Computed tomography evaluation of acute pancreatitis

Toward an update of the atlanta classification on acute pancreatitis: review of new and abandoned terms

OBJECTIVES

The 1992 Atlanta classification is a clinically based classification system that defines the severity and complications of acute pancreatitis. The purpose of this review was to assess whether the terms abandoned by the Atlanta classification are really discarded in the literature. The second objective was to review what new terms have appeared in the literature since the Atlanta symposium.

METHODS

We followed a Medline search strategy in review and guideline articles after the publication of the Atlanta classification. This search included the abandoned terms: "phlegmon," "infected pseudocyst," "hemorrhagic pancreatitis," and "persistent pancreatitis."

RESULTS

A total of 239 publications were reviewed, including 10 guideline articles and 42 reviews. The abandoned terms "hemorrhagic pancreatitis" and "persistent pancreatitis" are hardly encountered, in contrast, both "infected pseudocyst" and "phlegmon" are frequently used, and several authors question their abandonment. New terminology in acute pancreatitis consists of "organized pancreatic necrosis," "necroma," "extrapancreatic necrosis," and "central gland necrosis."

CONCLUSIONS

This review demonstrates that the Atlanta classification is still not universally accepted. Several abandoned terms are frequently used, and new terms have emerged that describe manifestations in acute pancreatitis that were not specifically addressed during the Atlanta symposium.

Tomografia computadorizada sem contraste intravenoso no abdome agudo: quando e por que usar

A tomografia computadorizada sem contraste intravenoso tem sido freqüentemente proposta na avaliação inicial de pacientes com suspeita de abdome agudo, ocupando o espaço de outros métodos diagnósticos. Os autores apresentam uma revisão bibliográfica dos principais aspectos e eficácia da tomografia computadorizada sem contraste intravenoso no diagnóstico de apendicite aguda, cólica nefrética, diverticulite, pancreatite aguda, apendicite epiplóica, pneumoperitônio e obstrução intestinal. Discutem quais as vantagens e limitações desta técnica de exame, bem como seus aspectos práticos.

99mTc-hexamethylpropylene amineoxime leukocyte scintigraphy in acute pancreatitis: an alternative to contrast-enhanced computed tomography?

OBJECTIVE

Contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CECT) is the most efficient imaging technique for the diagnosis and staging of acute pancreatitis (AP); its use, however, may be unfeasible in some patients as a consequence of the drawbacks of intravenous (IV) contrast material. The aim of this study was to test the utility of labeled leukocyte scintigraphy (LLS) as an alternative imaging technique to CECT for the staging of AP.

METHODS

Sixty-six patients with AP were prospectively studied. All patients underwent CECT and pancreatic LLS using (99m)Tc-hexamethylpropylene amineoxime as leukocyte label within a time interval of 2 days, in the early phase of AP. In addition, all patients had their serum C-reactive protein (CRP) concentration measured within 48-72 h after admission. CECT images were analyzed for Balthazar's grade of pancreatitis and for the presence or absence of pancreatic necrosis. Scintigraphic activity of 3-4 h planar images was scored on a 0-2 scale in relation to physiological liver uptake.

RESULTS

LLS score was significantly related (p < 0.001) to both components of CECT (grade of pancreatitis and pancreatic necrosis). LLS and serum CRP showed similar results for detecting the most severe pancreatic damage as showed by their respective receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. Sensitivities and specificities of LLS score of 2 were, respectively, 62% and 96% for the detection of grade D-E pancreatitis and 90% and 89% for the detection of pancreatic necrosis. Scintigraphic score of 2 increased the likelihood of grade D-E pancreatitis from 32% (pretest probability) to 87% (posttest probability) (likelihood ratio: 13.9) and that of pancreatic necrosis from 16% to 60% (likelihood ratio: 8.4).

CONCLUSIONS

Our results show that leukocytes are related to the severity of local pancreatic damage in AP. Thus, LLS is a potential alternative technique to CECT for staging AP.