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Ste. Marie EJ, Hondal RJ. Application of alpha-methyl selenocysteine as a tool for the study of selenoproteins. Methods Enzymol 2022; 662:297-329. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2021.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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2
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Direct determination of absolute stereochemistry of α-methylselenocysteine using the Mosher method. RESULTS IN CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rechem.2021.100114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Ste Marie EJ, Wehrle RJ, Haupt DJ, Wood NB, van der Vliet A, Previs MJ, Masterson DS, Hondal RJ. Can Selenoenzymes Resist Electrophilic Modification? Evidence from Thioredoxin Reductase and a Mutant Containing α-Methylselenocysteine. Biochemistry 2020; 59:3300-3315. [PMID: 32845139 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.0c00608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Selenocysteine (Sec) is the 21st proteogenic amino acid in the genetic code. Incorporation of Sec into proteins is a complex and bioenergetically costly process that evokes the following question: "Why did nature choose selenium?" An answer that has emerged over the past decade is that Sec confers resistance to irreversible oxidative inactivation by reactive oxygen species. Here, we explore the question of whether this concept can be broadened to include resistance to reactive electrophilic species (RES) because oxygen and related compounds are merely a subset of RES. To test this hypothesis, we inactivated mammalian thioredoxin reductase (Sec-TrxR), a mutant containing α-methylselenocysteine [(αMe)Sec-TrxR], and a cysteine ortholog TrxR (Cys-TrxR) with various electrophiles, including acrolein, 4-hydroxynonenal, and curcumin. Our results show that the acrolein-inactivated Sec-TrxR and the (αMe)Sec-TrxR mutant could regain 25% and 30% activity, respectively, when incubated with 2 mM H2O2 and 5 mM imidazole. In contrast, Cys-TrxR did not regain activity under the same conditions. We posit that Sec enzymes can undergo a repair process via β-syn selenoxide elimination that ejects the electrophile, leaving the enzyme in the oxidized selenosulfide state. (αMe)Sec-TrxR was created by incorporating the non-natural amino acid (αMe)Sec into TrxR by semisynthesis and allowed for rigorous testing of our hypothesis. This Sec derivative enables higher resistance to both oxidative and electrophilic inactivation because it lacks a backbone Cα-H, which prevents loss of selenium through the formation of dehydroalanine. This is the first time this unique amino acid has been incorporated into an enzyme and is an example of state-of-the-art protein engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma J Ste Marie
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Vermont, 89 Beaumont Avenue, Burlington, Vermont 05405, United States.,Department of Chemistry, Discovery Hall, University of Vermont, 82 University Place, Burlington, Vermont 05405, United States
| | - Robert J Wehrle
- School of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Southern Mississippi, 118 College Drive, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406, United States
| | - Daniel J Haupt
- Department of Chemistry, Discovery Hall, University of Vermont, 82 University Place, Burlington, Vermont 05405, United States
| | - Neil B Wood
- Department of Molecular Physiology & Biophysics, University of Vermont, 89 Beaumont Avenue, Burlington, Vermont 05405, United States
| | - Albert van der Vliet
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont, 149 Beaumont Avenue, Burlington, Vermont 05405, United States
| | - Michael J Previs
- Department of Molecular Physiology & Biophysics, University of Vermont, 89 Beaumont Avenue, Burlington, Vermont 05405, United States
| | - Douglas S Masterson
- School of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Southern Mississippi, 118 College Drive, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406, United States
| | - Robert J Hondal
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Vermont, 89 Beaumont Avenue, Burlington, Vermont 05405, United States.,Department of Chemistry, Discovery Hall, University of Vermont, 82 University Place, Burlington, Vermont 05405, United States
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Iqbal ES, Richardson SL, Abrigo NA, Dods KK, Osorio Franco HE, Gerrish HS, Kotapati HK, Morgan IM, Masterson DS, Hartman MCT. A new strategy for the in vitro selection of stapled peptide inhibitors by mRNA display. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:8959-8962. [PMID: 31290487 DOI: 10.1039/c8cc10192b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Hydrocarbon stapled peptides are promising therapeutics for inhibition of intracellular protein-protein interactions. Here we develop a new high-throughput strategy for hydrocarbon stapled peptide discovery based on mRNA display of peptides containing α-methyl cysteine and cyclized with m-dibromoxylene. We focus on development of a peptide binder to the HPV16 E2 protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emil S Iqbal
