02 and 0.0008) and pathologic stage (P = 0.0001 and <0.0001) when examined by both ISH and IHC. Significant variability in ISH staining interpretation was noted within and among the two study reviewers. An M/E ratio >2.5 was associated with biochemical recurrence after radical prostatectomy in addition to tumor pathologic stage subsequent to univariate statistical analysis. CONCLUSIONS The M/E ratio characterizes an important aspect of the molecular phenotype associated with the histologic progression of prostate cancer among African American prostate cancer patients. A larger comparative study is required to determine potential racial variation and prognostic significance of gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Curtis A Pettaway
- Department of Urology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
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Araujo AB, Travison TG, Leder BZ, McKinlay JB. Correlations between serum testosterone, estradiol, and sex hormone-binding globulin and bone mineral density in a diverse sample of men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2008; 93:2135-41. [PMID: 18364385 PMCID: PMC2435644 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2007-1469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2007] [Accepted: 03/13/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT The relationship between hormones and bone mineral density (BMD) in men has received considerable attention. However, most studies have been conducted in homogenous populations, and it is not known whether differences in hormones impact racial and ethnic differences in BMD. OBJECTIVE Our objective was to examine associations of testosterone, estradiol, and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) with BMD in a racially and ethnically diverse population. DESIGN This was a population-based, observational survey. PARTICIPANTS A total of 976 Black, Hispanic, and white randomly selected men ages 30-79 yr from the Boston Area Community Health/Bone Survey were included. OUTCOME BMD at the hip, wrist, and spine were calculated. RESULTS The mean age of the sample was 46.7 +/- 12.4 yr. BMD levels were highest in black men, followed by Hispanic and then white men. Associations between hormones and BMD were consistent across racial and ethnic groups. Total and free testosterone was not correlated with BMD in age- or multivariate-adjusted models. SHBG was inversely correlated with total hip and ultradistal radius BMD after age adjustment, but not with multivariate adjustment for age, lean mass, fat mass, physical activity, self-rated health, and smoking. Total and free estradiol levels were positively and significantly correlated with femoral neck and total hip BMD, even with multivariate adjustment (partial correlations ranged between 0.11 and 0.16). However, estradiol levels failed to account for racial and ethnic differences in hip BMD. CONCLUSIONS In our diverse population, neither serum total nor free testosterone levels were associated with BMD. Correlations between BMD and estradiol were significant but did not appear to account for any of the observed racial and ethnic differences in BMD. These findings suggest that differences in hormone levels are not a major contributor to the observed differences in BMD between Black, Hispanic, and white men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andre B Araujo
- New England Research Institutes, 9 Galen Street, Watertown, MA 02472, USA.
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Rohrmann S, Nelson WG, Rifai N, Brown TR, Dobs A, Kanarek N, Yager JD, Platz EA. Serum estrogen, but not testosterone, levels differ between black and white men in a nationally representative sample of Americans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007; 92:2519-25. [PMID: 17456570 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2007-0028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Higher testosterone in black compared with white men has been postulated to explain their higher prostate cancer incidence. Previous studies comparing hormone levels by race might have been limited by size, restricted age variation, or lack of representation of the general population. OBJECTIVE Our objective was to compare serum testosterone, estradiol, and SHBG concentrations among non-Hispanic black, non-Hispanic white, and Mexican-American men. PARTICIPANTS, DESIGN, AND SETTING A total of 1413 men aged 20+ yr and who attended the morning examination session of the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III) in 1988-1991 were included in this cross-sectional study. MEASUREMENT Serum hormone concentrations were measured by electrochemiluminescence immunoassays. RESULTS After applying sampling weights and adjusting for age, percent body fat, alcohol, smoking, and activity, testosterone concentrations were not different between non-Hispanic blacks (n = 363; geometric mean, 5.29 ng/ml) and non-Hispanic whites (n = 674; 5.11 ng/ml; P > 0.05) but were higher in Mexican-Americans (n = 376; 5.48 ng/ml; P < 0.05). Non-Hispanic blacks (40.80 pg/ml) had a higher estradiol concentration than non-Hispanic whites (35.46 pg/ml; P < 0.01) and Mexican-Americans (34.11 pg/ml; P < 0.01). Non-Hispanic blacks (36.49 nmol/liter) had a higher SHBG concentration than non-Hispanic whites (34.91 nmol/liter; P < 0.05) and Mexican-Americans (35.04 nmol/liter; P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Contrary to the postulated racial difference, testosterone concentrations did not differ notably between black and white men. However, blacks had higher estradiol levels. Mexican-Americans had higher testosterone than whites but similar estradiol and SHBG concentrations. Given these findings, it may be equally if not more important to investigate estradiol as testosterone in relation to diseases with racial disparity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Rohrmann
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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