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Edouard P, Navarro L, Pruvost J, Branco P, Junge A. In-competition injuries and performance success in combined events during major international athletics championships. J Sci Med Sport 2021; 24:152-158. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2020.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Xu Y, Yang C, Yang Y, Zhang X, Zhang S, Zhang M, Liu L, Fu W. A Narrative Review of Injury Incidence, Location, and Injury Factor of Elite Athletes in Snowsport Events. Front Physiol 2021; 11:589983. [PMID: 33488394 PMCID: PMC7820716 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.589983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Snowsport athletes face a high injury risk both during training and in competitions. Reducing injury incidence is crucial for athletes to achieve breakthroughs. This narrative review aimed to summarize and analyze injury data of elite athletes in snowsports and provide references for injury prevention and health security for these athletes and their coaches. A total of 39 studies that investigated snowsport injury were analyzed in the present study. On the basis of injury data of elite athletes in snowsports events, this narrative review focused on four aspects, namely, injury incidence, severity, location and causes. The findings of this review were as follows. (1) The highest injury incidence was recorded in freestyle skiing, followed by alpine skiing and snowboarding, the majority of which were moderate and severe injuries. (2) The proportion of injury in competitions and during training was similar. However, more injuries occurred in official training during the Winter Olympic Games; by contrast, injury proportion was higher in competitions during World Cup/World Championships. (3) The most commonly and severely injured body parts were the knees (29.9%), head and face (12.1%), shoulders and clavicula (10.5%), and lower back (8.9%). The most common injury types were joint and ligament injury (41.5%), fracture and bone stress (24.4%), concussion (11.1%), and muscle/tendon injury (10.7%). (4) The main causes of snowsport injury were collisions, falls, and non-contact injuries. Snowsport injury was also influenced by the skill level of the athletes, gender, course setup and equipment. Future studies should further explore the influence of event characteristics and intrinsic and extrinsic risk factors on snowsport injury. An injury or trauma reconstruction may be developed to predict athletic injuries and provide effective prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongxin Xu
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Chenhao Yang
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Yang
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Xini Zhang
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Shen Zhang
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingwen Zhang
- Beijing Institute of Fashion Technology, Beijing, China.,Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Li Liu
- Beijing Institute of Fashion Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Weijie Fu
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
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Carragher P, Rankin A, Edouard P. A One-Season Prospective Study of Illnesses, Acute, and Overuse Injuries in Elite Youth and Junior Track and Field Athletes. Front Sports Act Living 2019; 1:13. [PMID: 33344937 PMCID: PMC7739821 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2019.00013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: In high-level adult athletes, injury incidences and characteristics have been reported during international championships and during one season. Youth track and field athletes are also exposed to injury risk, although less information is available on this specific population, as well as on illness risk. Aim: To determine the prevalence of health problems (i.e., illnesses, acute, and overuse injuries) in high level Youth and Junior Track & Field athletes. Method: During the 2015–16 athletics season (30 weeks from December 2015 to July 2016), we conducted a prospective cohort study on a population of Youth and Junior Irish national level athletes, during which athletes were asked to complete a weekly web-based questionnaire (Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center questionnaire on health problems) regarding their health problems. Results: A total of 70 athletes participated (37 male and 33 female athletes), with an average weekly response rate of 71%. The average weekly prevalence for all athletes was 27% (95%CI 17 to 38%) for all health problems, and 11% (95%CI 3 to 18%) for substantial health problems. Average prevalence varied significantly between endurance and explosive disciplines: a higher prevalence of all and substantial health problems and all and substantial overuse injuries was found in endurance disciplines. A higher prevalence of acute injuries was found in explosive disciplines. Characteristics of acute and overuse injuries differed according to sex and discipline: hamstring strain/cramps/spasms was the main injuries in explosive disciplines, and knee tendinopathy and lower leg strain/cramp/spasms in endurance disciplines, trunk cramps/spasms being frequent in both disciplines. Upper respiratory tract problems were the most commonly reported illnesses regardless of sex and disciplines. Conclusion: This study provides important information regarding the extent of health problem in Youth and Junior track and field athletes. This could help orient injury prevention measures. For injuries, it should be focused on muscle injuries, especially located on the hamstring, calf, and trunk. For illness, prevention measures could include: screening tests for airway problems, but also general illness prevention measures (e.g., drinking regularly, eating “safe” food, regular hand washing, decreasing contact with sick people, avoiding dehydration).