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1001 West Main Street, P. O. Box 842006, Richmond, VA 23284, USA. and Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, 401 College Street, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Stacie L Richardson
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1001 West Main Street, P. O. Box 842006, Richmond, VA 23284, USA. and Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, 401 College Street, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Nicolas A Abrigo
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1001 West Main Street, P. O. Box 842006, Richmond, VA 23284, USA. and Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, 401 College Street, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Kara K Dods
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1001 West Main Street, P. O. Box 842006, Richmond, VA 23284, USA. and Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, 401 College Street, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - H Estheban Osorio Franco
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1001 West Main Street, P. O. Box 842006, Richmond, VA 23284, USA. and Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, 401 College Street, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Heather S Gerrish
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1001 West Main Street, P. O. Box 842006, Richmond, VA 23284, USA. and Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, 401 College Street, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Hari Kiran Kotapati
- School of Mathematics & Natural Sciences, Chemistry & Biochemistry, 118 College Drive #5043, Hattiesburg, MS 39406, USA
| | - Iain M Morgan
- Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, 401 College Street, Richmond, VA 23298, USA and Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, Department of Oral and Craniofacial Molecular Biology, School of Dentistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Box 980566, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Douglas S Masterson
- School of Mathematics & Natural Sciences, Chemistry & Biochemistry, 118 College Drive #5043, Hattiesburg, MS 39406, USA
| | - Matthew C T Hartman
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1001 West Main Street, P. O. Box 842006, Richmond, VA 23284, USA. and Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, 401 College Street, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
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Wehrle RJ, Ste Marie EJ, Hondal RJ, Masterson DS. Synthesis of alpha-methyl selenocysteine and its utilization as a glutathione peroxidase mimic. J Pept Sci 2019; 25:e3173. [PMID: 31074180 DOI: 10.1002/psc.3173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Selenocysteine (Sec) is the 21st amino acid in the genetic code where this amino acid is primarily involved in redox reactions in enzymes because of its high reactivity toward oxygen and related reactive oxygen species. Sec has found wide utility in synthetic peptides, especially as a replacement for cysteine. One limitation of using Sec in synthetic peptides is that it can undergo β-syn elimination reactions after oxidation, rendering the peptide inactive due to loss of selenium. This limitation can be overcome by substituting Cα-H with a methyl group. The resulting Sec derivative is α-methylselenocysteine ((αMe)Sec). Here, we present a new strategy for the synthesis of (αMe)Sec by alkylation of an achiral methyl malonate through the use of a selenium-containing alkylating agent synthesized in the presence of dichloromethane. The seleno-malonate was then subjected to an enzymatic hydrolysis utilizing pig liver esterase followed by a Curtius rearrangement producing a protected derivative of (αMe)Sec that could be used in solid-phase peptide synthesis. We then synthesized two peptides: one containing Sec and the other containing (αMe)Sec, based on the sequence of glutathione peroxidase. This is the first reported incorporation of (αMe)Sec into a peptide as well as the first reported biochemical application of this unique amino acid. The (αMe)Sec-containing peptide had superior stability as it could not undergo β-syn elimination and it also avoided cleavage of the peptide backbone, which we surprisingly found to be the case for the Sec-containing peptide when it was incubated for 96 hours in oxygenated buffer at pH 8.0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Wehrle
- School of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS
| | - Emma J Ste Marie
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT
| | - Robert J Hondal
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT
| | - Douglas S Masterson
- School of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS
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Kotapati HK, Robinson JD, Lawrence DR, Fortner KR, Stanford CW, Powell DR, Wardenga R, Bornscheuer UT, Masterson DS. Diastereoselective Hydrolysis of Branched Malonate Diesters by Porcine Liver Esterase: Synthesis of 5‐Benzyl‐Substituted C
