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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To analyze the feasibility and safety of Natural Orifice Transluminal Endoscopic Surgery (NOTES) appendectomy, and to analyze separately the transvaginal appendectomy (TVAE) and the transgastric appendectomy (TGAE) procedures. BACKGROUND Laparoscopic appendectomy has rare but relevant complications, namely incisional hernias and neuralgia at the trocar sites, which can potentially be avoided by the NOTES techniques. METHODS The first 217 data sets of the largest NOTES registry worldwide-the German NOTES registry-were analyzed with respect to demographic data, procedural data, and short-term outcomes. Furthermore, TVAEs were compared with TGAEs. RESULTS Almost all procedures were performed in hybrid technique (median of percutaneous trocars: 1). Median age (TVAE: 30.5 yrs vs TGAE: 25 yrs; P < 0.017), body mass index (TVAE: 22.8 kg/m vs TGAE: 24.1 kg/m; P < 0.016), and American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) classification (I/II/III; TVAE: 57.1%/41.8%/1.0% vs TGAE: 27.8%/69.4%/2.8%; P < 0.003) significantly differed between both access techniques. Whereas the median number of percutaneous trocars (TVAE: 1 vs TGAE: 1; P < 0.450), the need of additional trocars (TVAE: 6.6% vs TGAE: 13.9%; P < 0.156), the intra, and also postoperative rate of complications (TVAE: 0%/5.5% vs TGAE: 0%/11.1%; P < 1.000/0.258), and the median postoperative hospital stay (TVAE: 3 d vs TGAE: 3 d; P < 0.152) were comparable; the median procedural time (TVAE: 35 minutes vs TGAE: 96 minutes; P < 0.001) and conversion to laparotomy rate (TVAE: 0% vs TGAE: 5.6%; P < 0.023) were significantly less after TVAE. CONCLUSIONS The evaluation of the largest patient collective so far indicates that hybrid NOTES appendectomy is a safe procedure, with advantages for the transvaginal technique with respect to procedural time and conversion rate.
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Wang D, Liu Y, Chen D, Li X, Wu R, Liu W, Leung JW, Zhang C, Li Z. Flexible transgastric endoscopic liver cyst fenestration: A feasibility study in humans (with video). Medicine (Baltimore) 2016; 95:e5420. [PMID: 28002325 PMCID: PMC5181809 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000005420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
There is no clinical report on the use of natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) for the management of patients with large liver cysts.This study aims to evaluate the feasibility and safety of NOTES for liver cyst fenestration in humans using a currently available technique.From February 2009 to June 2010, 4 cases of transgastric endoscopic liver cyst fenestration were performed; in which 3 cases received NOTES only, while 1 case received additional laparoscopic assistance.Mean time to endoscopically locate the liver cyst was 16 minutes (5-22 minutes). Cysts that were present in the left lobe or on the liver surface were easier to locate endoscopically. Transgastric endoscopic liver cyst fenestration was successful in all patients. The use of an occlusion balloon helped in the endoscopic clipping of the gastrotomy incision. Mean operative time was 101.3 minutes (range, 90-112 minutes), and there were no intra- or postoperative complications including infections. All patients recovered well after the surgery, with only minor postoperative throat pain. There was no recurrence at a mean follow-up of 12 months (range, 6-48 months).Small sample size.It may be technically feasible and safe to perform transgastric endoscopic liver cyst fenestration in humans with no recurrence at follow up.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Danlei Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xi Li
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | | | | | - Joseph W. Leung
- Division of Gastroenterology, UC Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA
| | - Chuansen Zhang
- Department of Anatomy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
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Arroyo Vázquez J, Bergström M, Dot J, Abu-Suboh-Abadia M, Fonseca C, Esteves M, Azadani A, Armengol J, Masachs M, Armengol-Miró JR, Park PO. Surgical Trauma Caused by Different Abdominal Access Routes-Comparison of Open Surgical, Laparoscopic, and NOTES Transgastric Techniques in a Porcine Model. J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech A 2016; 26:511-6. [PMID: 27163486 DOI: 10.1089/lap.2016.0034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Investigations indicate that natural orifice translumenal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) procedures induce a less pronounced postoperative inflammatory response than open or laparoscopic surgery, inflicting less trauma. In NOTES procedures, no skin incision is performed. We compare the inflammatory response added by the type of incision by measuring C-reactive protein (CRP) and tumors necrosis factor-alfa (TNF-α). METHODS Twenty-seven pigs were randomized to open surgical, laparoscopic, or transgastric NOTES abdominal access. After completion of the accesses, no surgery was performed. All accesses were left open for 40 minutes followed by closure, animals were survived for 7 days. Blood samples were drawn at the start of the accesses, at 20 and 40 minutes during the procedure, and at postoperative day (POD) 1, 3, and 7. Analyses of CRP and TNF-α were performed. RESULTS CRP increased in all animals until POD1. This increase was greater in the open group (P = .006). No significant differences in CRP-levels were found at POD 1, 3, or 7. TNF-α showed a peak during the procedure, at 20 and 40 minutes, with normalization at POD1 for 1/3 of the open and laparoscopic animals, but not for the NOTES animals. Due to variations within the groups, no statistical difference was shown between them. At postmortem, 1/3 of the pigs in the laparoscopic and open groups had wound infections, while no NOTES animals showed infections. CONCLUSIONS This study provides no statistically significant differences in inflammatory response after the different abdominal accesses. However, the lack of a TNF-α-peak in the NOTES group might indicate a less pronounced response, supporting the initial theories.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria Bergström
- 1 Department of Surgery, South Älvsborg Hospital , Borås, Sweden .,2 Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg University , Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Joan Dot
