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Moradbeygi F, Ghasemi Y, Farmani AR, Hemmati S. Glucarpidase (carboxypeptidase G2): Biotechnological production, clinical application as a methotrexate antidote, and placement in targeted cancer therapy. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 166:115292. [PMID: 37579696 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients receiving high-dose methotrexate (HDMTX) for malignancies are exposed to diverse complications, including nephrotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, mucositis, myelotoxicity, neurological symptoms, and death. Glucarpidase is a recombinant carboxypeptidase G2 (CPG2) that converts MTX into nontoxic metabolites. In this study, the role of vector type, gene optimization, orientation, and host on the expression of CPG2 is investigated. The effectiveness of various therapeutic regimens containing glucarpidase is classified and perspectives on the dose adjustment based on precision medicine are provided. Conjugation with cell-penetrating peptides, human serum albumin, and polymers such as PEG and dextran for delivery, higher stability, and production of the biobetter variants of CPG2 is highlighted. Conjugation of CPG2 to F(ab՜)2 or scFv antibody fragments against tumor-specific antigens and the corresponding prodrugs for tumor-targeted drug delivery using the antibody-directed enzyme prodrug therapy (ADEPT) is communicated. Trials to reduce the off-target effects and the possibility of repeated ADEPT cycles by adding pro-domains sensitive to tumor-overexpressed proteases, antiCPG2 antibodies, CPG2 mutants with immune-system-unrecognizable epitopes, and protective polymers are reported. Intracellular cpg2 gene expression by gene-directed enzyme prodrug therapy (GDEPT) and the concerns regarding the safety and transfection efficacy of the GDEPT vectors are described. A novel bifunctional platform using engineered CAR-T cell micropharmacies, known as Synthetic Enzyme-Armed KillER (SEAKER) cells, expressing CPG2 to activate prodrugs at the tumor niche is introduced. Taken together, integrated data in this review and recruiting combinatorial strategies in novel drug delivery systems define the future directions of ADEPT, GDEPT, and SEAKER cell therapy and the placement of CPG2 therein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Moradbeygi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Younes Ghasemi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Ahmad Reza Farmani
- Tissue Engineering Department, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
| | - Shiva Hemmati
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Biotechnology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
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Ultrasonically Enhanced ZD2767P–Carboxypeptidase G2 Deactivates Cisplatin-Resistant Human Lung Cancer Cells. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:9191233. [DOI: 10.1155/2022/9191233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The prodrug–enzyme regimen ZD2767P+CPG2 is limited by low efficacy. Here, ultrasound was used to modulate ZD2767P+CPG2 (i.e., ZD2767P+CPG2+US) against cisplatin-resistant human lung cancer cells. A549 and A549/DDP (resistant subline) cells received ZD2767P+CPG2 or ZD2767P+CPG2+US. Either ZD2767P+CPG2 or ZD2767P+CPG2+US led to cell death and apoptosis, and ZD2767P+CPG2+US produced stronger effects; comet assays revealed that these two means directly caused DNA double-strand break. Z-VAD-fmk and/or ferrostatin-1 increased the cell survival percentage, and Z-VAD-fmk decreased the apoptosis percentage. The level of transferrin was increased in treated cells, but those of ferroportin and glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) were reduced, with higher intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species and of iron. Intracellular pharmacokinetics of ZD2767D (activated drug) indicated that the peak level, area under the drug level vs. time curve, and mean residence time in ZD2767P+CPG2+US were higher than those in ZD2767P+CPG2. Both ZD2767P+CPG2 and ZD2767P+CPG2+US were effective on xenograft tumors in nude mice; inhibitory rates were 39.7% and 63.5% in A549 tumors and 50.0% and 70.1% in A549/DDP tumors, respectively. A higher apoptosis level and a lower GPX4 level were noted in tumors receiving treatments. No severe adverse events were observed. These data demonstrated that ZD2767P+CPG2+US deactivated cancer cells via apoptosis and ferroptosis pathways, being a candidate therapy for cisplatin-resistant lung cancer.
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Therapeutic journery of nitrogen mustard as alkylating anticancer agents: Historic to future perspectives. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 151:401-433. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Andrady C, Sharma SK, Chester KA. Antibody-enzyme fusion proteins for cancer therapy. Immunotherapy 2011; 3:193-211. [PMID: 21322759 DOI: 10.2217/imt.10.90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Advances in biomolecular technology have allowed the development of genetically fused antibody-enzymes. Antibody-enzyme fusion proteins have been used to target tumors for cancer therapy in two ways. In one system, an antibody-enzyme is pretargeted to the tumor followed by administration of an inactive prodrug that is converted to its active form by the pretargeted enzyme. This system has been described as antibody-directed enzyme prodrug therapy. The other system uses antibody-enzyme fusion proteins as direct therapeutics, where the enzyme is toxic in its own right. The key feature in this approach is that the antibody is used to internalize the toxic enzyme into the tumor cell, which activates cell-death processes. This antibody-enzyme system has been largely applied to deliver ribonucleases. This article addresses these two antibody-enzyme targeting strategies for cancer therapy from concept to (pre)clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carima Andrady
- Cancer Research UK Targeting & Imaging Group, Department of Oncology, UCL Cancer Institute, Paul O'Gorman Building, University College London, 72 Huntley Street, London WC1E6BT, UK.
