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Banadka A, Narasimha SW, Dandin VS, Naik PM, Vennapusa AR, Melmaiee K, Vemanna RS, Al-Khayri JM, Thiruvengadam M, Nagella P. Biotechnological approaches for the production of camptothecin. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 108:382. [PMID: 38896329 PMCID: PMC11186875 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-024-13187-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Camptothecin (CPT), an indole alkaloid popular for its anticancer property, is considered the third most promising drug after taxol and famous alkaloids from Vinca for the treatment of cancer in humans. Camptothecin was first identified in Camptotheca acuminata followed by several other plant species and endophytic fungi. Increased harvesting driven by rising global demand is depleting the availability of elite plant genotypes, such as Camptotheca acuminata and Nothapodytes nimmoniana, crucial for producing alkaloids used in treating diseases like cancer. Conservation of these genotypes for the future is imperative. Therefore, research on different plant tissue culture techniques such as cell suspension culture, hairy roots, adventitious root culture, elicitation strategies, and endophytic fungi has been adopted for the production of CPT to meet the increasing demand without affecting the source plant's existence. Currently, another strategy to increase camptothecin yield by genetic manipulation is underway. The present review discusses the plants and endophytes that are employed for camptothecin production and throws light on the plant tissue culture techniques for the regeneration of plants, callus culture, and selection of cell lines for the highest camptothecin production. The review further explains the simple, accurate, and cost-effective extraction and quantification methods. There is enormous potential for the sustainable production of CPT which could be met by culturing of suitable endophytes or plant cell or organ culture in a bioreactor scale production. Also, different gene editing tools provide opportunities for engineering the biosynthetic pathway of CPT, and the overall CPT production can be improved . KEY POINTS: • Camptothecin is a naturally occurring alkaloid with potent anticancer properties, primarily known for its ability to inhibit DNA topoisomerase I. • Plants and endophytes offer a potential approach for camptothecin production. • Biotechnology approaches like plant tissue culture techniques enhanced camptothecin production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akshatha Banadka
- Department of Life Sciences, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bangalore, 560 029, Karnataka, India
| | - Sudheer Wudali Narasimha
- Department of Life Sciences, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bangalore, 560 029, Karnataka, India
| | | | - Poornanand M Naik
- Department of Botany, Karnatak University, Dharwad, 580003, Karnataka, India
| | | | - Kalpalatha Melmaiee
- Department of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Delaware State University, Dover, DE, 19901, USA
| | - Ramu S Vemanna
- Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics, Regional Center for Biotechnology, Faridabad, 121001, Haryana, India
| | - Jameel M Al-Khayri
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Food Sciences, King Faisal University, Al- Ahsa, 31982, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Muthu Thiruvengadam
- Department of Crop Science, College of Sanghuh Life Science, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Praveen Nagella
- Department of Life Sciences, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bangalore, 560 029, Karnataka, India.
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Biotechnology of camptothecin production in Nothapodytes nimmoniana, Ophiorrhiza sp. and Camptotheca acuminata. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:9089-9102. [PMID: 34850279 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11700-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is probably the deadliest human disease in recent years. In the past few years, rapid clinical progress has been made in the field of anticancer drug development. Plant secondary metabolites have been noted as extremely efficacious as promising natural source for anticancer therapy for many years. Camptothecin (CPT) is one of the popularly used anti-tumor drugs possessing clinically proven properties against a plethora of human malignancies that include ovarian and colorectal cancers. For the first time, CPT was obtained from the extracts of a Chinese medicinal tree, Camptotheca acuminata Decne. from the family Cornaceae. Subsequently, CPT was also isolated from the bark of Nothapodytes foetida (Wight) Sleumer (Icacinaceae). However, the availability of enough natural sources for obtaining CPT is a major constraint. Due to overexploitation and harvesting, loss of habitat, excessive trading, and unfavorable environmental factors, the natural source of CPT has become extinct or extremely limited and hence they are red listed under endangered species. Conventional propagation has also failed to meet the ever-expanding demand for CPT production. With this, biotechnological toolkits have constantly been used as a boon to produce sustainable source, utilization, and ex situ conservation of medicinal plants. The approaches serve as a supplement to traditional agriculture in the mass production of plant metabolites with potent bioactivities. Non-availability of enough anticancer medicine and the requirement to satisfy current demands need a sustainable source of CPT. With this background, we present a comprehensive review on CPT discovery, its occurrence in the plant kingdom, biosynthesis, phytochemistry, pharmacological properties, clinical studies, patterns of CPT accumulation, and biotechnological aspects of CPT production in three plants, viz., N. nimmoniana, Ophiorrhiza species, and C. acuminata.Key points• Biotechnological approaches on production of camptothecin from Nothapodytes nimmoniana, Ophiorrhiza species, and Camptotheca acuminata• In vitro propagation of camptothecin-producing plants• Genetic diversity and transgenic research on camptothecin-producing plants.