- 3 Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron , Wider-Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Carla Fonseca
- 3 Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron , Wider-Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain .,4 Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, VHIR, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona , Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marielle Esteves
- 3 Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron , Wider-Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain .,4 Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, VHIR, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona , Barcelona, Spain
| | - Asghar Azadani
- 2 Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg University , Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jordi Armengol
- 3 Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron , Wider-Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miquel Masachs
- 3 Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron , Wider-Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - José Ramon Armengol-Miró
- 3 Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron , Wider-Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain .,4 Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, VHIR, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona , Barcelona, Spain
| | - Per-Ola Park
- 1 Department of Surgery, South Älvsborg Hospital , Borås, Sweden .,2 Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg University , Gothenburg, Sweden
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Xu B, Xu B, Zheng WY, Ge HY, Wang LW, Song ZS, He B. Transvaginal cholecystectomy vs conventional laparoscopic cholecystectomy for gallbladder disease: A meta-analysis. World J Gastroenterol 2015; 21:5393-5406. [PMID: 25954114 PMCID: PMC4419081 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v21.i17.5393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Revised: 11/29/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To compare the results of transvaginal cholecystectomy (TVC) and conventional laparoscopic cholecystectomy (CLC) for gallbladder disease.
METHODS: We performed a literature search of PubMed, EMBASE, Ovid, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, Google Scholar, MetaRegister of Controlled Trials, Chinese Medical Journal database and Wanfang Data for trials comparing outcomes between TVC and CLC. Data were extracted by two authors. Mean difference (MD), standardized mean difference (SMD), odds ratios and risk rate with 95%CIs were calculated using fixed- or random-effects models. Statistical heterogeneity was evaluated with the χ2 test. The fixed-effects model was used in the absence of statistically significant heterogeneity. The random-effects model was chosen when heterogeneity was found.
RESULTS: There were 730 patients in nine controlled clinical trials. No significant difference was found regarding demographic characteristics (P > 0.5), including anesthetic risk score, age, body mass index, and abdominal surgical history between the TVC and CLC groups. Both groups had similar mortality, morbidity, and return to work after surgery. Patients in the TVC group had a lower pain score on postoperative day 1 (SMD: -0.957, 95%CI: -1.488 to -0.426, P < 0.001), needed less postoperative analgesic medication (SMD: -0.574, 95%CI: -0.807 to -0.341, P < 0.001) and stayed for a shorter time in hospital (MD: -1.004 d, 95%CI: -1.779 to 0.228, P = 0.011), but had longer operative time (MD: 17.307 min, 95%CI: 6.789 to 27.826, P = 0.001). TVC had no significant influence on postoperative sexual function and quality of life. Better cosmetic results and satisfaction were achieved in the TVC group.
CONCLUSION: TVC is safe and effective for gallbladder disease. However, vaginal injury might occur, and further trials are needed to compare TVC with CLC.
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Abstract
Transvaginal endoscopic salpingectomy for tubal ectopic pregnancy appears to be feasible and safe and may result in less postoperative pain compared with a laparoscopic approach. Objective: To explore the feasibility, safety, efficacy, and cosmetic outcomes of transvaginal endoscopic salpingectomy for tubal ectopic pregnancy. Methods: From May 2009 to May 2012, we prospectively enrolled 40 patients, each of whom had been scheduled for a salpingectomy because of a tubal ectopic pregnancy, and randomized them into two groups: transvaginal endoscopic surgery and laparoscopic approach. We recorded the estimated blood loss, time of anal exhaust, postoperative pain score, length of stay, and scar assessment scale associated with transvaginal endoscopic access (n = 18) (natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery) and laparoscopic salpingectomy (n = 20) (control group) for tubal ectopic pregnancy. The transvaginal salpingectomy was performed with a double-channel endoscope through a vaginal puncture. A single surgeon performed the surgical procedures in patients in both groups. Results: The group that underwent the transvaginal endoscopic procedure reported lesser pain at all postoperative visits than the group that underwent the laparoscopic approach. The duration of time for transvaginal endoscopic surgery was slightly longer than that for the laparoscopic approach. However, there was no statistically significant difference between the two groups in the duration of operative time. The group that underwent transvaginal endoscopic surgery was more satisfied with the absence of an external scar than the group that underwent the laparoscopic procedure, which left a scar. The estimated blood loss, time of anal exhaust, and length of stay were the same in both groups. Conclusion: The safety and efficacy of transvaginal endoscopic salpingectomy for tubal ectopic pregnancy are equivalent to those of the laparoscopic procedure. Lesser postoperative pain and a more satisfactory cosmetic outcome were found with the transvaginal endoscopic procedure, making it the more preferred method and superior to the laparoscopic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boqun Xu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yawen Liu
- Institute of Digestive Endoscopy & Medical Center for Digestive Diseases, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoyan Ying
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 121 Jiang Jia Yuan, Xia Guan Qu, Nanjing 210011, China.
