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Lockie RG, Orr RM, Montes F, Ruvalcaba TJ, Dawes JJ. Impact of Physical Fitness on Reasons for Academy Release in Firefighter Trainees. J Strength Cond Res 2023; 37:1515-1522. [PMID: 37200586 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Lockie, RG, Orr, RM, Montes, F, Ruvalcaba, TJ, and Dawes, JJ. Impact of physical fitness on reasons for academy release in firefighter trainees. J Strength Cond Res 37(7): 1515-1522, 2023-Firefighter trainees require a certain level of fitness to be admitted to and to complete a fire training academy. There is no research detailing whether there are fitness differences between trainees who graduate (GRAD) or those released due to either injury (RELI) or skills test performance failures (RELP). Archival data from 305 trainees (274 males and 31 females) were analyzed. Trainees completed the following fitness tests at the start of academy: Illinois agility test, metronome push-ups, pull-ups, leg tucks, multistage fitness test, backward overhead medicine ball throw (BOMBT) with a 4.54-kg ball, 10 repetition maximum deadlift, and a farmer's carry with 18-kg kettlebells over a 91.44-m course. Trainees were split into GRAD (245 males and 16 females), RELI (9 males and 1 female), and RELP (20 males and 14 females) groups. Kolmogorov-Smirnov data indicated most data were not normally distributed. Accordingly, Kruskal-Wallis H-tests, with Bonferroni post hoc, calculated between-group fitness test differences. Effect sizes were also derived. Except for the leg tuck and farmer's carry, the RELP group performed significantly poorer in all fitness tests compared with the GRAD group ( p ≤ 0.032). The largest effects were seen for the BOMBT ( d = 1.02), Illinois agility test, and 10 repetition maximum deadlift (both d = 0.78). There were no significant fitness test differences for the GRAD and RELI groups. Trainees with poorer fitness were more likely to be released from academy due to skills test failures. Multiple fitness components, but particularly muscular strength and power, should be developed in trainees to aid their ability to perform academy firefighting tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert G Lockie
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University, Fullerton, Fullerton, California
| | - Robin M Orr
- Tactical Research Unit, Bond University, Robina, Australia
| | - Fernando Montes
- Los Angeles County Fire Department, Los Angeles, California; and
| | - Tomas J Ruvalcaba
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University, Fullerton, Fullerton, California
| | - J Jay Dawes
- Department of Health and Human Performance, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma
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Abou-Sharkh A, Mate KKV, Inceer M, Morais JA, Morin SN, Mayo NE. What Do Older Canadians Think They Need to Walk Well? Physiother Can 2023; 75:198-205. [PMID: 37736376 PMCID: PMC10510555 DOI: 10.3138/ptc-2021-0021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
Purpose To identify older Canadians' perception of the importance of expert-generated elements of walking quality, and the contributors to and consequences of perceived walking quality. Method Cross-sectional survey of 649 adults was conducted through a commercial participant panel, Hosted in Canada Surveys. Results Of the 649 respondents, 75% were between 65 and 74 years old (25% ≥ 75) and 49% were women. The most important elements were foot, ankle, hip, and knee mobility with little difference in ranks across walking perception (Fr χ12 = 5.0, p > 0.05). People who were older by a decade were more likely to report poorer walking (POR: 1.4; 95% CI: 1.0, 1.7), as were women compared to men, and people who used a walking aid compared to none. Lung disease showed the highest association with a perception of not walking well (POR: 7.2; 95% CI: 3.7, 14.2). The odds of being willing to pay more for a technology to improve walking were always greater for those with a lower perception of their walking quality. Conclusions People who perceived their walking quality as poor were more likely to report poorer health and were willing to pay more for a technology to improve walking. This supports the opportunity of leveraging wearable technologies to improve walking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Abou-Sharkh
- From the
Centre of Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- School of Physical and Occupational Therapy, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Kedar K. V. Mate
- From the
Centre of Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Family Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Mehmet Inceer
- From the
Centre of Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- School of Physical and Occupational Therapy, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - José A. Morais
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Suzanne N. Morin
- Divisions of Endocrinology, General Internal Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Nancy E. Mayo
- From the
