1
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Gennaiou K, Kelesidis A, Zografos AL. Climbing the Oxidase Phase Ladder by Using Dioxygen as the Sole Oxidant: The Case Study of Costunolide. Org Lett 2024; 26:2934-2938. [PMID: 38551481 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c00406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Natural sesquiterpenoid lactones are prominent scaffolds in drug discovery. Despite the progress made in their synthesis, their extensive oxidative decoration makes their chemo- and stereoselective syntheses highly challenging. Herein, we report our effort to mimic part of the oxidase phase used in the costunolide pathway to achieve the protecting-group-free total synthesis of santamarine, dehydrocostus lactone, estafiatin, and nine more related natural sesquiterpenoid lactones by using dioxygen as the sole oxidant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyriaki Gennaiou
- Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Main University Campus, Thessaloniki, 54124, Greece
| | - Antonis Kelesidis
- Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Main University Campus, Thessaloniki, 54124, Greece
| | - Alexandros L Zografos
- Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Main University Campus, Thessaloniki, 54124, Greece
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2
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Ning Y, Wang Y, Gui J. Bioinspired Two-Phase Synthesis of Gibbosterol A. JACS AU 2024; 4:635-641. [PMID: 38425898 PMCID: PMC10900487 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.3c00698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
The disecosteroid natural product gibbosterol A-which has a 14/5-bicyclic framework, a high oxidation state, and a twisted trans-9,11-epoxy motif-is the first water-soluble 5,10:8,9-disecosteroid. Herein, we report a bioinspired two-phase synthesis of this natural product in only 15 steps from inexpensive ergosterol. In the first (isomerase) phase, the core bicyclic framework is rapidly installed by the skeletal reorganization of ergosterol endoperoxide via a ruthenium-catalyzed dual C-C bond fragmentation. In the second (oxidase) phase, chemoselective, regioselective, and stereoselective redox transformations precisely introduce the requisite oxygenated functional groups. This work demonstrates that the ingenious two-phase synthesis logic that has been applied to terpenes is also a powerful strategy for steroid synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhan Ning
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical
Biology, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese
Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of
Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical
Biology, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese
Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of
Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jinghan Gui
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical
Biology, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese
Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of
Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
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3
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Wang W, Feng S, Wei Y, Wang H, Li Y. Diastereoselective Ring Expansion of Cyclic Ketones Enabled by HAT-Initiated Radical Cascade. Org Lett 2023; 25:8022-8026. [PMID: 37889896 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c03236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
Herein we disclose an iron-catalyzed method for stereoselective synthesis of multisubstituted cyclic ketones containing a synthetically challenging quaternary carbon from readily accessible β-vinyl keto esters in good yields. This cascade reaction is initiated by a hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) process, after which a Dowd-Beckwith-type ring-expansion reaction occurs. This strategic transformation offers access to synthetically valuable cyclic ketones bearing two contiguous stereocenters, including quaternary stereocenters, which hold paramount significance within the realm of synthetic chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxue Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Shouyang Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yansheng Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Hongyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
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4
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Bakanas I, Lusi RF, Wiesler S, Hayward Cooke J, Sarpong R. Strategic application of C-H oxidation in natural product total synthesis. Nat Rev Chem 2023; 7:783-799. [PMID: 37730908 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-023-00534-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
The oxidation of unactivated C-H bonds has emerged as an effective tactic in natural product synthesis and has altered how chemists approach the synthesis of complex molecules. The use of C-H oxidation methods has simplified the process of synthesis planning by expanding the choice of starting materials, limiting functional group interconversion and protecting group manipulations, and enabling late-stage diversification. In this Review, we propose classifications for C-H oxidations on the basis of their strategic purpose: type 1, which installs functionality that is used to establish the carbon skeleton of the target; type 2, which is used to construct a heterocyclic ring; and type 3, which installs peripheral functional groups. The reactions are further divided based on whether they are directed or undirected. For each classification, examples from recent literature are analysed. Finally, we provide two case studies of syntheses from our laboratory that were streamlined by the judicious use of C-H oxidation reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Bakanas
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Robert F Lusi
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Stefan Wiesler
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Jack Hayward Cooke
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Richmond Sarpong
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
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5
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Abstract
The ability to site-selectively modify equivalent functional groups in a molecule has the potential to streamline syntheses and increase product yields by lowering step counts. Enzymes catalyze site-selective transformations throughout primary and secondary metabolism, but leveraging this capability for non-native substrates and reactions requires a detailed understanding of the potential and limitations of enzyme catalysis and how these bounds can be extended by protein engineering. In this review, we discuss representative examples of site-selective enzyme catalysis involving functional group manipulation and C-H bond functionalization. We include illustrative examples of native catalysis, but our focus is on cases involving non-native substrates and reactions often using engineered enzymes. We then discuss the use of these enzymes for chemoenzymatic transformations and target-oriented synthesis and conclude with a survey of tools and techniques that could expand the scope of non-native site-selective enzyme catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dibyendu Mondal
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Harrison M Snodgrass
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Christian A Gomez
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Jared C Lewis
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
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6
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Bi C, Wang Y, He C, Baran PS. Enantioselective Total Synthesis of (+)-KB343. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:7753-7757. [PMID: 36995337 PMCID: PMC10716842 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c01991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