| | - Zhining Fan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital, Yangzhou, China
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Bergström M, Azadani A, Falk P, Park PO. Stress response and well-being after open, laparoscopic, and NOTES transgastric uterine horn resection in a randomized porcine model. Surg Endosc 2014; 28:2421-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s00464-014-3491-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2013] [Accepted: 02/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Bingener J, Ibrahim-zada I. Natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery for intra-abdominal emergency conditions. Br J Surg 2013; 101:e80-9. [PMID: 24273005 DOI: 10.1002/bjs.9352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patient benefits from natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) are of interest in acute-care surgery. This review provides an overview of the historical development of NOTES procedures, and addresses their current uses and limitations for intra-abdominal emergency conditions. METHODS A PubMed search was carried out for articles describing NOTES approaches for appendicectomy, percutaneous gastrostomy, hollow viscus perforation and pancreatic necrosectomy. Pertinent articles were reviewed and data on available outcomes synthesized. RESULTS Emergency conditions in surgery tax the patient's cardiovascular and respiratory systems, and fluid and electrolyte balance. The operative intervention itself leads to an inflammatory response and blood loss, thus adding to the physiological stress. NOTES provides a minimally invasive alternative access to the peritoneal cavity, avoiding abdominal wall incisions. A clear advantage to the patient is evident with the implementation of an endoscopic approach to deal with inadvertently displaced percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy tubes and perforated gastroduodenal ulcer. The NOTES approach appears less invasive for patients with infected pancreatic necrosis, in whom it allows surgical debridement and avoidance of open necrosectomy. Transvaginal appendicectomy is the second most frequently performed NOTES procedure after cholecystectomy. The NOTES concept has provided a change in perspective for intramural and transmural endoscopic approaches to iatrogenic perforations during endoscopy. CONCLUSION NOTES approaches have been implemented in clinical practice over the past decade. Selected techniques offer reduced invasiveness for patients with intra-abdominal emergencies, and may improve outcomes. Steady future development and adoption of NOTES are likely to follow as technology improves and surgeons become comfortable with the approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Bingener
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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Liu L, Chiu PWY, Reddy N, Ho KY, Kitano S, Seo DW, Tajiri H. Natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) for clinical management of intra-abdominal diseases. Dig Endosc 2013; 25:565-77. [PMID: 23967798 DOI: 10.1111/den.12154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 07/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Clinical research on natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) has been increasingly reported over the past 5 years and more than 1200 patients have received various NOTES procedures. The present article reviews the clinical practice of NOTES for the treatment of intra-abdominal diseases, and was carried out through systematic search with specific keywords in major databases for NOTES-related clinical literature. The last date of the search was 15 August, 2012. Transvaginal cholecystectomy is the commonest NOTES procedure reported, and its clinical feasibility and safety was established through prospective case series and randomized trials. There is a regional difference in NOTES development with the majority of NOTES fromCaucasian countries being transvaginal cholecystectomy and most reports from Asian countries being NOTES-related procedures. Safe closure of gastrointestinal access remains challenging, and novel endoscopic instruments are essential to enhance future development of NOTES.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Liu
- Department of Surgery, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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Zhang XL, Sun G, Tang P, Zhang RG, Yang YS. Endoscopic closure of experimental iatrogenic gastric fundus perforation using over-the-scope clips in a surviving canine model. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2013; 28:1502-6. [PMID: 23730967 DOI: 10.1111/jgh.12288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM To evaluate the effectiveness and outcomes of endoscopic closure of a gastric fundus perforation using over-the-scope clips (OTSCs) system in a surviving canine model. METHODS Gastric fundus perforations (20-mm diameter) were created by an endoscopic needle-knife in six dogs. The perforations then were closed by the OTSC system. Gastroscopy was performed to evaluate the postoperative perforation healing every week. The animals were sacrificed 4 weeks later to examine the possible intraperitoneal complications, and the healing of the perforation was examined histopathologically. RESULTS The gastric fundus perforations could primarily be closed using one OTSC in each experimental dog, and the mean time of the procedure was 17.3 ± 7.6 min (9-26 min). All animals survived without postoperative complications. The OTSC retention was observed in one dog at the end of 4 weeks, and the apparent foreign-body reaction was examined pathologically. CONCLUSIONS Our surviving animal study demonstrated that the OTSC clip system could reliably close gastric fundus perforations without complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu Li Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
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Kaehler G, Schoenberg MB, Kienle P, Post S, Magdeburg R. Transgastric appendicectomy. Br J Surg 2013; 100:911-5. [DOI: 10.1002/bjs.9115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Experimental studies and small anecdotal reports have documented the potential and feasibility of transgastric appendicectomy. This paper reports the results of the new technique in a selected group of patients.
Methods
From April 2010 transgastric appendicectomy was offered to all patients with acute appendicitis, but without generalized peritonitis or local contraindications.
Results
Of 111 eligible patients 15 agreed to undergo the transgastric operation. After conversion of the first case to laparoscopy because of severe inflammation and adhesions, the following 14 consecutive transgastric procedures were completed. Two patients with initial peritonitis required laparoscopic lavage 4 days after transgastric appendicectomy, but no leaks were detected at the appendiceal stump or stomach.
