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Rivera Velez SM, Newkirk M, Roux A, Ellis G, Harlan R, Go MDA, Parimi PS, Graham D. Characterization of D-amino acids in colostral, transitional, and mature preterm human milk. Amino Acids 2023; 55:51-59. [PMID: 36580144 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-022-03204-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
D-Amino acids are regulatory molecules that affect biological processes. Therefore, being able to accurately detect and quantify these compounds is important for understanding their impact on nutrition and health. There is a paucity of information regarding D-amino acids in human milk. We developed a fast method for simultaneous analysis of amino acid enantiomers in human milk using liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. The method enables the separation of 41 amino acids without chemical derivatization. Our results revealed that human milk from mothers of preterm infants contains concentrations of D-amino acids that range from 0.5 to 45% that of their L-counterparts and that levels of most D-amino acids decrease as the milk production matures. Moreover, we found that Holder pasteurization of milk does not cause racemization of L-amino acids. To our knowledge, this is the first study to describe percentages of D-amino acid levels in human milk; changes in D-amino acid concentration as the milk matures; and the effect of Holder pasteurization on D- and L-amino acid concentrations in human milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sol Maiam Rivera Velez
- Molecular Determinants Center and Core, Johns Hopkins All Children's Hospital, Saint Petersburg, FL, 33701, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Maternal, Fetal and Neonatal Institute, Johns Hopkins All Children's Hospital, Saint Petersburg, FL, 33701, USA
| | - Melanie Newkirk
- Clinical Nutrition, Lactation, Milk Depot, Johns Hopkins All Children's Hospital, Saint Petersburg, FL, 33701, USA
| | - Aurelie Roux
- Molecular Determinants Center and Core, Johns Hopkins All Children's Hospital, Saint Petersburg, FL, 33701, USA
| | - Greg Ellis
- Molecular Determinants Center and Core, Johns Hopkins All Children's Hospital, Saint Petersburg, FL, 33701, USA
| | - Robert Harlan
- Molecular Determinants Center and Core, Johns Hopkins All Children's Hospital, Saint Petersburg, FL, 33701, USA
| | - Mitzi Donabel Ang Go
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Doernbecher Children's Hospital, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Prabhu Satya Parimi
- Division of Neonatology, Case Western Reserve University, Metro Health Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, 44109, USA
| | - David Graham
- Molecular Determinants Center and Core, Johns Hopkins All Children's Hospital, Saint Petersburg, FL, 33701, USA.
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
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Promising Application of D-Amino Acids toward Clinical Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810794. [PMID: 36142706 PMCID: PMC9503604 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The versatile roles of D-amino acids (D-AAs) in foods, diseases, and organisms, etc., have been widely reported. They have been regarded, not only as biomarkers of diseases but also as regulators of the physiological function of organisms. Over the past few decades, increasing data has revealed that D-AAs have great potential in treating disease. D-AAs also showed overwhelming success in disengaging biofilm, which might provide promise to inhibit microbial infection. Moreover, it can effectively restrain the growth of cancer cells. Herein, we reviewed recent reports on the potential of D-AAs as therapeutic agents for treating neurological disease or tissue/organ injury, ameliorating reproduction function, preventing biofilm infection, and inhibiting cancer cell growth. Additionally, we also reviewed the potential application of D-AAs in drug modification, such as improving biostability and efficiency, which has a better effect on therapy or diagnosis.
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Bastings JJ, van Eijk HM, Olde Damink SW, Rensen SS. d-amino Acids in Health and Disease: A Focus on Cancer. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11092205. [PMID: 31547425 PMCID: PMC6770864 DOI: 10.3390/nu11092205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
d-amino acids, the enantiomeric counterparts of l-amino acids, were long considered to be non-functional or not even present in living organisms. Nowadays, d-amino acids are acknowledged to play important roles in numerous physiological processes in the human body. The most commonly studied link between d-amino acids and human physiology concerns the contribution of d-serine and d-aspartate to neurotransmission. These d-amino acids and several others have also been implicated in regulating innate immunity and gut barrier function. Importantly, the presence of certain d-amino acids in the human body has been linked to several diseases including schizophrenia, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and age-related disorders such as cataract and atherosclerosis. Furthermore, increasing evidence supports a role for d-amino acids in the development, pathophysiology, and treatment of cancer. In this review, we aim to provide an overview of the various sources of d-amino acids, their metabolism, as well as their contribution to physiological processes and diseases in man, with a focus on cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacco J.A.J. Bastings
- Department of Surgery, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands (H.M.v.E.); (S.W.O.D.)