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Carragher
- Sport Ireland Institute, National Sports, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Alan Rankin
- SportNI Sports Institute, Jordanstown, United Kingdom.,Sports Medicine NI, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Pascal Edouard
- Inter-University Laboratory of Human Movement Science (LIBM EA 7424), University of Lyon, University Jean Monnet, Saint Etienne, France.,Sports Medicine Unit, Department of Clinical and Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital of Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France.,Medical Commission, French Athletics Federation (FFA), Paris, France.,Swiss Olympic Medical Center, Centre de Médecine du Sport, Division de Médecine Physique et Réadaptation, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland.,European Athletics Medical and Anti-Doping Commission, European Athletics Association (EAA), Lausanne, Switzerland
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Jacobsson J, Bergin D, Timpka T, Nyce JM, Dahlström Ö. Injuries in youth track and field are perceived to have multiple-level causes that call for ecological (holistic-developmental) interventions: A national sporting community perceptions and experiences. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2017; 28:348-355. [DOI: 10.1111/sms.12929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Jacobsson
- Athletics Research Center; Linköping University; Linköping Sweden
- Swedish Athletics Association; Stockholm Sweden
- Department of Medical and Health Sciences; Linköping University; Linköping Sweden
| | - D. Bergin
- Swedish Athletics Association; Stockholm Sweden
| | - T. Timpka
- Athletics Research Center; Linköping University; Linköping Sweden
- Department of Medical and Health Sciences; Linköping University; Linköping Sweden
- Centre for Healthcare Development; Region Östergötland Linköping Sweden
| | - J. M. Nyce
- Athletics Research Center; Linköping University; Linköping Sweden
- Department of Medical and Health Sciences; Linköping University; Linköping Sweden
| | - Ö. Dahlström
- Athletics Research Center; Linköping University; Linköping Sweden
- Department of Behavioural Sciences and Learning; Linköping University; Linköping Sweden
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Kim BY, Vigil DV. A Review of Injury Patterns in Athletes Competing in Combined Competitions: Heptathlon and Decathlon. Curr Sports Med Rep 2016; 15:433-436. [DOI: 10.1249/jsr.0000000000000317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Pierpoint LA, Williams CM, Fields SK, Comstock RD. Epidemiology of Injuries in United States High School Track and Field: 2008-2009 Through 2013-2014. Am J Sports Med 2016; 44:1463-8. [PMID: 26920435 DOI: 10.1177/0363546516629950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Track and field is one of the most popular high school sports among boys and girls, but epidemiological research on the sport and its individual events has been limited. PURPOSE To describe injury rates and patterns in boys' and girls' high school track and field. STUDY DESIGN Descriptive epidemiology study. METHODS A retrospective epidemiological analysis of injury and exposure data from a longitudinal national high school sports injury surveillance system was conducted. RESULTS From 2008-2009 through 2013-2014, 2485 track and field injuries occurred during 2,962,308 athlete exposures (0.84 injuries per 1000 athlete exposures). Injury rates were higher in competition versus practice for both sexes. Girls had higher injury rates than boys overall (rate ratio, 1.37; 95% CI, 1.27-1.48) and in practice (rate ratio, 1.60; 95% CI, 1.46-1.76), but competition injury rates did not differ. Overuse/chronic injuries accounted for 27.5% and 36.2% of boys' and girls' track and field injuries, respectively. The majority of injuries were to the lower extremity. Sprints, distance running, and jumps accounted for over 65% of all track injuries. Boys sustained a greater proportion of injuries in relay events (injury proportion ratio, 2.02; 95% CI, 1.69-2.36) but fewer in hurdle events (injury proportion ratio, 0.51; 95% CI, 0.23-0.78). CONCLUSION Injury rates varied by event, sex, and competition versus practice exposure. To increase effectiveness, targeted strategies for injury prevention should be driven by an understanding of such differences. Because many track and field injuries are overuse/chronic across sexes and for both competitions and practices, coaches and athletic trainers should be adept at recognizing early injury symptoms, intervene to treat minor injuries in order to prevent severe injuries, and ensure the prompt diagnosis and management of all injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren A Pierpoint
- Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Claire M Williams
- Department of Kinesiology, Saint Mary's College of California, Moraga, California, USA
| | - Sarah K Fields
- Department of Communication, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - R Dawn Comstock
- Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz, Aurora, Colorado, USA Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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Edouard P, Branco P, Alonso JM. Muscle injury is the principal injury type and hamstring muscle injury is the first injury diagnosis during top-level international athletics championships between 2007 and 2015. Br J Sports Med 2016; 50:619-30. [DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2015-095559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Edouard P, Morin JB, Samozino P. No change in maximal lower extremity power output was induced by a decathlon. Sci Sports 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2014.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Opar D, Drezner J, Shield A, Williams M, Webner D, Sennett B, Kapur R, Cohen M, Ulager J, Cafengiu A, Cronholm PF. Acute injuries in track and field athletes: a 3-year observational study at the Penn Relays Carnival with epidemiology and medical coverage implications. Am J Sports Med 2015; 43:816-22. [PMID: 25560540 DOI: 10.1177/0363546514562553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Few studies have examined acute injuries in track and field in both elite and subelite athletes. PURPOSE To observe the absolute number and relative rates of injury in track and field athletes across a wide range of competition levels and ages during 3 years of the Penn Relays Carnival to assist with future medical coverage planning and injury prevention strategies. STUDY DESIGN Descriptive epidemiology study. METHODS Over a 3-year period, all injuries treated by the medical staff were recorded on a standardized injury report form. Absolute number of injuries and relative injury rates (number of injuries per 1000 competing athletes) were determined and odds ratios (ORs) of injury rates were calculated between sexes, competition levels, and events. Injuries were also broken down into major or minor medical or orthopaedic injuries. RESULTS Throughout the study period, 48,473 competing athletes participated in the Penn Relays Carnival, and 436 injuries were sustained. For medical coverage purposes, the relative rate of injury subtypes was greatest for minor orthopaedic injuries (5.71 injuries per 1000 participants), followed by minor medical injuries (3.42 injuries per 1000 participants), major medical injuries (0.69 injuries per 1000 participants), and major orthopaedic injuries (0.18 injuries per 1000 participants). College/elite athletes displayed the lowest relative injury rate (7.99 injuries per 1000 participants), which was significantly less than that of high school (9.87 injuries per 1000 participants) and masters athletes (16.33 injuries per 1000 participants). Male athletes displayed a greater likelihood of having a minor orthopaedic injury compared with female athletes (OR, 1.36 [95% CI, 1.06-1.75]; χ2 = 5.73; P = .017) but were less likely to sustain a major medical injury (OR, 0.33 [95% CI, 0.15-0.75]; χ2 = 7.75; P = .005). Of the 3 most heavily participated in events, the 4 × 400-m relay displayed the greatest relative injury rate (13.6 injuries per 1000 participants) compared with the 4 × 100-m and 4 × 200-m relays. CONCLUSION Medical coverage teams for future large-scale track and field events need to plan for at least 2 major orthopaedic and 7 major medical injuries per 10,000 participants. Male track and field athletes, particularly masters male athletes, are at greater risk of injury compared with other sexes and competition levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Opar
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences & Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia School of Exercise Science, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jonathan Drezner
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Anthony Shield
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences & Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Morgan Williams
- Faculty of Health, Sport and Science, University of South Wales, Pontypridd, Wales, UK
| | - David Webner
- Crozer-Keystone Health System, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Brian Sennett
- Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Rahul Kapur
- Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Marc Cohen
- Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - James Ulager
- Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Anna Cafengiu
- Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Peter F Cronholm
- Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA Center for Public Health Initiatives, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA Leonard Davis Institute of Health Economics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Timpka T, Jacobsson J, Ekberg J, Finch CF, Bichenbach J, Edouard P, Bargoria V, Branco P, Alonso JM. Meta-narrative analysis of sports injury reporting practices based on the Injury Definitions Concept Framework (IDCF): A review of consensus statements and epidemiological studies in athletics (track and field). J Sci Med Sport 2014; 18:643-50. [PMID: 25620458 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2014.11.393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Revised: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 11/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Consistency in routines for reporting injury has been a focus of development efforts in sports epidemiology for a long time. To gain an improved understanding of current reporting practices, we applied the Injury Definitions Concept Framework (IDCF) in a review of injury reporting in a subset of the field. DESIGN Meta-narrative review. METHODS An analysis of injury definitions reported in consensus statements for different sports and studies of injury epidemiology in athletics (track and field) published in PubMed between 1980 and 2013 was performed. Separate narratives for each of the three reporting contexts in the IDCF were constructed from the data. RESULTS Six consensus statements and 14 studies reporting on athletics injury epidemiology fulfilled the selection criteria. The narratives on sports performance, clinical examination, and athlete self-report contexts were evenly represented in the eligible studies. The sports performance and athlete self-report narratives covered both professional and community athletes as well as training and competition settings. In the clinical examination narrative, data collection by health service professionals was linked to studies of professional athletes at international championships. CONCLUSIONS From an application of the IDCF in a review of injury reporting in sports epidemiology we observed a parallel usage of reporting contexts in this field of research. The co-existence of reporting methodologies does not necessarily reflect a problematic situation, but only provided that firm precautions are taken when comparing studies performed in the different contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toomas Timpka
- Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Sweden; Unit for Health Analysis, Centre for Healthcare Development, County Council of Östergötland, Sweden.
| | - Jenny Jacobsson
- Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Sweden
| | - Joakim Ekberg
- Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Sweden; Unit for Health Analysis, Centre for Healthcare Development, County Council of Östergötland, Sweden
| | - Caroline F Finch
- Australian Centre for Research into Injury in Sport and its Prevention (ACRISP), Federation University Australia, Australia
| | | | - Pascal Edouard
- Department of Clinical and Exercise Physiology, Sports Medicine Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital of Saint-Etienne, France; Laboratory of Exercise Physiology, University of Lyon, France
| | - Victor Bargoria
- Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Sweden; Department of Orthopeadics and Rehabilitation, Moi University, Kenya
| | - Pedro Branco
- European Athletics Medical & Anti-Doping Commission, European Athletics Association (EAA), Switzerland; International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF) Medical and Anti-Doping Commission, Monaco
| | - Juan Manuel Alonso
- International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF) Medical and Anti-Doping Commission, Monaco; Sports Medicine Department, Aspetar, Qatar Orthopedics and Sports Medicine Hospital, Qatar