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Abstract
Antibody-directed enzyme prodrug therapy was conceived as a means of restricting the action of cytotoxic drugs to tumor sites. Since antigenic targets were a central component of the approach, colonic cancer, with its virtually universal expression of carcinoembryonic antigen at the cellular level, presented an obvious starting point. The principle of antibody-directed enzyme prodrug therapy is to use an antibody directed at a tumor-associated antigen to vector an enzyme to tumor sites. The enzyme should be retained at tumor sites after it has cleared from blood and normal tissues. A nontoxic prodrug, a substrate for the enzyme, is then given and, by cleaving an inactivating component from the prodrug, a potent cytotoxic agent is generated. One of the potential advantages of such a system is that a small cytotoxic agent, generated within a tumor site, is much more diffusible than a large antibody molecule. Moreover, failure to express the target antigen by cancer cells does not protect them from the bystander action of the cytotoxic agent. This review will primarily consider the studies of the London group since this is the only group that has so far reported clinical trials and it is only through clinical trials that the requirements of a successful antibody-directed enzyme prodrug therapy system can be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth D Bagshawe
- Imperial College London, Department of Medical Oncology, Charing Cross Campus, Fulham Palace Road, London W6 8RF, UK.
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Bagshawe KD, Sharma SK, Begent RHJ. Antibody-directed enzyme prodrug therapy (ADEPT) for cancer. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2005; 4:1777-89. [PMID: 15500406 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.4.11.1777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Antibody-directed enzyme prodrug therapy (ADEPT) aims to restrict the cytotoxic action to tumour sites. The obstacles to achieve this were recognised at the outset, but time and experience have given these better definition. The development of fusion proteins has provided the means of making consistent antibody-enzyme constructs on an adequate scale, and glycosylation has provided the means to control the clearance of enzyme from non-tumour sites. Human enzymes have yet to be tested in a clinical setting, and there are pointers indicating that the immunological response to foreign enzymes can be overcome. The relatively small number of purpose-designed prodrugs tested so far leaves this an area ripe for further development. The ongoing iterative process between preclinical and clinical studies is critical to achieving the objective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth D Bagshawe
- Department of Oncology, Royal Free & University College Medical School, University College London, UK
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Sharma SK, Pedley RB, Bhatia J, Boxer GM, El-Emir E, Qureshi U, Tolner B, Lowe H, Michael NP, Minton N, Begent RHJ, Chester KA. Sustained Tumor Regression of Human Colorectal Cancer Xenografts Using a Multifunctional Mannosylated Fusion Protein in Antibody-Directed Enzyme Prodrug Therapy. Clin Cancer Res 2005. [DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.814.11.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Purpose: Antibody-directed enzyme prodrug therapy (ADEPT) requires highly selective antibody-mediated delivery of enzyme to tumor. MFE-CP, a multifunctional genetic fusion protein of antibody and enzyme, was designed to achieve this by two mechanisms. First by using a high affinity and high specificity single chain Fv antibody directed to carcinoembryonic antigen. Second by rapid removal of antibody-enzyme from normal tissues by virtue of post-translational mannosylation. The purpose of this paper is to investigate these dual functions in an animal model of pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, toxicity, and efficacy.
Experimental Design: MFE-CP was expressed in the yeast Pichia pastoris and purified via an engineered hexahistidine tag. Biodistribution and therapeutic effect of a single ADEPT cycle (1,000 units/kg MFE-CP followed by 70 mg/kg ZD2767P prodrug at 6, 7, and 8 hours) and multiple ADEPT cycles (9-10 cycles within 21-24 days) was studied in established human colon carcinoma xenografts, LS174T, and SW1222.
Results: Selective localization of functional enzyme in tumors and rapid clearance from plasma was observed within 6 hours, resulting in tumor to plasma ratios of 1,400:1 and 339:1, respectively for the LS174T and SW1222 models. A single ADEPT cycle produced reproducible tumor growth delay in both models. Multiple ADEPT cycles significantly enhanced the therapeutic effect of a single cycle in the LS174T xenografts (P = 0.001) and produced regressions in the SW1222 xenografts (P = 0.0001), with minimal toxicity.