Conclusion
These preliminary results have shown the feasibility of this innovative procedure. Additional studies, however, are required to demonstrate the specific advantages and disadvantages of this approach, and define its role in clinical surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Kaehler
- Surgical Department, University Medical Centre Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - M B Schoenberg
- Surgical Department, University Medical Centre Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - P Kienle
- Surgical Department, University Medical Centre Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - S Post
- Surgical Department, University Medical Centre Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - R Magdeburg
- Surgical Department, University Medical Centre Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
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Sanchez JE, Marcet JE. Colorectal natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) and transvaginal/transrectal specimen extraction. Tech Coloproctol 2013; 17 Suppl 1:S69-73. [PMID: 23345040 DOI: 10.1007/s10151-012-0934-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2011] [Accepted: 10/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Advancements in minimally invasive surgery have both revolutionized laparoscopy and set the stage for the advancement of endoscopic surgery to the forefront of modern medicine. Natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) has now become a subject of great interest to surgeons worldwide who wish to reduce the morbidity associated with abdominal operations. However, the application of NOTES to colorectal surgery has thus far been limited due to the complex dissection, anastomosis and specimen extraction typically required when operating on the large bowel. For this reason, laparoscopic-assisted natural orifice surgery has been the means by which most surgeons have begun to incorporate natural orifice surgery into their established practices. Transanal endoscopic surgery, transvaginal-assisted laparoscopy and transrectal specimen extraction are all emerging techniques that may be currently employed, in a hybrid manner, with traditionally accepted laparoscopic operations in order to transition toward less invasive surgery and even pure NOTES. To this end, the vagina appears to be the most practical and widely used site of specimen extraction and adjunct access site for laparoscopic hybrid operations. An accompanying video demonstrates the authors' preferred technique for transvaginal and transrectal specimen extraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Sanchez
- Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, University of South Florida, 1 Tampa General Circle, Suite F-145, Tampa, FL 33602, USA
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Bulian DR, Knuth J, Sauerwald A, Ströhlein MA, Lefering R, Ansorg J, Heiss MM. Appendectomy in Germany-an analysis of a nationwide survey 2011/2012. Int J Colorectal Dis 2013; 28:127-38. [PMID: 22932909 DOI: 10.1007/s00384-012-1573-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/14/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Although appendectomies are frequently performed and new procedural techniques have emerged, no nationwide analysis exists after the cessation of the German quality control in 2004. METHODS One thousand eight hundred seventy surgical hospitals in Germany were asked to answer questions anonymously concerning the size of the department, applied procedural techniques, various technical details, as well as the approach to the intraoperative finding of an inconspicuous appendix. RESULTS We received 643 questionnaires (34.4 %) for evaluation. Almost all hospitals (95.5 %) offer laparoscopic appendectomy (LA), 15.4 % offer single-port (SPA), and 2.2 % (hybrid-) NOTES technique (NA). LA is the standard procedure in 85.2 % of male and in 89.1 % for female patients. In an open procedure (OA), the appendix and mesoappendix are mostly ligated (93.8 and 91.5 %). A Veress needle and open access are employed equally for LA. In 66.6 % of LA, the appendix is divided using an Endo-GIA, the mesoappendix in 45.5 % with bipolar coagulation. Almost half of the hospitals routinely flush the site in OA and LA. In open surgery with an inconspicuous appendix but a pathological finding elsewhere in the abdomen, it is resected "en principe" in 64.7 % and in the absence of any pathological finding in 91.2 %. For laparoscopic procedures, the numbers are 54.8 and 88.4 %. CONCLUSIONS Most German hospitals perform appendectomies laparoscopically regardless of patients' gender. Usage of an Endo-GIA is widely established. SPA has not gained much acceptance, nor is NA widely used yet. In the absence of any pathological findings in particular, the macroscopically inconspicuous appendix results in an appendectomy "en principe" in most German hospitals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Rolf Bulian
- Department of Abdominal, Vascular and Transplant Surgery, Cologne-Merheim Medical Center, Witten/Herdecke University, Ostmerheimer Strasse 200, 51109 Cologne, Germany.