A concise total synthesis of the complex guanidinium toxin KB343 is reported traversing through an unusual sequence of chemoselective transformations and strategic skeletal reorganization. The absolute configuration is confirmed through an enantioselective route, and the structures of all key intermediates and the natural product itself are unassailably confirmed through X-ray crystallographic analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Bi
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla 92037, California, United States
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla 92037, California, United States
| | - Chi He
- Bristol Myers Squibb, 10300 Campus Point Drive, San Diego 92121, California, United States
| | - Phil S. Baran
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla 92037, California, United States
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7
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Min L, Han JC, Zhang W, Gu CC, Zou YP, Li CC. Strategies and Lessons Learned from Total Synthesis of Taxol. Chem Rev 2023; 123:4934-4971. [PMID: 36917457 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/15/2023]
Abstract
Taxol (paclitaxel), the most well-known taxane diterpenoid, is the best-selling natural-source anticancer drug ever produced and one of the most common prescriptions in the treatment of breast, lung, and ovarian cancers, saving countless lives around the world. Structurally, Taxol possesses a highly oxygenated [6-8-6-4] core bearing 11 stereocenters, seven of which are contiguous chiral centers. Moreover, the extremely strained bicyclo[5.3.1] undecane ring system with a bridgehead double bond is a unique structural feature. All these features make Taxol a highly challenging synthetic target. Tremendous synthetic efforts from more than 60 research groups around the world have already culminated in ten total syntheses and three formal syntheses, as well as more than 60 synthetic model studies of Taxol. This review is intended to provide a long-overdue appraisal of the great achievements in the total syntheses of Taxol reported in the last few decades. In doing so, we summarize the development of synthesis toward Taxol from 1994 to 2022, including the evolution of synthetic strategy for accessing this complex molecular scaffold and key lessons learned from such endeavors. Finally, we briefly discuss the future of the research in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Min
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Jing-Chun Han
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Wen Zhang
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Chen-Chen Gu
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yun-Peng Zou
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Chuang-Chuang Li
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen 518055, China.,Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518132, China
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8
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Gayraud O, Laroche B, Casaretto N, Nay B. Synthesis of a Biomimetic Tetracyclic Precursor of Aspochalasins and Formal Synthesis of Trichoderone A. Org Lett 2021; 23:5755-5760. [PMID: 34291937 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c01922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Aspochalasins are leucine-derived cytochalasins. Their complexity is associated with a high degree of biosynthetic oxidation, herein inspiring a two-phase strategy in total synthesis. We thus describe the synthesis of a putative biomimetic tetracyclic intermediate. The constructive steps are an intramolecular Diels-Alder reaction to install the isoindolone core of cytochalasins, whose branched precursor was obtained from a stereoselective Ireland-Claisen rearrangement performed from a highly unsaturated substrate. This also constitutes a formal synthesis of trichoderone A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Gayraud
- Laboratoire de Synthèse Organique, Ecole Polytechnique, CNRS, ENSTA, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Palaiseau 91128, France
| | - Benjamin Laroche
- Unité Molécules de Communication et Adaptation des Microorganismes, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Paris 75005, France
| | - Nicolas Casaretto
- Laboratoire de Chimie Moléculaire, Ecole Polytechnique, CNRS, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Palaiseau 91128, France
| | - Bastien Nay
- Laboratoire de Synthèse Organique, Ecole Polytechnique, CNRS, ENSTA, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Palaiseau 91128, France.,Unité Molécules de Communication et Adaptation des Microorganismes, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Paris 75005, France
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9
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Xue Y, Dong G. Total Synthesis of Penicibilaenes via C-C Activation-Enabled Skeleton Deconstruction and Desaturation Relay-Mediated C-H Functionalization. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:8272-8277. [PMID: 34038107 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c04335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we describe the first total synthesis of sesquiterpene penicibilaenes A and B through a "C-C/C-H" approach. In the "C-C" stage, the Rh-catalyzed "cut-and-sew" transformation between trisubstituted alkene and cyclobutanone has been employed to construct the unique tricyclo[6.3.1.01,5]dodecane skeleton and the all-carbon quaternary center. Critical linker and Lewis acid effects have been identified for the C-C activation process. In the "C-H" stage, a desaturation relay-based strategy involving consecutive ketone α,β-dehydrogenation and β-functionalization has been adopted to introduce the 1,3,5-triad stereocenters to the core. The synthesis of penicibilaenes A and B has been completed in 13 and 14 steps, respectively, in the longest linear sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yibin Xue
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Guangbin Dong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
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10
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Abstract
Covering: 1986 to 2020Natural products are an enduring source of chemical information useful for probing biologically relevant chemical space. Toward gathering further structure-activity relationship (SAR) information for a particular natural product, synthetic chemists traditionally proceeded first by a total synthesis effort followed by the synthesis of simplified derivatives. While this approach has proven fruitful, it often does not incorporate hypotheses regarding structural features necessary for bioactivity at the synthetic planning stage, but rather focuses on the rapid assembly of the targeted natural product; a goal that often supersedes the opportunity to gather SAR information en route to the natural product. Furthermore, access to simplified variants of a natural product possessing only the proposed essential structural features necessary for bioactivity, typically at lower oxidation states overall, is sometimes non-trivial from the original established synthetic route. In recent years, several synthetic design strategies were described to streamline the process of finding bioactive molecules in concert with fathering further SAR studies for targeted natural products. This review article will briefly discuss traditional retrosynthetic strategies and contrast them to selected examples of recent synthetic strategies for the investigation of biologically relevant chemical space revealed by natural products. These strategies include: diversity-oriented synthesis (DOS), biology-oriented synthesis (BIOS), diverted-total synthesis (DTS), analogue-oriented synthesis (AOS), two-phase synthesis, function-oriented synthesis (FOS), and computed affinity/dynamically ordered retrosynthesis (CANDOR). Finally, a description of pharmacophore-directed retrosynthesis (PDR) developed in our laboratory and initial applications will be presented that was initially inspired by a retrospective analysis of our synthetic route to pateamine A completed in 1998.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathanyal J Truax
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Baylor University, Waco, Texas 76710, USA.
