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Alotaibi F, Aba Alkhayl FF, Foudah AI, Azhar Kamal M, Moglad EH, Khan S, Rehman ZU, Warsi MK, Jawaid T, Alam A. Investigating the effects of four medicinal plants against dengue virus through QSAR modeling and molecular dynamics studies. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2024:1-18. [PMID: 38197579 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2024.2301744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
The Dengue virus (DENV) has been increasingly recognized as a prevalent viral pathogen responsible for global transmission of infection. It has been established that DENV's NS5 methyltransferase (MTase) controls viral replication. As a result, NS5 MTase is considered a potentially useful drug target for DENV. In this study, the two phases of virtual screening were conducted using the ML-based QSAR model and molecular docking to identify potential compounds against NS5 of DENV. Four medicinal plants [Aloe vera, Cannabis sativa (Hemp), Ocimum sanctum (Holy Basil; Tulsi), and Zingiber officinale (Ginger)] that showed anti-viral properties were selected for sourcing the phytochemicals and screening them against NS5. Additionally, re-docking at higher exhaustiveness and interaction analysis were performed which resulted in the identification of the top four hits (135398658, 5281675, 119394, and 969516) which showed comparable results with the control Sinefungin (SFG). Post molecular dynamics simulation, 135398658 showed the lowest RMSD (0.4-0.5 nm) and the maximum number of hydrogen bonds (eight hydrogen bonds) after the control while 5281675 and 969516 showed comparable hydrogen bonds to the control. These compounds showed direct interactions with the catalytic site residues GLU111 and ASP131, in addition to this these compounds showed stable complex formation as depicted by principal component analysis and free energy landscape. 135398658 showed lower total binding free energy (ΔGTotal = -36.56 kcal/mol) than the control, while 5281675 had comparable values to the control (ΔGTotal = -34.1 kcal/mol). Overall, the purpose of this study was to identify phytochemicals that inhibit NS5 function, that could be further tested experimentally to treat dengue virus (DENV).Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faisal Alotaibi
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, Shaqra University, Al-Dawadmi, Saudi Arabia
| | - Faris F Aba Alkhayl
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed I Foudah
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Azhar Kamal
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ehssan H Moglad
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research Institute, National Center for Research, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Shamshir Khan
- Department of Pharmacognosy & Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Dentistry and Pharmacy, Buraydah Private Colleges, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zia Ur Rehman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohiuddin Khan Warsi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Talha Jawaid
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aftab Alam
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia
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Azam MS, Islam MN, Wahiduzzaman M, Alam M, Dhrubo AAK. Antiviral foods in the battle against viral infections: Understanding the molecular mechanism. Food Sci Nutr 2023; 11:4444-4459. [PMID: 37576049 PMCID: PMC10420791 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.3454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Viruses produce a variety of illnesses, which may also cause acute respiratory syndrome. All viral infections, including COVID-19, are associated with the strength of the immune system. Till now, traditional medicine or vaccines for most viral diseases have not been effective. Antiviral and immune-boosting diets may provide defense against viral diseases by lowering the risk of infection and assisting rapid recovery. The purpose of this review was to gather, analyze, and present data based on scientific evidence in order to provide an overview of the mechanistic insights of antiviral bioactive metabolites. We have covered a wide range of food with antiviral properties in this review, along with their potential mechanism of action against viral infections. Additionally, the opportunities and challenges of using antiviral food have been critically reviewed. Bioactive plant compounds, not only help in maintaining the body's normal physiological mechanism and good health but are also essential for improving the body's immunity and therefore can be effective against viral diseases. These agents fight viral diseases either by incorporating the body's defense mechanism or by enhancing the cell's immune system. Regular intake of antiviral foods may prevent future pandemic and consumption of these antiviral agents with traditional medicine may reduce the severity of viral diseases. Therefore, the synergistic effect of antiviral foods and medication needs to be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Shofiul Azam
- Department of Food EngineeringDhaka University of Engineering & TechnologyGazipurBangladesh