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Hans M. van Eijk
- Department of Surgery, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands (H.M.v.E.); (S.W.O.D.)
| | - Steven W. Olde Damink
- Department of Surgery, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands (H.M.v.E.); (S.W.O.D.)
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, RWTH University Hospital Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Sander S. Rensen
- Department of Surgery, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands (H.M.v.E.); (S.W.O.D.)
- Correspondence:
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He YC, Wang YH, Cao J, Chen JW, Pan DY, Zhou YK. Effect of complex amino acid imbalance on growth of tumor in tumor-bearing rats. World J Gastroenterol 2003; 9:2772-5. [PMID: 14669331 PMCID: PMC4612050 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v9.i12.2772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the effect of complex amino acid imbalance on the growth of tumor in tumor-bearing (TB) rats.
METHODS: Sprague-Dawlley (SD) rats underwent jejunostomy for nutritional support. A suspension of Walker-256 carcinosarcoma cells was subcutaneously inoculated. TB rats were randomly divided into groups A, B, C and D according to the formula of amino acids in enteral nutritional solutions, respectively. TB rats received jejunal feedings supplemented with balanced amino acids (group A), methionine-depleted amino acids (group B), valine-depleted amino acids (group C) and methionine- and valine-depleted complex amino acid imbalance (group D) for 10 days. Tumor volume, inhibitory rates of tumor, cell cycle and life span of TB rats were investigated.
RESULTS: The G0/G1 ratio of tumor cells in group D (80.5 ± 9.0)% was higher than that in groups A, B and C which was 67.0% ± 5.1%, 78.9% ± 8.5%, 69.2% ± 6.2%, respectively (P < 0.05). The ratio of S/G2M and PI in group D were lower than those in groups A, B and C. The inhibitory rate of tumor in groups B, C and D was 37.2%, 33.3% and 43.9%, respectively (P < 0.05). The life span of TB rats in group D was significantly longer than that in groups B, C, and A.
CONCLUSION: Methionine/valine-depleted amino acid imbalance can inhibit tumor growth. Complex amino acids of methionine and valine depleted imbalance have stronger inhibitory effects on tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin-Cheng He
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, Hubei Province, China.
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He YC, Cao J, Chen JW, Pan DY, Zhou YK. Influence of methionine/valine-depleted enteral nutrition on nucleic acid and protein metabolism in tumor-bearing rats. World J Gastroenterol 2003; 9:771-4. [PMID: 12679929 PMCID: PMC4611447 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v9.i4.771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the effects of methionine/valine-depleted enteral nutrition (EN) on RNA, DNA and protein metabolism in tumor-bearing (TB) rats.
METHODS: Sprague-Dawlley (SD) rats underwent jejunostomy for nutritional support. A suspension of Walker-256 carcinosarcoma cells was subcutaneously inoculated. 48 TB rats were randomly divided in 4 groups: A, B, C and D. The TB rats had respectively received jejunal feedings supplemented with balanced amino acids, methionine-depleted, balanced amino acids and valine-depleted for 6 d before injection of 740 KBq 3H- methionine/valine via jejunum. The 3H incorporation rate of the radioactivity into RNA, DNA and proteins in tumor tissues at 0.5, 1, 2, 4 h postinjection of tracers was assessed with liquid scintillation counter.
RESULTS: Incorporation of 3H into proteins in groups B and D was (0.500 ± 0.020)% to (3.670 ± 0.110)% and (0.708 ± 0.019)% to (3.813 ± 0.076)% respectively, lower than in groups A [(0.659 ± 0.055)% to (4.492 ± 0.108)%] and C [(0.805 ± 0.098)% to (4.180 ± 0.018)%]. Incorporation of 3H into RNA, DNA in group B was (0.237 ± 0.075)% and (0.231 ± 0.052)% respectively, lower than in group A (P < 0.01). There was no significant difference in uptake of 3H by RNA and DNA between group C and D (P > 0.05).
CONCLUSION: Protein synthesis was inhibited by methionine/valine starvation in TB rats and nucleic acid synthesis was reduced after methionine depletion, thus resulting in suppression of tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin-Cheng He
- Department of general surgery, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China.
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