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11
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Abstract
Leonuketal is an 8,9-seco-labdane terpenoid with a unique tetracyclic structure, owing to a diversity-generating biosynthetic C-C bond cleavage event. The first total synthesis of leonuketal is reported, featuring a Ti(III)-mediated reductive cyclization of an epoxy nitrile ether, an unusual ring-opening alkyne formation as part of an auxiliary ring strategy, and the previously undescribed Au(I)-catalyzed cyclization of a β-keto(enol)lactone to assemble the core spiroketal motif.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip S Grant
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, 23 Symonds Street, Auckland 1010, New Zealand.,Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, 3 Symonds Street, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Daniel P Furkert
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, 23 Symonds Street, Auckland 1010, New Zealand.,Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, 3 Symonds Street, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Margaret A Brimble
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, 23 Symonds Street, Auckland 1010, New Zealand.,Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, 3 Symonds Street, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
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12
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Kanda Y, Ishihara Y, Wilde NC, Baran PS. Two-Phase Total Synthesis of Taxanes: Tactics and Strategies. J Org Chem 2020; 85:10293-10320. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c01287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuzuru Kanda
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Yoshihiro Ishihara
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Nathan C. Wilde
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Phil S. Baran
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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13
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Wang JYJ, Fletcher SP. Synthesis of the Taxol Core via Catalytic Asymmetric 1,4-Addition of an Alkylzirconium Nucleophile. Org Lett 2020; 22:4103-4106. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c01165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Yu Joseph Wang
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen P. Fletcher
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
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14
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Hu YJ, Li LX, Han JC, Min L, Li CC. Recent Advances in the Total Synthesis of Natural Products Containing Eight-Membered Carbocycles (2009-2019). Chem Rev 2020; 120:5910-5953. [PMID: 32343125 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Natural products containing eight-membered carbocycles constitute a class of structurally intriguing and biologically important molecules such as the famous diterpenes taxol and vinigrol. Such natural products are being increasingly investigated because of their fascinating architectural features and potent medicinal properties. However, synthesis of natural products with cyclooctane moieties has proved to be highly challenging. This review highlights the recently completed total syntheses of natural products with eight-membered carbocycles with a focus on strategic considerations. A collection of 27 representative studies from the literature covering the decade from 2009 to 2019 is described in chronological order with relevant studies grouped together, including syntheses of the same natural product by different research groups using different strategies. Finally, a summary and outlook including a discussion of the major features of each strategy used in the syntheses are presented. This review illustrates the diversity and creativity in the elegant synthetic designs of eight-membered carbocycles. We hope this review will provide timely illumination and beneficial guidance for future synthetic efforts for organic chemists who are interested in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Jian Hu
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Li-Xuan Li
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Jing-Chun Han
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Long Min
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Chuang-Chuang Li
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen 518055, China
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15
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Wang Z. Construction of all-carbon quaternary stereocenters by catalytic asymmetric conjugate addition to cyclic enones in natural product synthesis. Org Chem Front 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0qo00763c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
This review discusses the construction of all-carbon quaternary stereocenters using catalytic asymmetric conjugate addition and its application in natural product synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Wang
- Southern University of Science and Technology
- School of Medicine
- Shenzhen
- People's Republic of China
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16
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Helfrich EJN, Lin GM, Voigt CA, Clardy J. Bacterial terpene biosynthesis: challenges and opportunities for pathway engineering. Beilstein J Org Chem 2019; 15:2889-2906. [PMID: 31839835 PMCID: PMC6902898 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.15.283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Terpenoids are the largest and structurally most diverse class of natural products. They possess potent and specific biological activity in multiple assays and against diseases, including cancer and malaria as notable examples. Although the number of characterized terpenoid molecules is huge, our knowledge of how they are biosynthesized is limited, particularly when compared to the well-studied thiotemplate assembly lines. Bacteria have only recently been recognized as having the genetic potential to biosynthesize a large number of complex terpenoids, but our current ability to associate genetic potential with molecular structure is severely restricted. The canonical terpene biosynthetic pathway uses a single enzyme to form a cyclized hydrocarbon backbone followed by modifications with a suite of tailoring enzymes that can generate dozens of different products from a single backbone. This functional promiscuity of terpene biosynthetic pathways renders terpene biosynthesis susceptible to rational pathway engineering using the latest developments in the field of synthetic biology. These engineered pathways will not only facilitate the rational creation of both known and novel terpenoids, their development will deepen our understanding of a significant branch of biosynthesis. The biosynthetic insights gained will likely empower a greater degree of engineering proficiency for non-natural terpene biosynthetic pathways and pave the way towards the biotechnological production of high value terpenoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric J N Helfrich