| | - Md. Nahidul Islam
- Department of Agro‐ProcessingBangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural UniversityGazipurBangladesh
- Institute of Food Safety and ProcessingBangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural UniversityGazipurBangladesh
| | - Md. Wahiduzzaman
- Bio‐Med Big Data Center, CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, CAS‐MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and HealthUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
| | - Mahabub Alam
- Department of Food Engineering and Tea TechnologyShahjalal University of Science and TechnologySylhetBangladesh
| | - Akib Atique Khan Dhrubo
- Department of Chemical EngineeringDhaka University of Engineering & TechnologyGazipurBangladesh
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Shirani M, Talebi S, Shojaei M, Askari G, Bagherniya M, Guest PC, Sathyapalan T, Sahebkar A. Spices and Biomarkers of COVID-19: A Mechanistic and Therapeutic Perspective. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1412:375-395. [PMID: 37378778 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-28012-2_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
In the face of the COVID-19 pandemic, many people around the world have increased their healthy behaviors to prevent transmission of the virus and potentially improve their immune systems. Therefore, the role of diet and food compounds such as spices with bioactive and antiviral properties may be important in these efforts. In this chapter, we review the efficacy of spices such as turmeric (curcumin), cinnamon, ginger, black pepper, saffron, capsaicin, and cumin by investigating the effects of these compounds of COVID-19 disease severity biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masha Shirani
- Students' Research Committee, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
- Nutrition and Food Security Research Center and Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Shokoofeh Talebi
- Students' Research Committee, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
- Nutrition and Food Security Research Center and Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mehrnaz Shojaei
- Students' Research Committee, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
- Nutrition and Food Security Research Center and Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Askari
- Nutrition and Food Security Research Center and Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
- Anesthesia and Critical Care Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Bagherniya
- Nutrition and Food Security Research Center and Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
- Anesthesia and Critical Care Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Paul C Guest
- Laboratory of Neuroproteomics, Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
- Department of Psychiatry, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
- Laboratory of Translational Psychiatry, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | | | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Nasir Ahmed M, Hughes K. Role of ethno-phytomedicine knowledge in healthcare of COVID-19: advances in traditional phytomedicine perspective. BENI-SUEF UNIVERSITY JOURNAL OF BASIC AND APPLIED SCIENCES 2022; 11:96. [PMID: 35966214 PMCID: PMC9362587 DOI: 10.1186/s43088-022-00277-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Since the outbreak of the COVID-19 virus, ethnomedicinal plants have been used in diverse geographical locations for their purported prophylactic and pharmacological effects. Medicinal plants have been relied on by people around the globe for centuries, as 80% of the world’s population rely on herbal medicines for some aspect of their primary health care needs, according to the World Health Organization.
Main body This review portrays advances in traditional phytomedicine by bridging the knowledge of ethno-phytomedicine and COVID-19 healthcare. Ethnomedicinal plants have been used for symptoms related to COVID-19 as antiviral, anti-infective, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, antipyretic, and lung–gut immune boosters. Traditionally used medicinal plants have the ability to inhibit virus entry and viral assembly, bind to spike proteins, membrane proteins, and block viral replications and enzymes. The efficacy of traditional medicinal plants in the terms of COVID-19 management can be evaluated by in vitro, in vivo as well as different in silico techniques (molecular docking, molecular dynamics simulations, machine learning, etc.) which have been applied extensively to the quest and design of effective biotherapeutics rapidly. Other advances in traditional phytomedicines against COVID-19 are controlled clinical trials, and notably the roles in the gut microbiome. Targeting the gut microbiome via medicinal plants as prebiotics is also found to be an alternative and potential strategy in the search for a COVID-19 combat strategy. Conclusions Since medicinal plants are the sources of modern biotherapeutics development, it is essential to build collaborations among ethnobotanists, scientists, and technologists toward developing the most efficient and the safest adjuvant therapeutics against the pandemic of the twenty-first century, COVID-19.