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Yang M, Wang Q, Liu Y, Hao X, Wang C, Liang Y, Chen J, Xiao Y, Kai G. Divergent camptothecin biosynthetic pathway in Ophiorrhiza pumila. BMC Biol 2021; 19:122. [PMID: 34134716 PMCID: PMC8207662 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-021-01051-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The anticancer drug camptothecin (CPT), first isolated from Camptotheca acuminata, was subsequently discovered in unrelated plants, including Ophiorrhiza pumila. Unlike known monoterpene indole alkaloids, CPT in C. acuminata is biosynthesized via the key intermediate strictosidinic acid, but how O. pumila synthesizes CPT has not been determined. RESULTS In this study, we used nontargeted metabolite profiling to show that 3α-(S)-strictosidine and 3-(S), 21-(S)-strictosidinic acid coexist in O. pumila. After identifying the enzymes OpLAMT, OpSLS, and OpSTR as participants in CPT biosynthesis, we compared these enzymes to their homologues from two other representative CPT-producing plants, C. acuminata and Nothapodytes nimmoniana, to elucidate their phylogenetic relationship. Finally, using labelled intermediates to resolve the CPT biosynthesis pathway in O. pumila, we showed that 3α-(S)-strictosidine, not 3-(S), 21-(S)-strictosidinic acid, is the exclusive intermediate in CPT biosynthesis. CONCLUSIONS In our study, we found that O. pumila, another representative CPT-producing plant, exhibits metabolite diversity in its central intermediates consisting of both 3-(S), 21-(S)-strictosidinic acid and 3α-(S)-strictosidine and utilizes 3α-(S)-strictosidine as the exclusive intermediate in the CPT biosynthetic pathway, which differs from C. acuminata. Our results show that enzymes likely to be involved in CPT biosynthesis in O. pumila, C. acuminata, and N. nimmoniana have evolved divergently. Overall, our new data regarding CPT biosynthesis in O. pumila suggest evolutionary divergence in CPT-producing plants. These results shed new light on CPT biosynthesis and pave the way towards its industrial production through enzymatic or metabolic engineering approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengquan Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Core Facility Centre, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biotechnology, College of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053 Zhejiang China
- Institute of Plant Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234 China
| | - Yining Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Core Facility Centre, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Xiaolong Hao
- Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biotechnology, College of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053 Zhejiang China
| | - Can Wang
- Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biotechnology, College of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053 Zhejiang China
| | - Yuchen Liang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Core Facility Centre, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Jianbo Chen
- Institute of Plant Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234 China
| | - Youli Xiao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Core Facility Centre, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Guoyin Kai
- Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biotechnology, College of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053 Zhejiang China
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Chromosome-level genome assembly of Ophiorrhiza pumila reveals the evolution of camptothecin biosynthesis. Nat Commun 2021; 12:405. [PMID: 33452249 PMCID: PMC7810986 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-20508-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant genomes remain highly fragmented and are often characterized by hundreds to thousands of assembly gaps. Here, we report chromosome-level reference and phased genome assembly of Ophiorrhiza pumila, a camptothecin-producing medicinal plant, through an ordered multi-scaffolding and experimental validation approach. With 21 assembly gaps and a contig N50 of 18.49 Mb, Ophiorrhiza genome is one of the most complete plant genomes assembled to date. We also report 273 nitrogen-containing metabolites, including diverse monoterpene indole alkaloids (MIAs). A comparative genomics approach identifies strictosidine biogenesis as the origin of MIA evolution. The emergence of strictosidine biosynthesis-catalyzing enzymes precede downstream enzymes' evolution post γ whole-genome triplication, which occurred approximately 110 Mya in O. pumila, and before the whole-genome duplication in Camptotheca acuminata identified here. Combining comparative genome analysis, multi-omics analysis, and metabolic gene-cluster analysis, we propose a working model for MIA evolution, and a pangenome for MIA biosynthesis, which will help in establishing a sustainable supply of camptothecin.