α
‐Methyl‐β‐proline and Catalytic Evaluation. European J Org Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201700605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hari Kiran Kotapati
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry The University of Southern Mississippi 118 College Drive, Box # 5043 39406 Hattiesburg Mississippi USA
| | - Jamarii D. Robinson
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry The University of Southern Mississippi 118 College Drive, Box # 5043 39406 Hattiesburg Mississippi USA
| | - Daniel R. Lawrence
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry The University of Southern Mississippi 118 College Drive, Box # 5043 39406 Hattiesburg Mississippi USA
| | - Kimberly R. Fortner
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry The University of Southern Mississippi 118 College Drive, Box # 5043 39406 Hattiesburg Mississippi USA
| | - Caleb W. Stanford
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry The University of Southern Mississippi 118 College Drive, Box # 5043 39406 Hattiesburg Mississippi USA
| | - Douglas R. Powell
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Oklahoma 101 Stephenson Parkway 73019‐5251 Norman Oklahoma USA
| | - Rainer Wardenga
- Enzymicals AG Walther‐Rathenau‐Str. 49a 17489 Greifswald Germany
| | - Uwe T. Bornscheuer
- Department of Biotechnology & Enzyme Catalysis University of Greifswald Institute of Biochemistry Felix‐Hausdorff‐Str. 4 17487 Greifswald Germany
| | - Douglas S. Masterson
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry The University of Southern Mississippi 118 College Drive, Box # 5043 39406 Hattiesburg Mississippi USA
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Kotapati HK, Lawrence DR, Thames SO, Masterson DS. Enzyme mediated concise synthesis of NH-Fmoc-S-Trityl-Cα-Methyl Cysteine. Tetrahedron Lett 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2016.08.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Antoniou AI, Pepe DA, Aiello D, Siciliano C, Athanassopoulos CM. Chemoselective Protection of Glutathione in the Preparation of Bioconjugates: The Case of Trypanothione Disulfide. J Org Chem 2016; 81:4353-8. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b00300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Antonia I. Antoniou
- Synthetic
Organic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, GR-26504 Patras, Greece
| | - Dionissia A. Pepe
- Synthetic
Organic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, GR-26504 Patras, Greece
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Kedrowski BL, Gutow JH, Stock G, Smith M, Jordan C, Masterson DS. Glutathione reductase activity with an oxidized methylated glutathione analog. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2013; 29:491-4. [PMID: 23808802 DOI: 10.3109/14756366.2013.805757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The activity of glutathione reductase with an unnatural analog of oxidized glutathione was explored. The analog, L-γ-glutamyl-2-methyl-L-cysteinyl-glycine disulfide, places an additional methyl group on the alpha position of each of the central cysteine residues, which significantly increases steric bulk near the disulfide bond. Glutathione reductase was completely unable to catalyze the sulfur-sulfur bond reduction of the analog. Additionally, enzyme kinetics experiments indicated that the analog acts as a competitive inhibitor of glutathione reductase. Computational studies confirm that the methylated analog fits within the active site of the enzyme but its disulphide bond geometry is altered, preventing reduction by the enzyme. The substitution of (R)-2-methylcysteine in place of natural (R)-cysteine in peptides constitutes a new strategy for stabilizing disulphide bonds from enzyme-catalyzed degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brant L Kedrowski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin Oshkosh , Oshkosh, WI , USA and
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Banerjee S, Wiggins WJ, Geoghegan JL, Anthony CT, Woltering EA, Masterson DS. Novel synthesis of various orthogonally protected Cα-methyllysine analogues and biological evaluation of a Vapreotide analogue containing (S)-α-methyllysine. Org Biomol Chem 2013; 11:6307-19. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ob41282b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Smith ME, Banerjee S, Shi Y, Schmidt M, Bornscheuer UT, Masterson DS. Investigation of the Cosolvent Effect on Six Isoenzymes of PLE in the Enantioselective Hydrolysis of Selected α,α-Disubstituted Malonate Esters. ChemCatChem 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201100490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Fiset D, Charette AB. Microwave-assisted hydrolysis: efficient synthesis of α-substituted cysteines on multi-gram scale. RSC Adv 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ra20744c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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