Centre of Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- School of Physical and Occupational Therapy, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Divisions of Clinical Epidemiology, Geriatrics, Experimental Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Performance and Recovery of Well-Trained Younger and Older Athletes during Different HIIT Protocols. Sports (Basel) 2022; 10:sports10010009. [PMID: 35050974 PMCID: PMC8822894 DOI: 10.3390/sports10010009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to physiological and morphological differences, younger and older athletes may recover differently from training loads. High-intensity interval training (HIIT) protocols are useful for studying the progression of recovery. It was the objective of this study to determine age differences in performance and recovery following different HIIT protocols. Methods: 12 younger (24.5 ± 3.7 years) and 12 older (47.3 ± 8.6 years) well-trained cyclists and triathletes took part in this study. Between the age groups there were no significant differences in relative peak power to fat-free mass, maximal heart rate (HR), training volume, and VO2max-percentiles (%). Participants performed different HIIT protocols consisting of 4 × 30 s Wingate tests with different active rest intervals (1, 3, or 10 min). Peak and average power, lactate, HR, respiratory exchange ratio (RER), subjective rating of perceived exertion (RPE), and recovery (Total Quality Recovery scale, TQR) were assessed. Results: During the different HIIT protocols, metabolic, cardiovascular, and subjective recovery were similar between the two groups. No significant differences were found in average lactate concentration, peak and average power, fatigue (%), %HRmax, RER, RPE, and TQR values between the groups (p > 0.05). Conclusion: The findings of this study indicate that recovery following HIIT does not differ between the two age groups. Furthermore, older and younger participants displayed similar lactate kinetics after the intermittent exercise protocols.
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Sorbie GG, Glen J, Richardson AK. Positive Relationships Between Golf Performance Variables and Upper Body Power Capabilities. J Strength Cond Res 2021; 35:S97-S102. [PMID: 32796421 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Sorbie GG, Glen J, and Richardson AK Positive relationships between golf performance variables and upper body power capabilities. J Strength Cond Res 35(12S): S97-S102, 2021-The importance of lower body and trunk strength and power, as well as upper body strength in golf is well documented; however, the relationship between upper body power and golf performance has yet to be determined. Therefore, the purpose of the study was to investigate the relationships between golf performance and upper body power. Thirteen golfers (mean ± SD: age: 30 ± 7 years and handicap: 6.1 ± 4.9) participated in the study. Club head velocity (CHV) and ball velocity were measured during the golf test. To assess upper body power, subjects completed a ballistic bench press and upper body Wingate test. Pearson product-moment correlations were used to assess the relationships between golf performance and upper body power. The results demonstrated that there were strong relationships between ballistic bench press and CHV and ball velocity when using the driver (r > 0.6-0.7), and moderate-to-strong relationships (r > 0.4-0.6) when using the 7-iron. Strong relationships were found between the upper body Wingate test and CHV and ball velocity (r > 0.5-0.8) when using the driver and 7-iron. As a result of the findings, strength and conditioning coaches may use both the ballistic bench press test and the Wingate test as a primary assessment to measure the effectiveness of upper body training interventions with the aim of improving golf performance. Although, when performing the golf swings at higher velocities (i.e., with the driver), the ballistic bench press may be more beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graeme G Sorbie
- School of Applied Sciences, Sport and Exercise Science Division, Abertay University, United Kingdom
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Lancaster GD, Stilley JD, Franke WD. How Does Rescuer Fitness Affect the Quality of Prolonged Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation? PREHOSP EMERG CARE 2021; 26:195-203. [PMID: 33620281 DOI: 10.1080/10903127.2021.1894275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Objective: High quality cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is crucial for patients experiencing cardiac arrest. CPR quality declines within the first few minutes of CPR performance. Being more fit is associated with higher CPR quality, yet the fitness parameters needed remain uncertain. It is also unknown how CPR quality is affected during a protocol of realistic CPR when rescuers switch compressors every two minutes, as recommended by the American Heart Association (AHA), and extended duration, as might be encountered with an out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. The purpose of the present study is to determine the extent to which different measures of physical fitness predict high quality CPR performance when rescuers follow current CPR guidelines. Methods: Subjects underwent a fitness assessment evaluating lower back muscular endurance, abdominal muscular endurance, upper body muscular strength, and upper body anaerobic power. At least 48 hours later, subjects returned to the laboratory for CPR testing. CPR quality was determined by compression rate (>100/minute), compression depth (>2 inches, or 50 mm), and adequate (full) chest recoil between compressions, based on American Heart Association guidelines. A CPR Quality Score, designed to represent cardiac output, was calculated as the product of compression rate and depth. Results: Thirty-three of 42 subjects were able to achieve a CPR Quality Score greater than 5000, the minimum needed to meet AHA recommendations. Higher anaerobic power and bench press scores were predictive of both high CPR Quality Scores (R2=0.47) and compression depth (R2=0.47). Sex (female) was predictive of better chest compression recoil percentages (R2=0.15). Conclusion: Most rescuers can maintain high quality CPR if given two minute breaks between cycles. Rescuers with high anaerobic fitness and muscular strength may be able to provide higher quality CPR.