- Harvard Medical School, Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Boston, United States
| | - Geng-Min Lin
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Biological Engineering, Cambridge, United States
| | - Christopher A Voigt
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Biological Engineering, Cambridge, United States
| | - Jon Clardy
- Harvard Medical School, Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Boston, United States
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17
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Khatri HR, Bhattarai B, Kaplan W, Li Z, Curtis Long MJ, Aye Y, Nagorny P. Modular Total Synthesis and Cell-Based Anticancer Activity Evaluation of Ouabagenin and Other Cardiotonic Steroids with Varying Degrees of Oxygenation. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:4849-4860. [PMID: 30802047 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b12870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A Cu(II)-catalyzed diastereoselective Michael/aldol cascade approach is used to accomplish concise total syntheses of cardiotonic steroids with varying degrees of oxygenation including cardenolides ouabagenin, sarmentologenin, 19-hydroxysarmentogenin, and 5- epi-panogenin. These syntheses enabled the subsequent structure activity relationship (SAR) studies on 37 synthetic and natural steroids to elucidate the effect of oxygenation, stereochemistry, C3-glycosylation, and C17-heterocyclic ring. Based on this parallel evaluation of synthetic and natural steroids and their derivatives, glycosylated steroids cannogenol-l-α-rhamnoside (79a), strophanthidol-l-α-rhamnoside (92), and digitoxigenin-l-α-rhamnoside (97) were identified as the most potent steroids demonstrating broad anticancer activity at 10-100 nM concentrations and selectivity (nontoxic at 3 μM against NIH-3T3, MEF, and developing fish embryos). Further analyses indicate that these molecules show a general mode of anticancer activity involving DNA-damage upregulation that subsequently induces apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hem Raj Khatri
- Chemistry Department , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109 , United States
| | - Bijay Bhattarai
- Chemistry Department , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109 , United States
| | - Will Kaplan
- Chemistry Department , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109 , United States
| | - Zhongzheng Li
- Department of Chemistry , Nankai University , Nankai 300071 , People's Republic of China
| | - Marcus John Curtis Long
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology , Cornell University , Ithaca , New York 14853 , United States
| | - Yimon Aye
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering , École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne , 1015 Lausanne , Switzerland.,Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology , Cornell University , Ithaca , New York 14853 , United States
| | - Pavel Nagorny
- Chemistry Department , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109 , United States
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18
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Millham AB, Kier MJ, Leon RM, Karmakar R, Stempel ZD, Micalizio GC. A Complementary Process to Pauson-Khand-Type Annulation Reactions for the Construction of Fully Substituted Cyclopentenones. Org Lett 2019; 21:567-570. [PMID: 30614709 PMCID: PMC6465167 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b03922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A complementary process to the Pauson-Khand annulation is described that is well suited to forging densely substituted/oxygenated cyclopentenone products (including fully substituted variants). The reaction is thought to proceed through a sequence of metallacycle-mediated bond-forming events that engages an internal alkyne and a β-keto ester in an annulation process that forges two C-C bonds. A variant of this annulation process has also been established that delivers deoxygenated cyclopentenones that lack the allylic tertiary alcohol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam B Millham
- Department of Chemistry , Dartmouth College , Burke Laboratory, Hanover , New Hampshire 03755 , United States
| | - Matthew J Kier
- Department of Chemistry , Dartmouth College , Burke Laboratory, Hanover , New Hampshire 03755 , United States
| | - Robert M Leon
- Department of Chemistry , Dartmouth College , Burke Laboratory, Hanover , New Hampshire 03755 , United States
| | - Rajdip Karmakar
- Department of Chemistry , Dartmouth College , Burke Laboratory, Hanover , New Hampshire 03755 , United States
| | - Zachary D Stempel
- Department of Chemistry , Dartmouth College , Burke Laboratory, Hanover , New Hampshire 03755 , United States
| | - Glenn C Micalizio
- Department of Chemistry , Dartmouth College , Burke Laboratory, Hanover , New Hampshire 03755 , United States
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19
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Lai Y, Zhang N, Zhang Y, Chen JH, Yang Z. Asymmetric Total Syntheses of Insulicolide A, 14-O-Acetylinsulicolide A, 6β,9α-Dihydroxy-14-p-nitrobenzoylcinnamolide, and 7α,14-Dihydroxy-6β-p-nitrobenzoylconfertifolin. Org Lett 2018; 20:4298-4301. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b01733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Lai
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science (BNLMS), and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science (BNLMS), and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science (BNLMS), and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jia-Hua Chen
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science (BNLMS), and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhen Yang
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science (BNLMS), and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
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20