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Agresta F, Ansaloni L, Baiocchi GL, Bergamini C, Campanile FC, Carlucci M, Cocorullo G, Corradi A, Franzato B, Lupo M, Mandalà V, Mirabella A, Pernazza G, Piccoli M, Staudacher C, Vettoretto N, Zago M, Lettieri E, Levati A, Pietrini D, Scaglione M, De Masi S, De Placido G, Francucci M, Rasi M, Fingerhut A, Uranüs S, Garattini S. Laparoscopic approach to acute abdomen from the Consensus Development Conference of the Società Italiana di Chirurgia Endoscopica e nuove tecnologie (SICE), Associazione Chirurghi Ospedalieri Italiani (ACOI), Società Italiana di Chirurgia (SIC), Società Italiana di Chirurgia d'Urgenza e del Trauma (SICUT), Società Italiana di Chirurgia nell'Ospedalità Privata (SICOP), and the European Association for Endoscopic Surgery (EAES). Surg Endosc 2012; 26:2134-64. [PMID: 22736283 DOI: 10.1007/s00464-012-2331-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2011] [Accepted: 04/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In January 2010, the SICE (Italian Society of Endoscopic Surgery), under the auspices of the EAES, decided to revisit the clinical recommendations for the role of laparoscopy in abdominal emergencies in adults, with the primary intent being to update the 2006 EAES indications and supplement the existing guidelines on specific diseases. METHODS Other Italian surgical societies were invited into the Consensus to form a panel of 12 expert surgeons. In order to get a multidisciplinary panel, other stakeholders involved in abdominal emergencies were invited along with a patient's association. In November 2010, the panel met in Rome to discuss each chapter according to the Delphi method, producing key statements with a grade of recommendations followed by commentary to explain the rationale and the level of evidence behind the statements. Thereafter, the statements were presented to the Annual Congress of the EAES in June 2011. RESULTS A thorough literature review was necessary to assess whether the recommendations issued in 2006 are still current. In many cases new studies allowed us to better clarify some issues (such as for diverticulitis, small bowel obstruction, pancreatitis, hernias, trauma), to confirm the key role of laparoscopy (such as for cholecystitis, gynecological disorders, nonspecific abdominal pain, appendicitis), but occasionally previous strong recommendations have to be challenged after review of recent research (such as for perforated peptic ulcer). CONCLUSIONS Every surgeon has to develop his or her own approach, taking into account the clinical situation, her/his proficiency (and the experience of the team) with the various techniques, and the specific organizational setting in which she/he is working. This guideline has been developed bearing in mind that every surgeon could use the data reported to support her/his judgment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferdinando Agresta
- Department of General Surgery, Presidio Ospedaliero di Adria, Piazza degli Etruschi, 9, 45011 Adria, RO, Italy.
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Natural orifice translumenal endoscopic surgery in humans: a review. Minim Invasive Surg 2012; 2012:189296. [PMID: 22720153 PMCID: PMC3375094 DOI: 10.1155/2012/189296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2012] [Accepted: 03/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural orifice translumenal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) had its origins in numerous small animal studies primarily examining safety and feasibility. In human trials, safety and feasibility remain at the forefront; however, additional logistic, practical, and regulatory requirements must be addressed. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate and summarize published studies to date of NOTES in humans. The literature review was performed using PUBMED and MEDLINE databases. Articles published in human populations between 2007 and 2011 were evaluated. A review of this time period resulted in 48 studies describing procedures in 916 patients. Transcolonic and transvesicular procedures were excluded. The most common procedure was cholecystectomy (682, 75%). The most common approach was transvaginal (721, 79%). 424 procedures (46%) were pure NOTES and 491 (54%) were hybrid NOTES cases. 127 (14%) were performed in the United States of America and 789 (86%) were performed internationally. Since 2007, there has been major development in NOTES in human populations. A preponderance of published NOTES procedures were performed internationally. With further development, NOTES may make less invasive surgery available to a larger human population.
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Al-Haddad M, McKenna D, Ko J, Sherman S, Selzer DJ, Mattar SG, Imperiale TF, Rex DK, Nakeeb A, Jeong SM, Johnson CS, Freeman LJ. Deep sedation in natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery (NOTES): a comparative study with dogs. Surg Endosc 2012; 26:3163-73. [PMID: 22580877 DOI: 10.1007/s00464-012-2309-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2011] [Accepted: 04/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) has been mostly performed with the animal under general and inhalational anesthesia (IA-NOTES). To date, NOTES using propofol sedation (PS-NOTES) has not been investigated. This study aimed to assess the feasibility and safety of PS-NOTES for transgastric oophorectomy with carbon dioxide insufflation and to compare its success rates with those of conventional IA-NOTES. METHODS In this prospective randomized study, NOTES oophorectomy was performed for 19 female dogs randomized to two conditions: PS (study group) and IA (control group). Sedation success rates (ability to visualize and resect ovaries without converting to IA), operative success rates (ability to resect and retrieve both ovaries in full using only NOTES), and vital parameters including hemodynamic and respiratory changes were documented. RESULTS In the PS-NOTES group (n = 9), the sedation success rate was 100 %. The operative success rate was 67 % (6 of 9 animals) compared with 80 % (8 of 10 animals) in the IA-NOTES group. No purposeful movement occurred during surgical manipulation and no respiratory or cardiovascular complications in occurred the PS group. Heart rate (HR) and end-tidal carbon dioxide (ETCO(2)) were significantly higher in the PS group than in the IA group. Blood pressure (BP) was significantly higher in the PS group only during the middle part of the procedure. Only mild respiratory depression was noted in the PS group, as indicated by elevated but acceptable ETCO(2). Elevations in BP and HR are thought to be related to elevated CO(2) but did not appear to have an adverse impact on the course of the procedure. Recovery was uneventful for all the animals. CONCLUSION The use of PS-NOTES appears to be feasible, resulting in outcomes comparable with those for IA in dogs. Further studies are needed to determine the applicability of this concept in human NOTES.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Al-Haddad