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Safety and Efficacy of Medicinal Plants Used to Manufacture Herbal Products with Regulatory Approval in Uganda: A Cross-Sectional Study. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2022:1304839. [PMID: 35463071 PMCID: PMC9020950 DOI: 10.1155/2022/1304839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Introduction The Uganda National Drug Authority requires phytochemical screening, freedom from microbial contamination, and evidence of safety and efficacy of the constituent plants to register herbal products. Since Uganda has no pharmacopeia, safety, efficacy, and plant processing information are not readily available. We documented the plant materials used to manufacture products in Uganda and established evidence of their safety and efficacy and availability of monographs. Methods The NDA register of herbal products was reviewed, and a product list was extracted. The herbal products were purchased from local pharmacies, and their labels were studied to identify plant ingredients and drug use. Literature was reviewed to document evidence of the safety and efficacy of the plant materials concerning manufacturer's claims. Also, the WHO and available African Pharmacopeia were searched to establish the availability of the plant monographs. Results Of the 84 NDA-registered local products, only 18 were obtained from the market; 82% were indicated for respiratory tract disorders. Thirty-three plant materials were listed with Eucalyptus globulus Labill, being the commonest. Several in vitro and in vivo studies demonstrate efficacy, thus supporting the use of the selected plant species for empirical treatment as stated on the product label. While most plants were safe, some species such as Albizia coriaria Oliv. had dose-dependent toxicities that cannot be predicted in combinations. The WHO, African Pharmacopoeia, and West African Herbal Pharmacopoeia had only 16 plant monographs of the 33 plants of interest. Nevertheless, Aloe vera (L.) Burm.f., Azadirachta indica A.Juss., Zingiber officinale Roscoe, and Allium sativum L. monographs were published by all three pharmacopoeias. Conclusions Preclinical evidence of safety and efficacy exists in the literature for most of the plants used to manufacture registered herbal products in Uganda. More specific bioassays and clinical trials are required for the products to provide conclusive evidence of safety and toxicity. Monographs are urgently needed for the Ugandan plants.
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Bachar SC, Mazumder K, Bachar R, Aktar A, Al Mahtab M. A Review of Medicinal Plants with Antiviral Activity Available in Bangladesh and Mechanistic Insight Into Their Bioactive Metabolites on SARS-CoV-2, HIV and HBV. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:732891. [PMID: 34819855 PMCID: PMC8606584 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.732891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, viral infection is the most serious health issue which causing unexpected higher rate of death globally. Many viruses are not yet curable, such as corona virus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis virus, human papilloma virus and so others. Furthermore, the toxicities and ineffective responses to resistant strains of synthetic antiviral drugs have reinforced the search of effective and alternative treatment options, such as plant-derived antiviral drug molecules. Therefore, in the present review, an attempt has been taken to summarize the medicinal plants reported for exhibiting antiviral activities available in Bangladesh along with discussing the mechanistic insights into their bioactive components against three most hazardous viruses, namely SARS-CoV-2, HIV, and HBV. The review covers 46 medicinal plants with antiviral activity from 25 families. Among the reported 79 bioactive compounds having antiviral activities isolated from these plants, about 37 of them have been reported for significant activities against varieties of viruses. Hesperidin, apigenin, luteolin, seselin, 6-gingerol, humulene epoxide, quercetin, kaempferol, curcumin, and epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) have been reported to inhibit multiple molecular targets of SARS-CoV-2 viral replication in a number of in silico investigations. Besides, numerous in silico, in vitro, and in vivo bioassays have been demonstrated that EGCG, anolignan-A, and B, ajoene, curcumin, and oleanolic acid exhibit anti-HIV activity while piperine, ursolic acid, oleanolic acid, (+)-cycloolivil-4'-O-β-d-glucopyranoside, quercetin, EGCG, kaempferol, aloin, apigenin, rosmarinic acid, andrographolide, and hesperidin possess anti-HBV activity. Thus, the antiviral medicinal plants and the isolated bioactive compounds may be considered for further advanced investigations with the aim of the development of effective and affordable antiviral drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sitesh C Bachar