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Smith BR, Njardarson JT. [2.2.2]- to [3.2.1]-Bicycle Skeletal Rearrangement Approach to the Gibberellin Family of Natural Products. Org Lett 2018; 20:2993-2996. [PMID: 29722990 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b01031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic studies toward the gibberellin family of natural products are reported. An oxidative dearomatization/Diels-Alder cascade assembles the carbon skeleton as a [2.2.2]-bicycle, which is then transformed to the [3.2.1]-bicyclic gibberellin core via a novel Lewis acid catalyzed rearrangement. Strategic synthetic handles allow for late-stage modification of the gibberellin skeleton and provides efficient access to this important family of natural compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon R Smith
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Arizona , Tucson , Arizona 85721 , United States
| | - Jon T Njardarson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Arizona , Tucson , Arizona 85721 , United States
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21
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Abstract
We report an operationally convenient room temperature hydroboration of aldehydes and ketones employing Fe(acac)3 as precatalyst. The hydroboration of aldehydes and ketones proceeded efficiently at room temperature to yield, after work up, 1° and 2° alcohols; chemoselective hydroboration of aldehydes over ketones is attained under these conditions. We propose a σ-bond metathesis mechanism in which an Fe-H intermediate is postulated to be a key reactive species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sem Raj Tamang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University , Lubbock, Texas 79409, United States
| | - Michael Findlater
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University , Lubbock, Texas 79409, United States
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22
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Bischoff AJ, Nelson BM, Niemeyer ZL, Sigman MS, Movassaghi M. Quantitative Modeling of Bis(pyridine)silver(I) Permanganate Oxidation of Hydantoin Derivatives: Guidelines for Predicting the Site of Oxidation in Complex Substrates. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:15539-15547. [PMID: 28975782 PMCID: PMC5739304 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b09541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The bis(pyridine)silver(I) permanganate promoted hydroxylation of diketopiperazines has served as a pivotal transformation in the synthesis of complex epipolythiodiketopiperazine alkaloids. This late-stage C-H oxidation chemistry is strategically critical to access N-acyl iminium ion intermediates necessary for nucleophilic thiolation of advanced diketopiperazines en route to potent epipolythiodiketopiperazine anticancer compounds. In this study, we develop an informative mathematical model using hydantoin derivatives as a training set of substrates by relating the relative rates of oxidation to various calculated molecular descriptors. The model prioritizes Hammett values and percent buried volume as key contributing factors in the hydantoin series while correctly predicting the experimentally observed oxidation sites in various complex diketopiperazine case studies. Thus, a method is presented by which to use simplified training molecules and resulting correlations to explain and predict reaction behavior for more complex substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda J. Bischoff
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Brandon M. Nelson
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Zachary L. Niemeyer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Matthew S. Sigman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Mohammad Movassaghi
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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23
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Morisaki K, Sasano Y, Koseki T, Shibuta T, Kanoh N, Chiou WH, Iwabuchi Y. Nazarov Cyclization Entry to Chiral Bicyclo[5.3.0]decanoid Building Blocks and Its Application to Formal Synthesis of (−)-Englerin A. Org Lett 2017; 19:5142-5145. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.7b02428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Morisaki
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Yusuke Sasano
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Takahiro Koseki
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Takuro Shibuta
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Naoki Kanoh
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Wen-Hua Chiou
- Department
of Chemistry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 40227, Taiwan
| | - Yoshiharu Iwabuchi
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
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24
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Brill ZG, Condakes ML, Ting CP, Maimone TJ. Navigating the Chiral Pool in the Total Synthesis of Complex Terpene Natural Products. Chem Rev 2017; 117:11753-11795. [PMID: 28293944 PMCID: PMC5638449 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The pool of abundant chiral terpene building blocks (i.e., "chiral pool terpenes") has long served as a starting point for the chemical synthesis of complex natural products, including many terpenes themselves. As inexpensive and versatile starting materials, such compounds continue to influence modern synthetic chemistry. This review highlights 21st century terpene total syntheses which themselves use small, terpene-derived materials as building blocks. An outlook to the future of research in this area is highlighted as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary G. Brill
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Matthew L. Condakes
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Chi P. Ting
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Thomas J. Maimone
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720
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25