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Genus Ophiorrhiza: A Review of Its Distribution, Traditional Uses, Phytochemistry, Biological Activities and Propagation. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25112611. [PMID: 32512727 PMCID: PMC7321107 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25112611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Almost 50 species of Ophiorrhiza plants were reviewed in this work and the main objective is to critically analyse their distribution, phytochemical content, biological activity, and propagation. Moreover, the information would be useful in promoting the relevant uses of the plant, especially in the medicinal fields based on in vitro and in vivo studies. To this end, scientific sources, including theses, PubMed, Google Scholar, International Islamic University Malaysia IIUM EBSCO, PubChem, and Elsevier, were accessed for publications regarding the Ophiorrhiza genus in this review. Scientific literature regarding the Ophiorrhiza plants revealed their wide distribution across Asia and the neighbouring countries, whereby they were utilised as traditional medicine to treat various diseases. In particular, various active compounds, such as alkaloids, flavonoids, and terpenoids, were reported in the plant. Furthermore, the Ophiorrhiza species showed highly diverse biological activities, such as anti-cancer, antiviral, antimicrobial, and more. The genus propagation reported could produce a high quality and quantity of potent anticancer compound, namely camptothecin (CPT). Hence, it is believed that the relevant uses of natural compounds present in the plants can replace the existing crop of synthetic anticancer drugs associated with a multitude of unbearable side effects. Additionally, more future studies on the Ophiorrhiza species should be undertaken to establish the links between its traditional uses, active compounds, and pharmacological activities reported.
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Ogawara H. Comparison of Strategies to Overcome Drug Resistance: Learning from Various Kingdoms. Molecules 2018; 23:E1476. [PMID: 29912169 PMCID: PMC6100412 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23061476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug resistance, especially antibiotic resistance, is a growing threat to human health. To overcome this problem, it is significant to know precisely the mechanisms of drug resistance and/or self-resistance in various kingdoms, from bacteria through plants to animals, once more. This review compares the molecular mechanisms of the resistance against phycotoxins, toxins from marine and terrestrial animals, plants and fungi, and antibiotics. The results reveal that each kingdom possesses the characteristic features. The main mechanisms in each kingdom are transporters/efflux pumps in phycotoxins, mutation and modification of targets and sequestration in marine and terrestrial animal toxins, ABC transporters and sequestration in plant toxins, transporters in fungal toxins, and various or mixed mechanisms in antibiotics. Antibiotic producers in particular make tremendous efforts for avoiding suicide, and are more flexible and adaptable to the changes of environments. With these features in mind, potential alternative strategies to overcome these resistance problems are discussed. This paper will provide clues for solving the issues of drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Ogawara
- HO Bio Institute, Yushima-2, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0034, Japan.
- Department of Biochemistry, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, Noshio-2, Kiyose, Tokyo 204-8588, Japan.