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Indiana University School of Medicine, 550 N University Boulevard, UH 4100, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
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Willingham FF, Garud SS, Davis SS, Lewis MM, Maithel SK, Kooby DA. Human hybrid endoscopic and laparoscopic management of mass lesions of the foregut (with video). Gastrointest Endosc 2012; 75:905-12. [PMID: 22281108 DOI: 10.1016/j.gie.2011.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2011] [Accepted: 11/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Field F Willingham
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
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Azadani A, Jonsson H, Park PO, Bergström M. A randomized trial comparing rates of abdominal contamination and postoperative infection among natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery, laparoscopic surgery, and open surgery in pigs. Gastrointest Endosc 2012; 75:849-55. [PMID: 22284088 DOI: 10.1016/j.gie.2011.11.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2011] [Accepted: 11/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bacterial contamination of the abdominal cavity and infectious complications have been debated concerning transgastric natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) procedures. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to compare bacterial contamination of the abdominal cavity and clinically relevant infections after open, laparoscopic, and transgastric NOTES procedures. DESIGN Randomized survival study in a porcine model. SETTING Animal laboratory at a university hospital. INTERVENTION Thirty pigs were randomized to open, laparoscopic, or transgastric NOTES uterine horn resection under sterile conditions. Bacterial cultures were obtained from the pelvic area immediately at entry of the abdominal cavity and just before closure. The left uterine horn was dissected and ligated. The animals survived for 4 weeks. At necropsy, bacterial culture was obtained from the pelvic area. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS Perioperative: operation time and incision length, bacterial growth in abdominal samples. Postoperative: infections or complications, weight gain. Necropsy: signs of peritonitis or infection, abdominal bacterial growth. RESULTS Procedure time was significantly longer for transgastric NOTES. At the start of the procedure, 4 of the NOTES animals showed positive cultures, but only 1 showed positive cultures at the end. No open surgery or laparoscopic surgery animals showed positive cultures at these time points. At necropsy, none of the animals in the NOTES group showed bacterial growth, whereas 4 open surgery animals and 3 laparoscopic surgery animals had positive cultures. Four of these animals (2 from each group) had concurrent wound infections. LIMITATIONS Small sample size and lack of power calculation. CONCLUSION This study indicates that clinically relevant infections are rare after transgastric NOTES procedures despite evidence of bacterial contamination and longer operating times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asghar Azadani
- Department of Surgery, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Östra, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Coomber RS, Sodergren MH, Clark J, Teare J, Yang GZ, Darzi A. Natural orifice translumenal endoscopic surgery applications in clinical practice. World J Gastrointest Endosc 2012; 4:65-74. [PMID: 22442743 PMCID: PMC3309895 DOI: 10.4253/wjge.v4.i3.65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2011] [Revised: 01/25/2012] [Accepted: 03/02/2012] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
To review natural orifice translumenal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) applications in clinical practice and assess the evidence base for each application as reported in the literature. An electronic literature search was performed. Inclusion criteria were publications relating to NOTES applications in humans. For each type of operation the highest level of evidence available for clinical NOTES publications was evaluated. Morbidity and short-term operative outcomes were compared with gold standard published evidence where available. Finally, registered trials recruiting patients for NOTES applications were identified. Human NOTES publications with the highest level of evidence in each application are identified. There were no RCTs in the literature to date. The strongest evidence came in the form of large, multi-centre trials with 300-500 patients. The results are encouraging, comparable with gold standard techniques on morbidity and mortality. While short-term operative outcomes were also similar when compared to the gold standard techniques, other than improved cosmesis little else can definitely be concluded as a clear benefit of a NOTES procedure. The most common procedures are cholecystectomy, appendicectomy and peritoneoscopy mainly performed via transvaginal access. It is evident that morbidity appears to be higher when the transgastric route is used. The safety profile of hybrid NOTES transvaginal procedures is beginning to be confirmed as is evident from the large number of procedures presented in this review. A number of authors have presented work on pure NOTES procedures but the results are inconsistent and thus the vast majority of NOTES procedures worldwide are performed in a hybrid fashion with a variable amount of laparoscopy. This review of the clinical applications of NOTES summarises the growing evidence behind this surgical discipline and highlights NOTES procedures with an acceptable safety profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross S Coomber
- Ross S Coomber, Mikael H Sodergren, James Clark, Julian Teare, Guang-Zhong Yang, Ara Darzi, Division of Surgery, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, St. Mary's Hospital, South Wharf Rd, Paddington, W2 1NY, United Kingdom
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Antoniou SA, Bartsch DK. NOTES: Current Status and Recent Developments. VISZERALMEDIZIN 2012. [DOI: 10.1159/000346150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Abstract
Natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) has gained a great deal of attention from gastroenterologists and surgeons all over the world since its introduction in 2000. The field of NOTES has advanced tremendously since that time and exciting and well-designed research has been reported. Both randomized controlled trials and results from large national and international registries have been published. Many experimental and clinical studies have discussed transesophageal, transgastric, transvaginal and transrectal access for a variety of NOTES procedures. Transvaginal access has been the most frequently reported NOTES access route in clinical trials. When suitable instruments become available, a true comparison of NOTES with current laparoscopic approaches can be realized.