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Kier MJ, Leon RM, O'Rourke NF, Rheingold AL, Micalizio GC. Synthesis of Highly Oxygenated Carbocycles by Stereoselective Coupling of Alkynes to 1,3- and 1,4-Dicarbonyl Systems. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:12374-12377. [PMID: 28844136 PMCID: PMC5600187 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b06286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Densely substituted and highly oxygenated carbocycles are challenging targets for synthesis. In particular, those possessing numerous contiguous, fully substituted carbon atoms (i.e., tertiary alcohols and quaternary centers) are often not accessible in a direct fashion, necessitating the strategic decoupling of ring-formation from the establishment of functionality about the system. Here, we describe an approach to the construction of highly oxygenated mono-, di-, and polycyclic carbocycles from the reaction of disubstituted alkynes with β- or γ-dicarbonyl systems. These processes embrace a variant of metallacycle-mediated annulation chemistry where initial alkyne-carbonyl coupling is followed by a second, now intramolecular, stereoselective C-C bond-forming event. In addition to revealing the basic reactivity pattern in intermolecular settings, we demonstrate that this class of reactivity is quite powerful in a fully intramolecular context and, when terminated by a stereoselective oxidation process, can be used to generate polycyclic systems containing a fully substituted and highly oxygenated five-membered ring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Kier
- Department of Chemistry, Burke Laboratory, Dartmouth College , Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, United States
| | - Robert M Leon
- Department of Chemistry, Burke Laboratory, Dartmouth College , Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, United States
| | - Natasha F O'Rourke
- Department of Chemistry, Burke Laboratory, Dartmouth College , Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, United States
| | - Arnold L Rheingold
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-San Diego , La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Glenn C Micalizio
- Department of Chemistry, Burke Laboratory, Dartmouth College , Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, United States
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26
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Giarrusso J, Do DT, Johnson JS. Chemoselective and Diastereoconvergent Cu(II)-Catalyzed Aerobic Endoperoxidation of Polycarbonyls. Org Lett 2017; 19:3107-3110. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.7b01225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James Giarrusso
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Dung T. Do
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Jeffrey S. Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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27
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Lo JC, Kim D, Pan CM, Edwards JT, Yabe Y, Gui J, Qin T, Gutiérrez S, Giacoboni J, Smith MW, Holland PL, Baran PS. Fe-Catalyzed C-C Bond Construction from Olefins via Radicals. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:2484-2503. [PMID: 28094980 PMCID: PMC5314431 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b13155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 260] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
![]()
This Article details the development
of the iron-catalyzed conversion
of olefins to radicals and their subsequent use in the construction
of C–C bonds. Optimization of a reductive diene cyclization
led to the development of an intermolecular cross-coupling of electronically-differentiated
donor and acceptor olefins. Although the substitution on the donor
olefins was initially limited to alkyl and aryl groups, additional
efforts culminated in the expansion of the scope of the substitution
to various heteroatom-based functionalities, providing a unified olefin
reactivity. A vinyl sulfone acceptor olefin was developed, which allowed
for the efficient synthesis of sulfone adducts that could be used
as branch points for further diversification. Moreover, this reactivity
was extended into an olefin-based Minisci reaction to functionalize
heterocyclic scaffolds. Finally, mechanistic studies resulted in a
more thorough understanding of the reaction, giving rise to the development
of a more efficient second-generation set of olefin cross-coupling
conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian C Lo
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Dongyoung Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University , 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Chung-Mao Pan
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Jacob T Edwards
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Yuki Yabe
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Jinghan Gui
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Tian Qin
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Sara Gutiérrez
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Jessica Giacoboni
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Myles W Smith
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Patrick L Holland
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University , 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Phil S Baran
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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28
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Chu H, Smith JM, Felding J, Baran PS. Scalable Synthesis of (-)-Thapsigargin. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2017; 3:47-51. [PMID: 28149952 PMCID: PMC5269647 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.6b00313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Total syntheses of the complex, highly oxygenated sesquiterpenes thapsigargin (1) and nortrilobolide (2) are presented. Access to analogues of these promising bioactive natural products has been limited to tedious isolation and semisynthetic efforts. Elegant prior total syntheses demonstrated the feasibility of creating these entitites in 36-42 step processes. The currently reported route proceeds in a scalable and more concise fashion by utilizing two-phase terpene synthesis logic. Salient features of the work include application of the classic photosantonin rearrangement and precisely choreographed installation of the multiple oxygenations present on the guaianolide skeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Chu
- Department
of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Joel M. Smith
- Department
of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Jakob Felding
- Front
End Innovation, LEO Pharma, A/S Industriparken 55, 2750 Ballerup, Denmark
| | - Phil S. Baran
- Department
of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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29