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Abstract
A variety of chemicals produced by plants, often referred to as 'phytochemicals', have been used as medicines, food, fuels and industrial raw materials. Recent advances in the study of genomics and metabolomics in plant science have accelerated our understanding of the mechanisms, regulation and evolution of the biosynthesis of specialized plant products. We can now address such questions as how the metabolomic diversity of plants is originated at the levels of genome, and how we should apply this knowledge to drug discovery, industry and agriculture. Our research group has focused on metabolomics-based functional genomics over the last 15 years and we have developed a new research area called 'Phytochemical Genomics'. In this review, the development of a research platform for plant metabolomics is discussed first, to provide a better understanding of the chemical diversity of plants. Then, representative applications of metabolomics to functional genomics in a model plant, Arabidopsis thaliana, are described. The extension of integrated multi-omics analyses to non-model specialized plants, e.g., medicinal plants, is presented, including the identification of novel genes, metabolites and networks for the biosynthesis of flavonoids, alkaloids, sulfur-containing metabolites and terpenoids. Further, functional genomics studies on a variety of medicinal plants is presented. I also discuss future trends in pharmacognosy and related sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Saito
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University.,RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science
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Sirikantaramas S, Meeprasert A, Rungrotmongkol T, Fuji H, Hoshino T, Sudo H, Yamazaki M, Saito K. Structural insight of DNA topoisomerases I from camptothecin-producing plants revealed by molecular dynamics simulations. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2015; 113:50-56. [PMID: 25733498 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2015.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2014] [Revised: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
DNA topoisomerase I (Top1) catalyzes changes in DNA topology by cleaving and rejoining one strand of the double stranded (ds)DNA. Eukaryotic Top1s are the cellular target of the plant-derived anticancer indole alkaloid camptothecin (CPT), which reversibly stabilizes the Top1-dsDNA complex. However, CPT-producing plants, including Camptotheca acuminata, Ophiorrhiza pumila and Ophiorrhiza liukiuensis, are highly resistant to CPT because they possess point-mutated Top1. Here, the adaptive convergent evolution is reported between CPT production ability and mutations in their Top1, as a universal resistance mechanism found in all tested CPT-producing plants. This includes Nothapodytes nimmoniana, one of the major sources of CPT. To obtain a structural insight of the resistance mechanism, molecular dynamics simulations of CPT- resistant and -sensitive plant Top1s complexed with dsDNA and topotecan (a CPT derivative) were performed, these being compared to that for the CPT-sensitive human Top1. As a result, two mutations, Val617Gly and Asp710Gly, were identified in O. pumila Top1 and C. acuminata Top1, respectively. The substitutions at these two positions, surprisingly, are the same as those found in a CPT derivative-resistant human colon adenocarcinoma cell line. The results also demonstrated an increased linker flexibility of the CPT-resistant Top1, providing an additional explanation for the resistance mechanism found in CPT-producing plants. These mutations could reflect the long evolutionary adaptation of CPT-producing plant Top1s to confer a higher degree of resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supaart Sirikantaramas
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Thailand; Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Japan.
| | - Arthitaya Meeprasert
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Thailand
| | | | - Hideyoshi Fuji
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Japan
| | - Tyuji Hoshino
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Sudo
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Japan; Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hoshi University, Japan
| | - Mami Yamazaki
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Japan
| | - Kazuki Saito
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Japan.
