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Gómez M, Casado A, de Diego M, Pastor JF, Potau JM. Anatomical and molecular analyses of the deltoid muscle in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and modern humans (Homo sapiens): Similarities and differences due to the uses of the upper extremity. Am J Primatol 2022; 84:e23390. [PMID: 35561001 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.23390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
In the deltoid muscles of Pan troglodytes and Homo sapiens, we have analyzed the muscle architecture and the expression of the myosin heavy chain (MHC) isoforms. Our aim was to identify differences between the two species that could be related to their different uses of the upper limb. The deltoid muscle of six adult Pan troglodytes and six adult Homo sapiens were dissected. The muscle fascicle length (MFL) and the physiological cross-sectional area (PCSA) of each muscle were calculated in absolute and normalized values. The expression pattern of the MHC-I, MHC-IIa and MHC-IIx isoforms was analyzed in the same muscles by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Only the acromial deltoid (AD) presented significant architectural differences between the two species, with higher MFL values in humans and higher PCSA values in chimpanzees. No significant differences in the expression pattern of the MHC isoforms were identified. The higher PCSA values in the AD of Pan troglodytes indicate a greater capacity of force generation in chimpanzees than in humans, which may be related to a greater use of the upper limb in locomotion, specifically in arboreal locomotion like vertical climbing. The functional differences between chimpanzees and humans in the deltoid muscle are more related to muscle architecture than to a differential expression of MHC isoforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Gómez
- Department of Surgery and Surgical Specializations, Unit of Human Anatomy and Embryology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Aroa Casado
- Department of Surgery and Surgical Specializations, Unit of Human Anatomy and Embryology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut d'Arqueologia de la Universitat de Barcelona (IAUB), Faculty of Geography and History, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marina de Diego
- Department of Surgery and Surgical Specializations, Unit of Human Anatomy and Embryology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Josep Maria Potau
- Department of Surgery and Surgical Specializations, Unit of Human Anatomy and Embryology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut d'Arqueologia de la Universitat de Barcelona (IAUB), Faculty of Geography and History, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Molenaar JP, Verhoeven JI, Rodenburg RJ, Kamsteeg EJ, Erasmus CE, Vicart S, Behin A, Bassez G, Magot A, Péréon Y, Brandom BW, Guglielmi V, Vattemi G, Chevessier F, Mathieu J, Franques J, Suetterlin K, Hanna MG, Guyant-Marechal L, Snoeck MM, Roberts ME, Kuntzer T, Fernandez-Torron R, Martínez-Arroyo A, Seeger J, Kusters B, Treves S, van Engelen BG, Eymard B, Voermans NC, Sternberg D. Clinical, morphological and genetic characterization of Brody disease: an international study of 40 patients. Brain 2020; 143:452-466. [PMID: 32040565 PMCID: PMC7009512 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awz410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Brody disease is an autosomal recessive myopathy characterized by exercise-induced muscle stiffness due to mutations in the ATP2A1 gene. Almost 50 years after the initial case presentation, only 18 patients have been reported and many questions regarding the clinical phenotype and results of ancillary investigations remain unanswered, likely leading to incomplete recognition and consequently under-diagnosis. Additionally, little is known about the natural history of the disorder, genotype-phenotype correlations, and the effects of symptomatic treatment. We studied the largest cohort of Brody disease patients to date (n = 40), consisting of 22 new patients (19 novel mutations) and all 18 previously published patients. This observational study shows that the main feature of Brody disease is an exercise-induced muscle stiffness of the limbs, and often of the eyelids. Onset begins in childhood and there was no or only mild progression of symptoms over time. Four patients had episodes resembling malignant hyperthermia. The key finding at physical examination was delayed relaxation after repetitive contractions. Additionally, no atrophy was seen, muscle strength was generally preserved, and some patients had a remarkable athletic build. Symptomatic treatment was mostly ineffective or produced unacceptable side effects. EMG showed silent contractures in approximately half of the patients and no myotonia. Creatine kinase was normal or mildly elevated, and muscle biopsy showed mild myopathic changes with selective type II atrophy. Sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase (SERCA) activity was reduced and western blot analysis showed decreased or absent SERCA1 protein. Based on this cohort, we conclude that Brody disease should be considered in cases of exercise-induced muscle stiffness. When physical examination shows delayed relaxation, and there are no myotonic discharges at electromyography, we recommend direct sequencing of the ATP2A1 gene or next generation sequencing with a myopathy panel. Aside from clinical features, SERCA activity measurement and SERCA1 western blot can assist in proving the pathogenicity of novel ATP2A1 mutations. Finally, patients with Brody disease may be at risk for malignant hyperthermia-like episodes, and therefore appropriate perioperative measures are recommended. This study will help improve understanding and recognition of Brody disease as a distinct myopathy in the broader field of calcium-related myopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joery P Molenaar
- Department of Neurology, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jamie I Verhoeven
- Department of Neurology, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Richard J Rodenburg
- Department of Pediatrics, Translational Metabolic Laboratory, Radboud Center for Mitochondrial Medicine, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Erik J Kamsteeg
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Corrie E Erasmus
- Department of Neurology, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Savine Vicart
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Centre de Référence des Canalopathies Musculaires, Centre de Référence des Maladies Neuromusculaires-Paris Est et Service de Génétique, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Anthony Behin
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Centre de Référence des Canalopathies Musculaires, Centre de Référence des Maladies Neuromusculaires-Paris Est et Service de Génétique, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Guillaume Bassez
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Centre de Référence des Canalopathies Musculaires, Centre de Référence des Maladies Neuromusculaires-Paris Est et Service de Génétique, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Armelle Magot
- CHU Nantes, Centre de Référence Maladies Neuromusculaires AOC, Nantes, France
| | - Yann Péréon
- CHU Nantes, Centre de Référence Maladies Neuromusculaires AOC, Nantes, France
| | - Barbara W Brandom
- Department of Anesthesiology, Children's Hospital, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Valeria Guglielmi
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Section of Clinical Neurology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Gaetano Vattemi
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Section of Clinical Neurology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | | | - Jean Mathieu
- Neuromuscular Clinic, Centre de Réadaptation en Déficience Physique de Jonquière, Jonquière, Québec, Canada
| | - Jérôme Franques
- Centre de référence des maladies neuromusculaires et de la SLA, hôpital La Timone, AP-HM, Aix-Marseille université, avenue Jean-Moulin, Marseille, France
| | - Karen Suetterlin
- MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Michael G Hanna
- MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London, UK
| | | | - Marc M Snoeck
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Canisius-Wilhelmina Ziekenhuis, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Mark E Roberts
- Department of Neurology, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Greater Manchester, UK
| | - Thierry Kuntzer
- Nerve-Muscle Unit, Service of Neurology, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Roberto Fernandez-Torron
- Neuromuscular Area, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Donostia, CIBERNED, San Sebastián, Spain
| | | | - Juergen Seeger
- Sozialpädiatrisches Zentrum Frankfurt Mitte, Neuromuskulares Zentrum, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Benno Kusters
- Department of Pathology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Susan Treves
- Departments of Anesthesia and Biomedicine, Basel University and Basel University Hospital, Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Life Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Baziel G van Engelen
- Department of Neurology, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Bruno Eymard
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Centre de Référence des Canalopathies Musculaires, Centre de Référence des Maladies Neuromusculaires-Paris Est et Service de Génétique, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Nicol C Voermans
- Department of Neurology, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Damien Sternberg
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Centre de Référence des Canalopathies Musculaires, Centre de Référence des Maladies Neuromusculaires-Paris Est et Service de Génétique, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
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