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Masahisa Nakada
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University
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30
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Yan M, Lo JC, Edwards JT, Baran PS. Radicals: Reactive Intermediates with Translational Potential. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:12692-12714. [PMID: 27631602 PMCID: PMC5054485 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b08856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 656] [Impact Index Per Article: 82.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
This Perspective illustrates the defining characteristics of free radical chemistry, beginning with its rich and storied history. Studies from our laboratory are discussed along with recent developments emanating from others in this burgeoning area. The practicality and chemoselectivity of radical reactions enable rapid access to molecules of relevance to drug discovery, agrochemistry, material science, and other disciplines. Thus, these reactive intermediates possess inherent translational potential, as they can be widely used to expedite scientific endeavors for the betterment of humankind.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Yan
- Department
of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Julian C. Lo
- Department
of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Jacob T. Edwards
- Department
of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Phil S. Baran
- Department
of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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31
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Hua Y, Asgari P, Avullala T, Jeon J. Catalytic Reductive ortho-C-H Silylation of Phenols with Traceless, Versatile Acetal Directing Groups and Synthetic Applications of Dioxasilines. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:7982-91. [PMID: 27265033 PMCID: PMC5103641 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b04018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A new, highly selective, bond functionalization strategy, achieved via relay of two transition metal catalysts and the use of traceless acetal directing groups, has been employed to provide facile formation of C-Si bonds and concomitant functionalization of a silicon group in a single vessel. Specifically, this approach involves the relay of Ir-catalyzed hydrosilylation of inexpensive and readily available phenyl acetates, exploiting disubstituted silyl synthons to afford silyl acetals and Rh-catalyzed ortho-C-H silylation to provide dioxasilines. A subsequent nucleophilic addition to silicon removes the acetal directing groups and directly provides unmasked phenol products and, thus, useful functional groups at silicon achieved in a single vessel. This traceless acetal directing group strategy for catalytic ortho-C-H silylation of phenols was also successfully applied to preparation of multisubstituted arenes. Remarkably, a new formal α-chloroacetyl directing group has been developed that allows catalytic reductive C-H silylation of sterically hindered phenols. In particular, this new method permits access to highly versatile and nicely differentiated 1,2,3-trisubstituted arenes that are difficult to access by other catalytic routes. In addition, the resulting dioxasilines can serve as chromatographically stable halosilane equivalents, which allow not only removal of acetal directing groups but also introduce useful functional groups leading to silicon-bridged biaryls. We demonstrated that this catalytic C-H bond silylation strategy has powerful synthetic potential by creating direct applications of dioxasilines to other important transformations, examples of which include aryne chemistry, Au-catalyzed direct arylation, sequential orthogonal cross-couplings, and late-stage silylation of phenolic bioactive molecules and BINOL scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Thirupataiah Avullala
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019, United States
| | - Junha Jeon
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019, United States
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32
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Li X, Che X, Chen GH, Zhang J, Yan JL, Zhang YF, Zhang LS, Hsu CP, Gao YQ, Shi ZJ. Direct Oxidation of Aliphatic C–H Bonds in Amino-Containing Molecules under Transition-Metal-Free Conditions. Org Lett 2016; 18:1234-7. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.5b03690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Chao-Ping Hsu
- Academia Sinica, Institute of Chemistry, 128 Sect 2 Acad Road, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | | | - Zhang-Jie Shi
- State
Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
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33
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Tokumasu K, Yazaki R, Ohshima T. Direct Catalytic Chemoselective α-Amination of Acylpyrazoles: A Concise Route to Unnatural α-Amino Acid Derivatives. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:2664-9. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b11773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Tokumasu
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Kyushu University, Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Ryo Yazaki
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Kyushu University, Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Takashi Ohshima
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Kyushu University, Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
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34
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Wang GW, Cheng MX, Ma RS, Yang SD. Cu-Catalyzed selective cascade sp(3) C-H bond oxidative functionalization towards isoxazoline derivatives. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:6308-11. [PMID: 25760469 DOI: 10.1039/c5cc01004g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The first Cu-catalyzed cascade sp(3) C-H bond oxidative functionalization of the 2-ethylazaarenes has been developed. The two different sp(3) C-H bonds in 2-ethylazaarenes are selectively oxidized and four new types of bonds (C=O, C=N, C-C, C-O) are constructed in one operation. Starting from the simple substrates and cheap nitro source, this reaction provides an efficient approach to produce new kinds of isoxazolines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang-Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China.