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Analyses of Helsinki 2012 European Athletics Championships injury and illness surveillance to discuss elite athletes risk factors. Clin J Sport Med 2014; 24:409-15. [PMID: 24326930 DOI: 10.1097/jsm.0000000000000052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To further analyze newly incurred injuries and illnesses (I&Is) during Athletics International Championships to discuss risk factors. DESIGN Prospective recording of newly occurred injuries and illnesses. SETTING The 2012 European Athletics (EA) Championships in Helsinki, Finland. PARTICIPANTS National team and local organizing committee physicians and physiotherapists and 1342 registered athletes. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Incidence and characteristics of new injuries and illnesses. RESULTS Ninety-three percent of athletes were covered by medical teams, with a response rate of 91%. One hundred thirty-three injuries were reported (incidence of 98.4 injuries per 1000 registered athletes). Sixty-two injuries (47%) resulted in time loss from sport. The most common diagnosis was hamstring strain (11.4% of injuries and 21% of time-loss injuries). Injury risk was higher in males and increased with age. The highest incidences of injuries were found in combined events and middle- and long-distance events. Twenty-seven illnesses were reported (4.0 illnesses per 1000 athlete days). The most common diagnoses were upper respiratory tract infection (33.3%) and gastroenteritis/diarrhea (25.9%). CONCLUSIONS During outdoor EA Championships, injury and illness incidences were slightly lower and injury characteristics were comparable with those during outdoor World Athletics Championships. During elite athletics Championships, gender (male), age (older than 30 years), finals, and some events (combined events and middle- and long-distance races) seem to be injury risk factors. Illness risk factors remain unclear. As in previous recommendations, preventive interventions should focus on overuse injuries, hamstring strains, and adequate rehabilitation of previous injuries, decreasing risk of infectious diseases transmission, appropriate event scheduling, sports clothes, and heat acclimatization.
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Feddermann-Demont N, Junge A, Edouard P, Branco P, Alonso JM. Injuries in 13 international Athletics championships between 2007–2012. Br J Sports Med 2014; 48:513-22. [DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2013-093087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Edouard P, Depiesse F, Hertert P, Branco P, Alonso JM. Injuries and illnesses during the 2011 Paris European Athletics Indoor Championships. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/sms.12027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - P. Hertert
- Medical Commission; French Athletics Federation (FFA); Paris; France
| | - P. Branco
- European Athletics Medical and Anti Doping Commission; European Athletics Association (EAA); Lausanne; Switzerland
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Alonso JM, Edouard P, Fischetto G, Adams B, Depiesse F, Mountjoy M. Determination of future prevention strategies in elite track and field: analysis of Daegu 2011 IAAF Championships injuries and illnesses surveillance. Br J Sports Med 2012; 46:505-14. [PMID: 22522588 PMCID: PMC3371221 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2012-091008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Objective To determine the incidence and characteristics of newly incurred injuries and illnesses during international Athletics Championships, by improving the medical surveillance coverage, in order to determine future prevention strategies. Design Prospective recording of newly occurred injuries and illnesses. Setting 13th International Association of Athletics Federations World Championships in Athletics 2011 in Daegu, Korea. Participants National team and Local Organising Committee physicians; and 1851 registered athletes. Main outcome measures Incidence and characteristics of newly incurred injuries and illnesses. Results 82% of athletes were covered by medical teams participating with a response rate of 94%. A total of 249 injuries were reported, representing an incidence of 134.5 injuries per 1000 registered athletes, and 119 (48%) resulted in time loss from sport. A total of 185 injuries affected the lower limb (74%). Hamstring strain was the main diagnosis and 67% resulted in absence from sport. Overuse (n=148; 59%) was the predominant cause. A total of 126 illnesses were reported, signifying an incidence of 68.1 per 1000 registered athletes. Upper respiratory tract infection was the most common reported diagnosis (18%), followed by exercise-induced dehydration (12%), and gastroenteritis/diarrhoea (10%). The highest incidences of injuries were found in combined events and middle and long-distance events, and of illness in race walking events. Conclusion During elite Athletics World Championships, 135 injuries, 60 time-loss injuries and 68 illnesses per 1000 registered athletes were reported. Higher risks of injuries were found in combined events and long-distance runs. Preventive interventions should focus on overuse injuries and hamstring strains, decreasing the risk of transmission of infectious diseases, appropriate event scheduling and heat acclimatisation.
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