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Kishor Mazumder
- Department of Pharmacy, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore, Bangladesh.,School of Optometry and Vision Science, UNSW Medicine, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW, Australia.,School of Biomedical Sciences and Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation, Charles Sturt University, Wagga, NSW, Australia
| | - Ritesh Bachar
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Science and Engineering, University of Information Technology and Sciences, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Asma Aktar
- Department of Pharmacy, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore, Bangladesh
| | - Mamun Al Mahtab
- Department of Hepatology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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Halder P, Pal U, Paladhi P, Dutta S, Paul P, Pal S, Das D, Ganguly A, IshitaDutta, SayarneelMandal, Ray A, Ghosh S. Evaluation of potency of the selected bioactive molecules from Indian medicinal plants with M Pro of SARS-CoV-2 through in silico analysis. J Ayurveda Integr Med 2021; 13:100449. [PMID: 34054246 PMCID: PMC8139275 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaim.2021.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The recent outbreak of novel SARs CoVid-2 across the globe and absence of specific drug against this virus lead the scientific community to look into some alternative indigenous treatments. India as a hub of ayurvedic and medicinal plants can shed light on its treatment using specific active bio-molecules from these plants. Objectives Keeping our herbal resources in mind we were interested to inquire whether some phytochemicals from Indian spices and medicinal plants can be used as alternative therapeutic agents in contrast to synthetic drugs. Materials and methods We used in-silico molecular docking approach to test whether bioactive molecules of herbal origin such as Hyperoside, Nimbaflavone, Ursolic acid, 6-gingerol, 6-shogaol& 6-paradol, Curcumin, Catechins&Epigallocatechin, α-Hederin, Piperine could bind and potentially block theMproenzyme of Sars-CoV-2 virus. Results Ursolic acid showed the highest docking score (-8.7 kcal/mol) followed by Hyperoside (-8.6kcal/mol), α-Hederin (-8.5 kcal/mol) and Nimbaflavone (-8.0kcal/mol). Epigallocatechin, Catechins, and Curcumin also exhibited high binding affinity (Docking score -7.3, -7.1 and -7.1 kcal/mol) with the Mpro. Rest of the tested phytochemicals exhibited moderate binding and inhibitory effects. Conclusion This finding provides a basis for biochemical assay on Sars-CoV-2 virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinku Halder
- Cytogenetics& Genomics Research Unit, Department of Zoology; University of Calcutta, Taraknath-Palit-Siksha-Prangan (Ballygunge Science College Campus), 35 Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata, WestBengal, India,Pincode: 700019
| | - Upamanyu Pal
- Cytogenetics& Genomics Research Unit, Department of Zoology; University of Calcutta, Taraknath-Palit-Siksha-Prangan (Ballygunge Science College Campus), 35 Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata, WestBengal, India,Pincode: 700019
| | - Pranab Paladhi
- Cytogenetics& Genomics Research Unit, Department of Zoology; University of Calcutta, Taraknath-Palit-Siksha-Prangan (Ballygunge Science College Campus), 35 Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata, WestBengal, India,Pincode: 700019
| | - Saurav Dutta
- Cytogenetics& Genomics Research Unit, Department of Zoology; University of Calcutta, Taraknath-Palit-Siksha-Prangan (Ballygunge Science College Campus), 35 Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata, WestBengal, India,Pincode: 700019
| | - Pallab Paul
- Cytogenetics& Genomics Research Unit, Department of Zoology; University of Calcutta, Taraknath-Palit-Siksha-Prangan (Ballygunge Science College Campus), 35 Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata, WestBengal, India,Pincode: 700019
| | - Samudra Pal
- Cytogenetics& Genomics Research Unit, Department of Zoology; University of Calcutta, Taraknath-Palit-Siksha-Prangan (Ballygunge Science College Campus), 35 Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata, WestBengal, India,Pincode: 700019
| | - Debasmita Das
- Cytogenetics& Genomics Research Unit, Department of Zoology; University of Calcutta, Taraknath-Palit-Siksha-Prangan (Ballygunge Science College Campus), 35 Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata, WestBengal, India,Pincode: 700019