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35
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Gu Y, Wang Y, Ma X, Wang C, Yue G, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Li S, Ling S, Liu X, Wen X, Cao S, Huang X, Deng J, Zuo Z, Yu S, Shen L, Wu R. Greater Taxol Yield of Fungus Pestalotiopsis hainanensis from Dermatitic Scurf of the Giant Panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca). Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2014; 175:155-65. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-014-1254-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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36
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Hashimoto T, Hirose D, Taniguchi T. Direct Synthesis of 1,4-Diols from Alkenes by Iron-Catalyzed Aerobic Hydration and CH Hydroxylation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201308675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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37
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Hashimoto T, Hirose D, Taniguchi T. Direct Synthesis of 1,4-Diols from Alkenes by Iron-Catalyzed Aerobic Hydration and CH Hydroxylation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:2730-4. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201308675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2013] [Revised: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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38
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Hirose D, Taniguchi T. Aerobic radical multifunctionalization of alkenes using tert-butyl nitrite and water. Beilstein J Org Chem 2013; 9:1713-7. [PMID: 24062832 PMCID: PMC3778400 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.9.196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Accepted: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Water induces a change in the product of radical multifunctionalization reactions of aliphatic alkenes involving an sp3 C–H functionalization by an 1,5-hydrogen shift using tert-butyl nitrite and molecular oxygen. The reaction without water, reported previously, gives nitrated γ-lactols, whereas the reaction in the presence of water produces 4-hydroxy-5-nitropentyl nitrate or 4-hydroxy-3-nitropentyl nitrate derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Hirose
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
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39
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Renata H, Zhou Q, Baran PS. Strategic redox relay enables a scalable synthesis of ouabagenin, a bioactive cardenolide. Science 2013; 339:59-63. [PMID: 23288535 PMCID: PMC4365795 DOI: 10.1126/science.1230631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Here, we report on a scalable route to the polyhydroxylated steroid ouabagenin with an unusual take on the age-old practice of steroid semisynthesis. The incorporation of both redox and stereochemical relays during the design of this synthesis resulted in efficient access to more than 500 milligrams of a key precursor toward ouabagenin-and ultimately ouabagenin itself-and the discovery of innovative methods for carbon-hydrogen (C-H) and carbon-carbon activation and carbon-oxygen bond homolysis. Given the medicinal relevance of the cardenolides in the treatment of congestive heart failure, a variety of ouabagenin analogs could potentially be generated from the key intermediate as a means of addressing the narrow therapeutic index of these molecules. This synthesis also showcases an approach to bypass the historically challenging problem of selective C-H oxidation of saturated carbon centers in a controlled fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Renata
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Qianghui Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Phil S. Baran
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA 92037
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Taniguchi T, Sugiura Y, Hatta T, Yajima A, Ishibashi H. Multifunctionalization of alkenes via aerobic oxynitration and sp3 C–H oxidation. Chem Commun (Camb) 2013; 49:2198-200. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cc00130j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Groussin AL, Antoniotti S. Valuable chemicals by the enzymatic modification of molecules of natural origin: terpenoids, steroids, phenolics and related compounds. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2012; 115:237-243. [PMID: 22074904 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2011.10.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2011] [Revised: 10/13/2011] [Accepted: 10/14/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A renewed interest for using natural organic molecules for the production of valuable chemicals is observed in current organic processes. Natural compounds provide the access to natural grade chemicals when submitted to physical treatments or biotechnological processes. Dealing with structurally complex molecules, they can provide complex core structures for hemisynthesis purposes, and in many instances they offer the advantage of providing sustainable processes when using renewable resources. These assets could be synergistic with the assets of biocatalytic processes, to end-up with efficient and sustainable processes in the organic synthesis of valuable products. In this review, we have gathered a selection of examples on the use of enzymes for the modification of molecules of natural origin being either purified compounds (terpenoids, steroids, phenolics) or mixtures (essential oils, natural extracts) to access fine chemicals or organic polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Laure Groussin
- LCMBA UMR 6001 CNRS-Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, Institut de Chimie de Nice, Nice, France
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Abstract
Biomimetic synthesis describes the field of organic chemistry that aims to emulate the natural, biosynthetic processes toward natural products. As well as providing insight into how molecules are formed in nature, the benefits of this approach to total synthesis are numerous and extend beyond the gains typical of traditional synthesis. For example, using biosynthetic proposals to design a synthetic route can highlight alternative methods to the desired target. The pursuit of biomimetic syntheses also promotes the development of new reactions to prove or disprove a biosynthetic proposal or to unravel mechanistic implications of a proposed biosynthesis and can lead to the identification of new natural products. Here we look at some recent compelling examples and examine how biomimetic synthesis has led to the discovery of new procedures and principles that would not have been found by other approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Razzak
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, USA
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Mendoza A, Ishihara Y, Baran PS. Scalable enantioselective total synthesis of taxanes. Nat Chem 2011; 4:21-5. [PMID: 22169867 PMCID: PMC3243931 DOI: 10.1038/nchem.1196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2011] [Accepted: 10/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Taxanes are a large family of terpenes comprising over 350 members, the most famous of which is Taxol (paclitaxel) — a billion-dollar anticancer drug. Here, we describe the first practical and scalable synthetic entry to these natural products via a concise preparation of (+)-taxa-4(5),11(12)-dien-2-one, which possesses a suitable functional handle to access more oxidised members of its family. This route enabled a gram-scale preparation of the ”parent” taxane, taxadiene, representing the largest quantity of this naturally occurring terpene ever isolated or prepared in pure form. The taxane family’s characteristic 6-8-6 tricyclic system containing a bridgehead alkene is forged via a vicinal difunctionalisation/Diels–Alder strategy. Asymmetry is introduced by means of an enantioselective conjugate addition that forms an all-carbon quaternary centre, from which all other stereocentres are fixed via substrate control. This study lays a critical foundation for a planned access to minimally oxidised taxane analogs and a scalable laboratory preparation of Taxol itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abraham Mendoza
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California, 92037, USA
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