Conclusions: MFE-CP fusion protein, in combination with ZD2767P, provides a new and successful ADEPT system, which offers the potential for multiple cycles and antitumor efficacy. These results provide a basis for the next stage in clinical development of ADEPT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surinder K. Sharma
- 1CR UK Targeting and Imaging Group, Department of Oncology, Royal Free and University College Medical School, Royal Free Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - R. Barbara Pedley
- 1CR UK Targeting and Imaging Group, Department of Oncology, Royal Free and University College Medical School, Royal Free Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jeetendra Bhatia
- 1CR UK Targeting and Imaging Group, Department of Oncology, Royal Free and University College Medical School, Royal Free Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Geoffrey M. Boxer
- 1CR UK Targeting and Imaging Group, Department of Oncology, Royal Free and University College Medical School, Royal Free Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ethaar El-Emir
- 1CR UK Targeting and Imaging Group, Department of Oncology, Royal Free and University College Medical School, Royal Free Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Uzma Qureshi
- 1CR UK Targeting and Imaging Group, Department of Oncology, Royal Free and University College Medical School, Royal Free Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Berend Tolner
- 1CR UK Targeting and Imaging Group, Department of Oncology, Royal Free and University College Medical School, Royal Free Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Helen Lowe
- 1CR UK Targeting and Imaging Group, Department of Oncology, Royal Free and University College Medical School, Royal Free Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - N. Paul Michael
- 2Center for Applied Microbiology and Research, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, United Kingdom; and
| | - Nigel Minton
- 3Institute of Infections, Immunity and Inflammation, Queens Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Richard H. J. Begent
- 1CR UK Targeting and Imaging Group, Department of Oncology, Royal Free and University College Medical School, Royal Free Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kerry A. Chester
- 1CR UK Targeting and Imaging Group, Department of Oncology, Royal Free and University College Medical School, Royal Free Campus, London, United Kingdom
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Gould KA, Nixon C, Tilby MJ. p53 Elevation in Relation to Levels and Cytotoxicity of Mono- and Bifunctional Melphalan-DNA Adducts. Mol Pharmacol 2004; 66:1301-9. [PMID: 15308759 DOI: 10.1124/mol.104.000596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We tested the hypothesis that bifunctional DNA adducts formed by a nitrogen mustard-based anticancer drug were more efficient than monofunctional adducts at causing elevation of p53, consistent with the difference in cytotoxicity. Human leukemia cell line ML-1 was exposed for 1 h to melphalan or its monofunctional derivative monohydroxymelphalan. Levels of DNA adducts, measured by specific immunoassay, were linearly related to the concentration of alkylating agent. Monohydroxymelphalan formed twice as many adducts as did equal concentrations of melphalan. After the removal of the alkylating agent, adduct levels were maintained or increased slightly up to 8 h and then decreased by 27 to 44% by 24 h. Alkaline elution analyses confirmed the absence of detectable DNA interstrand cross-links in cells exposed to monohydroxymelphalan. DNA single-strand breaks were detected after monohydroxymelphalan but not after melphalan. Levels of p53 were quantified by sensitive fluorogenic enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay at intervals up to 24 h after exposure of cells to various concentrations of melphalan and monohydroxymelphalan. The level of initially formed DNA adducts needed to cause elevation of p53 from a baseline level of 0.5 ng/mg total protein to 2 ng/mg was 5- to 8-fold higher for monohydroxymelphalan than melphalan. The concentrations of melphalan and monohydroxymelphalan (+/-S.D.) causing 50% growth inhibition were 1.2 +/- 0.4 and 28.1 +/- 1.6 microg/ml, respectively, a 23-fold difference. The adduct levels induced by these exposures were 9.3 and 420 nmol/g DNA for melphalan and monohydroxymelphalan, respectively, a 45-fold difference, which is considerably greater than the difference in efficacy at elevating p53.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A Gould
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Paul O'Gorman Building, Medical School, University of Newcastle, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, United Kingdom
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Ludwig DL, Pereira DS, Zhu Z, Hicklin DJ, Bohlen P. Monoclonal antibody therapeutics and apoptosis. Oncogene 2003; 22:9097-106. [PMID: 14663488 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1207104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The potential for disease-specific targeting and low toxicity profiles have made monoclonal antibodies attractive therapeutic drug candidates. Antibody-mediated target cell killing is frequently associated with immune effector mechanisms such as antibody-directed cellular cytotoxicity, but they can also be induced by apoptotic processes. Antibody-directed mechanisms, including antigen crosslinking, activation of death receptors, and blockade of ligand-receptor growth or survival pathways, can elicit the induction of apoptosis in targeted cells. Depending on their mechanism of action, monoclonal antibodies can induce targeted cell-specific killing alone or can enhance target cell susceptibility to chemo- or radiotherapeutics by effecting the modulation of antiapoptotic pathways. This review will focus on the mechanisms by which antibodies are capable of eliciting programmed cell death either directly or indirectly within tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dale L Ludwig
- ImClone Systems Incorporated, 180 Varick Street, New York, NY 10014, USA.
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Abstract
Aziridines, the nitrogenous analogues of epoxides, have until recently excited far less interest amongst synthetic organic chemists than their oxygenated counterparts, with some justification. A range of reviews concerned with the physical properties, synthesis (asymmetric and otherwise), reactions and utility of aziridines exists; this review briefly summarizes the similarities and differences between oxiranes and their nitrogenated analogues, concentrating on the underlying properties of aziridines and recent developments in their chemistry. In addition to descriptions of the physical nature of aziridines, especially those features which underpin their utility as synthetic intermediates, the sections beneath describe reactions involving alkylative ring-opening and synthesis of aziridines.
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Affiliation(s)
- J B Sweeney
- Department of Chemistry, University of Reading, Reading, UK RG6 6AD.
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