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Auyang ED, Santos BF, Enter DH, Hungness ES, Soper NJ. Natural orifice translumenal endoscopic surgery (NOTES(®)): a technical review. Surg Endosc 2011; 25:3135-48. [PMID: 21553172 DOI: 10.1007/s00464-011-1718-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2010] [Accepted: 03/11/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The clinical NOTES literature continues to grow. This review quantifies the published human NOTES experience to date, examines instrument use in detail, and compiles available perioperative outcomes data. METHODS A PubMed search for all articles describing human NOTES cases was performed. All articles providing a technical description of procedures, excluding cases limited to diagnostic procedures, specimen extraction, fluid drainage or gynecological procedures, were reviewed. Two reviewers systematically cataloged the technical details of each procedure and performed a frequency analysis of instrument use in each type of case. Available outcomes data were also compiled. RESULTS Forty-three discrete articles were reviewed in detail, describing a total of 432 operations consisting of transvaginal (n = 355), transgastric (n = 58), transesophageal (n = 17), and transrectal (n = 2) procedures, with 90% of cases performed in hybrid fashion with laparoscopic assistance. Cholecystectomy (84% of cases) was the most common procedure. Analysis of key steps included choice of endoscope, establishment of peritoneal access, dissection, specimen extraction, and closure of the access site. Analysis of instrument use during transvaginal cholecystectomy revealed variation in the choice of endoscope and the technique for establishment of access. A majority of these procedures relied heavily on the use of rigid and transabdominal instrumentation. Closure of the vaginotomy site was found to be well standardized, performed with an open suturing technique. Similar analysis for transgastric procedures revealed consistency in the choice of flexible endoscope as well as access and closure techniques. Perioperative outcomes from NOTES procedures were reported, but the data are currently limited due to small case numbers. CONCLUSIONS NOTES is most commonly performed using a hybrid, transvaginal approach. Although some aspects of these procedures appear to be well standardized, there is still significant variability in technique. More outcomes data with standardized reporting are needed to determine the actual risks and benefits of NOTES.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward D Auyang
- Department of Surgery, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION The clinical NOTES literature continues to grow. This review quantifies the published human NOTES experience to date, examines instrument use in detail, and compiles available perioperative outcomes data. METHODS A PubMed search for all articles describing human NOTES cases was performed. All articles providing a technical description of procedures, excluding cases limited to diagnostic procedures, specimen extraction, fluid drainage or gynecological procedures, were reviewed. Two reviewers systematically cataloged the technical details of each procedure and performed a frequency analysis of instrument use in each type of case. Available outcomes data were also compiled. RESULTS Forty-three discrete articles were reviewed in detail, describing a total of 432 operations consisting of transvaginal (n = 355), transgastric (n = 58), transesophageal (n = 17), and transrectal (n = 2) procedures, with 90% of cases performed in hybrid fashion with laparoscopic assistance. Cholecystectomy (84% of cases) was the most common procedure. Analysis of key steps included choice of endoscope, establishment of peritoneal access, dissection, specimen extraction, and closure of the access site. Analysis of instrument use during transvaginal cholecystectomy revealed variation in the choice of endoscope and the technique for establishment of access. A majority of these procedures relied heavily on the use of rigid and transabdominal instrumentation. Closure of the vaginotomy site was found to be well standardized, performed with an open suturing technique. Similar analysis for transgastric procedures revealed consistency in the choice of flexible endoscope as well as access and closure techniques. Perioperative outcomes from NOTES procedures were reported, but the data are currently limited due to small case numbers. CONCLUSIONS NOTES is most commonly performed using a hybrid, transvaginal approach. Although some aspects of these procedures appear to be well standardized, there is still significant variability in technique. More outcomes data with standardized reporting are needed to determine the actual risks and benefits of NOTES.
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Laparoscopy or not: a meta-analysis of the surgical effects of laparoscopic versus open appendicectomy. Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech 2011; 20:362-70. [PMID: 21150411 DOI: 10.1097/sle.0b013e3182006f40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Both open appendicectomy and laparoscopic appendicectomy have their own advantages and disadvantages. The purpose of our meta-analysis is to compare the surgical effects of laparoscopic versus open appendicectomy. In our study, Medline, Embase, and the Cochrane Library were searched. Only prospective randomized controlled trials that compared the 2 methods of operation were included. Evaluation indexes in our study involved are operating time, complications, hospital stay, time to return to normal activities, time to return to normal diet, and the overall cost. Results showed that operating time of laparoscopic appendicectomy was significantly longer [weighted mean difference (WMD) 7.60; 95% confidence interval (CI) 6.03-9.17 min; P<0.00001]. Time of hospital stay (WMD -0.82; 95% CI: -0.93 to -0.70 d), time to return to normal activities (WMD -6.85; 95% CI: -7.62 to -6.09 d), and diet (WMD -0.61; 95% CI: -0.86 to -0.36 d) were significantly decreased in the laparoscopic appendicectomy group (all P<0.00001). There is no convincing difference in complications (odds ratio 0.99; 95% CI: 0.80-1.22; P=0.92) and death rates (odds ratio 0.97; 95% CI: 0.29-3.25; P=0.96). In conclusion, laparoscopic appendicectomy may have advantages over open appendicectomy in hospital stay and postoperative recovery.