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Lockie RG, Dawes JJ, Dulla JM, Orr RM, Hernandez E. Physical Fitness, Sex Considerations, and Academy Graduation for Law Enforcement Recruits. J Strength Cond Res 2020; 34:3356-3363. [PMID: 33009347 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Lockie, RG, Dawes, JJ, Dulla, JM, Orr, RM, and Hernandez, E. Physical fitness, sex considerations, and academy graduation for law enforcement recruits. J Strength Cond Res 34(12): 3356-3363, 2020-This study investigated the influence of fitness on academy graduation, and any between-sex differences, in law enforcement recruits. Data collected at the start of 4 training academies were retrospectively analyzed, including age, height, and body mass; waist circumference; waist-to-hip ratio; grip strength; vertical jump (VJ); 75-yard pursuit run; 2-kg medicine ball throw (MBT); push-ups, sit-ups, and arm ergometer revolutions in 60 seconds; and 20-m multistage fitness test (20MSFT) shuttles. Recruits were categorized into graduated (GRAD = 269) and separated (did not graduate; SEP = 42) groups. SEP recruits were not split according to separation reasons, just whether they did or not. This categorization also occurred for male subjects (GRAD = 228; SEP = 32) and female subjects (GRAD = 41; SEP = 10). Independent samples t-tests calculated between-group differences for all recruits combined, male subjects, and female subjects. Correlations and stepwise linear regression calculated relationships between the data and graduation. The t-test (p ≤ 0.016) and correlation (r = ±0.137-0.296; p < 0.05) data indicated that SEP recruits (both sexes combined) were older and performed poorer in every fitness test except grip strength and VJ. SEP male subjects were older and performed poorer in all tests except grip strength (p ≤ 0.009). SEP female subjects scored lower in the arm ergometer (p = 0.008). The regression equation for all recruits found that age, 20MSFT (aerobic fitness), MBT (upper-body power), and arm ergometer (upper-body endurance) were academy graduation predictors (r = 0.169; p < 0.001). For the male recruits, the predictors were age, MBT, and 20MSFT (r = 0.182; p ≤ 0.001), and for female recruits, arm ergometer and 20MSFT (r = 0.213; p ≤ 0.003). Recruits should improve multiple fitness aspects, including muscular endurance, power, and aerobic fitness, to enhance graduation potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert G Lockie
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University, Fullerton, Fullerton, California
| | - J Jay Dawes
- Department of Health and Human Performance, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma
| | - Joseph M Dulla
- Recruit Training Unit, Training Bureau, Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department, Los Angeles, California; and.,Tactical Research Unit, Bond University, Robina, Qld, Australia
| | - Robin M Orr
- Tactical Research Unit, Bond University, Robina, Qld, Australia
| | - Erika Hernandez
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University, Fullerton, Fullerton, California
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Chen WH, Wu HJ, Lo SL, Chen H, Yang WW, Huang CF, Liu C. Eight-Week Battle Rope Training Improves Multiple Physical Fitness Dimensions and Shooting Accuracy in Collegiate Basketball Players. J Strength Cond Res 2019; 32:2715-2724. [PMID: 29847529 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Chen, WH, Wu, HJ, Lo, SL, Chen, H, Yang, WW, Huang, CF, and Liu, C. Eight-week battle rope training improves multiple physical fitness dimensions and shooting accuracy in collegiate basketball players. J Strength Cond Res 32(10): 2715-2724, 2018-Basketball players must possess optimally developed physical fitness in multiple dimensions and shooting accuracy. This study investigated whether battle rope (BR) training enhances multiple physical fitness dimensions, including aerobic capacity (AC), upper-body anaerobic power (AnP), upper-body and lower-body power, agility, and core muscle endurance, and shooting accuracy in basketball players and compared its effects with those of regular training (shuttle run [SR]). Thirty male collegiate basketball players were randomly assigned to the BR or SR groups (n = 15 per group). Both groups received 8-week interval training for 3 sessions per week; the protocol consisted of the same number of sets, exercise time, and rest interval time. The BR group exhibited significant improvements in AC (Progressive Aerobic Cardiovascular Endurance Run laps: 17.6%), upper-body AnP (mean power: 