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Yamazaki M, Mochida K, Asano T, Nakabayashi R, Chiba M, Udomson N, Yamazaki Y, Goodenowe DB, Sankawa U, Yoshida T, Toyoda A, Totoki Y, Sakaki Y, Góngora-Castillo E, Buell CR, Sakurai T, Saito K. Coupling deep transcriptome analysis with untargeted metabolic profiling in Ophiorrhiza pumila to further the understanding of the biosynthesis of the anti-cancer alkaloid camptothecin and anthraquinones. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 54:686-96. [PMID: 23503598 PMCID: PMC3653139 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pct040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2012] [Accepted: 03/07/2013] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The Rubiaceae species, Ophiorrhiza pumila, accumulates camptothecin, an anti-cancer alkaloid with a potent DNA topoisomerase I inhibitory activity, as well as anthraquinones that are derived from the combination of the isochorismate and hemiterpenoid pathways. The biosynthesis of these secondary products is active in O. pumila hairy roots yet very low in cell suspension culture. Deep transcriptome analysis was conducted in O. pumila hairy roots and cell suspension cultures using the Illumina platform, yielding a total of 2 Gb of sequence for each sample. We generated a hybrid transcriptome assembly of O. pumila using the Illumina-derived short read sequences and conventional Sanger-derived expressed sequence tag clones derived from a full-length cDNA library constructed using RNA from hairy roots. Among 35,608 non-redundant unigenes, 3,649 were preferentially expressed in hairy roots compared with cell suspension culture. Candidate genes involved in the biosynthetic pathway for the monoterpenoid indole alkaloid camptothecin were identified; specifically, genes involved in post-strictosamide biosynthetic events and genes involved in the biosynthesis of anthraquinones and chlorogenic acid. Untargeted metabolomic analysis by Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR-MS) indicated that most of the proposed intermediates in the camptothecin biosynthetic pathway accumulated in hairy roots in a preferential manner compared with cell suspension culture. In addition, a number of anthraquinones and chlorogenic acid preferentially accumulated in hairy roots compared with cell suspension culture. These results suggest that deep transcriptome and metabolome data sets can facilitate the identification of genes and intermediates involved in the biosynthesis of secondary products including camptothecin in O. pumila.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mami Yamazaki
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Inohana 1-8-1, Chiba, 260-8675 Japan
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Keiichi Mochida
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, 230-0045 Japan
- RIKEN Biomass Engineering Program, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, 230-0045 Japan
- Kihara Institute for Biological Research, Yokohama City University, 641-12 Maioka-cho, Totsuka-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 244-0813 Japan
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Takashi Asano
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Inohana 1-8-1, Chiba, 260-8675 Japan
- Present address: School of Pharmacy, Iwate Medical University, 2-1-1 Nishitokuta, Yahaba, Iwate, 028-3694 Japan
| | - Ryo Nakabayashi
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, 230-0045 Japan
| | - Motoaki Chiba
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Inohana 1-8-1, Chiba, 260-8675 Japan
| | - Nirin Udomson
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Inohana 1-8-1, Chiba, 260-8675 Japan
| | | | | | - Ushio Sankawa
- International Research Center for Traditional Medicine, Toyama Prefecture, Toyama, 939-8224 Japan
- Present address: The University of Tokyo, Hongo 7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
| | - Takuhiro Yoshida
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, 230-0045 Japan
| | - Atsushi Toyoda
- RIKEN Genome Sciences Center, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, 230-0045 Japan
- Present address: National Institute of Genetics, Yata 1111, Mishima, Shizuoka, 411-8540 Japan
| | - Yasushi Totoki
- RIKEN Genome Sciences Center, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, 230-0045 Japan
- Present address: National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Sakaki
- RIKEN Genome Sciences Center, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, 230-0045 Japan
- Present address: Toyohashi University of Technology, 1-1, Hibarigaoka, Tenpaku-cho, Toyohashi, Aichi, 441-8580 Japan
| | - Elsa Góngora-Castillo
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, 612 Wilson Rd, Plant Biology Laboratories, East Lansing, MI 48824-1312, USA
| | - C. Robin Buell
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, 612 Wilson Rd, Plant Biology Laboratories, East Lansing, MI 48824-1312, USA
| | - Tetsuya Sakurai
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, 230-0045 Japan
| | - Kazuki Saito
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Inohana 1-8-1, Chiba, 260-8675 Japan
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, 230-0045 Japan
- *Corresponding author: E-mail, ; Fax, +81-43-226-2932
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Micropropagation and hairy root culture of Ophiorrhiza alata Craib for camptothecin production. Biotechnol Lett 2011; 33:2519-26. [DOI: 10.1007/s10529-011-0717-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2011] [Accepted: 07/20/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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