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Santos BF, Hungness ES. Natural orifice translumenal endoscopic surgery: Progress in humans since white paper. World J Gastroenterol 2011; 17:1655-65. [PMID: 21483624 PMCID: PMC3072628 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v17.i13.1655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2010] [Revised: 02/22/2011] [Accepted: 03/01/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the first description of the concept of natural orifice translumenal endoscopic surgery (NOTES), a substantial number of clinical NOTES reports have appeared in the literature. This editorial reviews the available human data addressing research questions originally proposed by the white paper, including determining the optimal method of access for NOTES, developing safe methods of lumenal closure, suturing and anastomotic devices, advanced multitasking platforms, addressing the risk of infection, managing complications, addressing challenges with visualization, and training for NOTES procedures. An analysis of the literature reveals that so far transvaginal access and closure appear to be the most feasible techniques for NOTES, with a limited, but growing transgastric, transrectal, and transesophageal NOTES experience in humans. The theoretically increased risk of infection as a result of NOTES procedures has not been substantiated in transvaginal and transgastric procedures so far. Development of suturing and anastomotic devices and advanced platforms for NOTES has progressed slowly, with limited clinical data on their use so far. Data on the optimal management and incidence of intraoperative complications remain sparse, although possible factors contributing to complications are discussed. Finally, this editorial discusses the likely direction of future NOTES development and its possible role in clinical practice.
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Schoenberg MB, Ströbel P, von Renteln D, Eickhoff A, Kähler GF. Absorbable ligation loops for flexible endoscopy: a necessary tool for natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery. Gastrointest Endosc 2011; 73:791-7. [PMID: 21288519 DOI: 10.1016/j.gie.2010.11.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2010] [Accepted: 11/29/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND One of the main challenges of natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) remains the development of safe and reliable tools. In this study, we introduce the first absorbable ligatures specifically designed for NOTES. OBJECTIVE To determine the feasibility of a new absorbable ligation loop (NOTES loop) and to compare this new type of suture with the nonabsorbable loop (Endoloop) most commonly used until now. DESIGN Prospective, comparative animal trial/survival animal study (observation period 21 days) with subsequent histopathological assessment (blinded observer design). SETTING Veterinarian center. SUBJECTS This study used 12 female domestic piglets. INTERVENTION Every pig underwent two transgastric uterine horn ligations, one with an absorbable loop and one with a nonabsorbable loop. Additional uterine horn resections on both sides were done on 6 pigs. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS Intervention success, loop reliability, foreign-body reaction, extent of inflammatory response (μm). RESULTS Transgastric flexible intra-abdominal ligation of the uterine horns was performed safely with both loops in all cases. During a 3-week observation period, 11 of 11 NOTES loops and 10 of 11 Endoloops were reliable. Microscopically, foreign-body reaction was minimal around both sutures (P = .303). The overall inflammatory response was larger around the Endoloops (P = .046). Uterine horn resection had an influence on the extent of inflammation. LIMITATIONS Animal study. CONCLUSION Ligation was feasible with both loops. The absorbable loops were reliable during a 3-week observation period and can be recommended for use during NOTES appendectomies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus B Schoenberg
- University Hospital Complex Mannheim, Central Interdisciplinary Endoscopy, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, Mannheim, Germany
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Shin EJ, Jeong GA, Jung JC, Cho GS, Lim CW, Kim HC, Song OP. Transvaginal endoscopic appendectomy. JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF COLOPROCTOLOGY 2010; 26:429-32. [PMID: 21221245 PMCID: PMC3017980 DOI: 10.3393/jksc.2010.26.6.429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2010] [Accepted: 09/30/2010] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Since Kalloo and colleagues first reported the feasibility and safety of a peroral transgastric approach in the porcine model in 2004, various groups have reported more complex natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) procedures, such as the cholecystectomy, splenectomy and liver biopsy, in the porcine model. Natural orifice access to the abdominal cavity, such as transgastric, transvesical, transcolonic, and transvaginal, has been described. Although a novel, minimally invasive approach to the abdominal cavity is a peroral endoscopic transgastric approach, there are still some challenging issues, such as the risk of infection and leakage, and the method of gastric closure. Hybrid-NOTES is an ideal first step in humans. Human hybrid transvaginal access has been used for years by many surgeons for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. Here, we report a transvaginal flexible endoscopic appendectomy, with a 5-mm umbilical port using ultrasonic scissors in a 74-year-old woman with acute appendicitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eung Jin Shin
- Department of Surgery, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Bucheon, Korea
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A brief review of laparoscopic appendectomy: the issues and the evidence. Tech Coloproctol 2010; 15:1-6. [PMID: 21086013 DOI: 10.1007/s10151-010-0656-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2010] [Accepted: 10/28/2010] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Laparoscopic appendectomy was first performed more than 25 years ago. We performed a systematic literature search on laparoscopic appendectomy and selected related topics. The technique should be considered the gold standard for surgical removal of the appendix in women of childbearing age (level of evidence Ia). There is minor but consistent evidence that it should also be advocated for men (level of evidence III), obese (level of evidence III), and elderly (level of evidence IIb) patients, while there is some evidence of unfavorable results on pregnant women (level of evidence IIb). Studies reporting higher incidence of intra-abdominal abscesses after laparoscopic appendectomy are difficult to interpret due to a lack of standardization of the operative technique and lack of uniformity related to the different grades of disease (ranging from uninflamed appendix to diffuse peritonitis, gangrene, or perforation of the organ). As far as surgical technique, the three-port procedure is superior to needleoscopy and single port access (level of evidence Ia). Costly high-tech instruments for dissection are mostly unnecessary (level Ib). Mechanical closure of the stump might prove safer (level Ib). The quantity of peritoneal lavage fluid is generally scanty (level III), and abdominal drains are not useful (level Ia). Fast-track protocols should be implemented (level Ic). Training and technical standardization are the key to devising future trials on this topic.
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