| | - Agnish Ganguly
- Cytogenetics& Genomics Research Unit, Department of Zoology; University of Calcutta, Taraknath-Palit-Siksha-Prangan (Ballygunge Science College Campus), 35 Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata, WestBengal, India,Pincode: 700019
| | - IshitaDutta
- Cytogenetics& Genomics Research Unit, Department of Zoology; University of Calcutta, Taraknath-Palit-Siksha-Prangan (Ballygunge Science College Campus), 35 Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata, WestBengal, India,Pincode: 700019
| | - SayarneelMandal
- Cytogenetics& Genomics Research Unit, Department of Zoology; University of Calcutta, Taraknath-Palit-Siksha-Prangan (Ballygunge Science College Campus), 35 Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata, WestBengal, India,Pincode: 700019
| | - Anirban Ray
- Department of Zoology, Bangabasi Morning College (affiliated to University of Calcutta), Kolkata, West Bengal, India, Pincode: 700009
| | - Sujay Ghosh
- Cytogenetics& Genomics Research Unit, Department of Zoology; University of Calcutta, Taraknath-Palit-Siksha-Prangan (Ballygunge Science College Campus), 35 Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata, WestBengal, India,Pincode: 700019
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Umashankar V, Deshpande SH, Hegde HV, Singh I, Chattopadhyay D. Phytochemical Moieties From Indian Traditional Medicine for Targeting Dual Hotspots on SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein: An Integrative in-silico Approach. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:672629. [PMID: 34026798 PMCID: PMC8137902 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.672629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 infection across the world has led to immense turbulence in the treatment modality, thus demanding a swift drug discovery process. Spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 binds to ACE2 receptor of human to initiate host invasion. Plethora of studies demonstrate the inhibition of Spike-ACE2 interactions to impair infection. The ancient Indian traditional medicine has been of great interest of Virologists worldwide to decipher potential antivirals. Hence, in this study, phytochemicals (1,952 compounds) from eight potential medicinal plants used in Indian traditional medicine were meticulously collated, based on their usage in respiratory disorders, along with immunomodulatory and anti-viral potential from contemporary literature. Further, these compounds were virtually screened against Receptor Binding Domain (RBD) of Spike protein. The potential compounds from each plant were prioritized based on the binding affinity, key hotspot interactions at ACE2 binding region and glycosylation sites. Finally, the potential hits in complex with spike protein were subjected to Molecular Dynamics simulation (450 ns), to infer the stability of complex formation. Among the compounds screened, Tellimagrandin-II (binding energy of −8.2 kcal/mol and binding free energy of −32.08 kcal/mol) from Syzygium aromaticum L. and O-Demethyl-demethoxy-curcumin (binding energy of −8.0 kcal/mol and binding free energy of −12.48 kcal/mol) from Curcuma longa L. were found to be highly potential due to their higher binding affinity and significant binding free energy (MM-PBSA), along with favorable ADMET properties and stable intermolecular interactions with hotspots (including the ASN343 glycosylation site). The proposed hits are highly promising, as these are resultant of stringent in silico checkpoints, traditionally used, and are documented through contemporary literature. Hence, could serve as promising leads for subsequent experimental validations.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Umashankar
- ICMR-National Institute of Traditional Medicine, Indian Council of Medical Research, Department of Health Research (Government of India), Belagavi, India
| | - Sanjay H Deshpande
- ICMR-National Institute of Traditional Medicine, Indian Council of Medical Research, Department of Health Research (Government of India), Belagavi, India
| | - Harsha V Hegde
- ICMR-National Institute of Traditional Medicine, Indian Council of Medical Research, Department of Health Research (Government of India), Belagavi, India
| | - Ishwar Singh
- ICMR-National Institute of Traditional Medicine, Indian Council of Medical Research, Department of Health Research (Government of India), Belagavi, India
| | - Debprasad Chattopadhyay
- ICMR-National Institute of Traditional Medicine, Indian Council of Medical Research, Department of Health Research (Government of India), Belagavi, India
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