7.3%), upper-body power (basketball chest pass speed: 4.8%), lower-body power (jump height: 2.6%), core muscle endurance (flexion: 37.0%, extension: 22.8%, and right side bridge: 23.0%), and shooting accuracy (free throw: 14.0% and dynamic shooting: 36.2%). However, the SR group exhibited improvements in only AC (12.0%) and upper-body power (3.8%) (p < 0.05). The BR group demonstrated larger pre-post improvements in upper-body AnP (fatigue index) and dynamic shooting accuracy than the SR group did (p < 0.05). The BR group showed higher post-training performance in upper-body AnP (mean power and fatigue index) than the SR group did (p < 0.05). Thus, BR training effectively improves multiple physical fitness dimensions and shooting accuracy in collegiate basketball players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Han Chen
- Graduate Institute of Sports Equipment Technology, University of Taipei, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Physical Education, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Shin-Liang Lo
- Physical Education, Chinese Culture University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hui Chen
- Physical Education, Chinese Culture University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Wen Yang
- Graduate Institute of Sports Equipment Technology, University of Taipei, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Physical Therapy and Assistive Technology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Fu Huang
- Department of Physical Education, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chiang Liu
- Graduate Institute of Sports Equipment Technology, University of Taipei, Taipei, Taiwan
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Harvey L, Bousson M, McLellan C, Lovell D. The Effect of Previous Wingate Performance Using one Body Region on Subsequent Wingate Performance Using a Different Body Region. J Hum Kinet 2017; 56:119-126. [PMID: 28469750 PMCID: PMC5384059 DOI: 10.1515/hukin-2017-0029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The 30 second Wingate Anaerobic Test (WAnT) is the gold standard measure of anaerobic performance. The present investigation aimed to determine if a previous WAnT using one body region significantly affected a subsequent WAnT using a different body region. Twelve male university students (n = 12, 23 ± 2 years, 84 ± 16.1 kg, 178.5 ± 7.4 cm) volunteered to complete two repeated WAnT protocols (either lower body WAnT followed by an upper body WAnT or vice versa) on two separate testing occasions. The upper body WAnT was conducted on a modified electromagnetically braked cycle ergometer using a flywheel braking force corresponding to 5% bodyweight. The lower body WAnT was conducted on an electronically braked cycle ergometer using a flywheel braking force corresponding to 7.5% bodyweight. Participants had a 1 minute rest period for transition between WAnTs. Data are reported as mean ± standard deviation. No significant differences were identified in power indices for the lower body between 30 s WAnTs. When the upper body WAnT was performed 2nd, absolute peak power (p < 0.01), mean power (p < 0.001) and relative mean power (p < 0.001) were significantly lower compared to when the upper body WAnT was performed 1st. The value of maximum revolutions per minute was significantly lower (p < 0.001) when the upper body WAnT was performed after the lower body WAnT, compared to when it was performed 1st (193.3 ± 11.4 1st vs 179.8 ± 14.4 2nd). Previous upper body sprint exercise does not significantly affect lower body sprint exercise; however, previous lower body sprint exercise severely compromises subsequent upper body sprint performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonie Harvey
- School of Health and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Science, Health & Education, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Queensland, Australia
| | - Matthew Bousson
- School of Health and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Science, Health & Education, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Queensland, Australia
| | - Chris McLellan
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Robina, Queensland, Australia
| | - Dale Lovell
- School of Health and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Science, Health & Education, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Queensland, Australia
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Reid M, Morgan S, Whiteside D. Matchplay characteristics of Grand Slam tennis: implications for training and conditioning. J Sports Sci 2016; 34:1791-8. [PMID: 27009823 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2016.1139161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to probe the sex-based differences in the stroke and movement dynamics of Grand Slam hard-court tennis. Player and ball tracking data were collated for 102 male and 95 female players during the 2012-2014 Australian Open tournaments. Serve, serve return, groundstroke and movement data were compared between sexes. Serve statistics were the subject of the largest differences, with males achieving significantly faster speeds, aces and unreturned serves while also winning a greater percentage of service points. When returning serve, women contacted the ball closer to the net, lower to the ground and achieved flatter ball trajectories than males. Groundstroke frequencies were similar between sexes, although males hit with greater speed, flatter trajectories and impacted more shots inside the baseline. Distance covered per set or during points won or lost was not sex dependent, yet men exhibited faster average movement speeds. These findings highlight the need for sex-specific training and practice designs that cater to the different stroke dynamics, particularly in relation to the first serve and serve-return, as well as movement speeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Machar Reid
- a Game Insight Group , Tennis Australia , Melbourne.,b University of Western Australia , Crawley
| | - Stuart Morgan
- c Movement Science , Australian Institute of Sport , Canberra
| | - David Whiteside
- a Game Insight Group , Tennis Australia , Melbourne.,d Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living , Victoria University , Footscray
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Talbot C, Kay TD, Walker N, Price MJ. A Comparison of Two Anaerobic Test Measurement Systems using an Upper Body Wingate Test. Res Sports Med 2014; 22:265-75. [DOI: 10.1080/15438627.2014.915836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chris Talbot
- The University of Northampton, Sport, Exercise and Life Sciences, Park Campus, Boughton Green Road, Northampton NN2 7AL, UK
| | - Tony D. Kay
- The University of Northampton, Sport, Exercise and Life Sciences, Park Campus, Boughton Green Road, Northampton NN2 7AL, UK
| | - Natalie Walker
- The University of Northampton, Sport, Exercise and Life Sciences, Park Campus, Boughton Green Road, Northampton NN2 7AL, UK
| | - Mike J. Price
- Coventry University, Biomolecular and Sports Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, James Starley Building, Priory Street, Coventry CV1 5FB, UK
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Lovell D, Kerr A, Wiegand A, Solomon C, Harvey L, McLellan C. The contribution of energy systems during the upper body Wingate anaerobic test. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2013; 38:216-9. [DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2012-0101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to measure the contribution of the aerobic, anaerobic lactic, and alactic systems during an upper body Wingate Anaerobic test (WAnT). Oxygen uptake and blood lactate were measured before, during, and after the WAnT and body composition analyzed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. The contribution of the energy systems was 11.4% ± 1.4%, 60.3% ± 5.6%, and 28.3% ± 4.9% for the aerobic, anaerobic lactic, and alactic systems, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dale Lovell
- School of Health and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Science, Health, and Education, University of the Sunshine Coast, Queensland 4556, Australia
| | - Ava Kerr
- School of Health and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Science, Health, and Education, University of the Sunshine Coast, Queensland 4556, Australia
| | - Aaron Wiegand
- School of Health and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Science, Health, and Education, University of the Sunshine Coast, Queensland 4556, Australia
| | - Colin Solomon
- School of Health and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Science, Health, and Education, University of the Sunshine Coast, Queensland 4556, Australia
| | - Leonie Harvey
- School of Health and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Science, Health, and Education, University of the Sunshine Coast, Queensland 4556, Australia
| | - Chris McLellan
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Queensland, Australia
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