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Grzesiak-Gasek I, Kaczmarek U. Influence of Swimming Training Session on Selected Saliva Components in Youth Swimmers. Front Physiol 2022; 13:869903. [PMID: 35492619 PMCID: PMC9047765 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.869903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Exercise may induce many changes in biochemical parameters of the saliva. Thanks to non-invasive access, saliva can be used as a diagnostic material in physical activity monitoring. The aim of the study was comparison of selected salivary components in swimmers before and after training session. 40 male subjects aged 12–15, out of whom 30 were competitive swimmers and 10 control were involved in the study. Salivary samples were collected from all subjects in the morning, and in the afternoon; from the swimmers, they were also collected before and after the workout. Salivary flow rate-V, pH, total protein-P, alpha-amylase-Amy, salivary peroxidase-SPO, cortisol-C, total antioxidant status-TAS, sialic acid (free-FSA, bound-GSA, total-TSA), calcium-Ca, magnesium-Mg were measured. The swimmers assessed the workout intensity of training session using the RPE Foster’s scale. The circadian rhythm pattern of some salivary components and differences after training were found. In swimmers after the morning exercise significant increase of P (0.83 ± 0.27 vs. 1.10 ± 0.58 g/L), Amy (64.91 ± 70.86 vs. 87.07 ± 92.46IU/L), Ca (3.83 ± 1.33 vs. 4.99 ± 2.24 mg/L), Mg (0.52 ± 0.32 vs. 0.73 ± 0.34 mg/L), TAS (0.64 ± 0.27 vs. 0.72 ± 0.26 mmol/L) and decrease V (0.47 ± 0.37 vs. 0.36 ± 0.22 mg/min), C (5.86 ± 5.00 vs. 3.54 ± 5.07 μg/ml) were found. After the afternoon training significant increase of pH (7.13 ± 0.33 vs. 7.27 ± 0.24), Amy (111.53 ± 120.13 vs. 130.91 ± 161.14IU/L), Ca (3.72 ± 1.34 vs. 4.61 ± 1.58 mg/L), Mg (0.48 ± 0.28 vs. 0.60 ± 0.39 mg/L), TSA (5.64 ± 3.78 vs. 6.10 ± 3.08 mg/L), GSA (3.00 ± 3.06 vs. 3.38 ± 2.26 mg/L), and decrease of V (0.63 ± 0.63 vs. 0.49 ± 0.39 ml/min) were noticed. Before training in the morning in the swimmers significantly higher of V (0.47 ± 0.37 vs. 0.26 ± 0.15 mg/min), TAS (0.64 ± 0.27 vs. 0.40 ± 0.16 mmol/L), and lower pH (7.01 ± 0.46 vs. 7.53 ± 0.33), P (0.83 ± 0.27 vs. 1.86 ± 1.28 g/L), Amy (64.91 ± 70.86 vs. 146.56 ± 114.45IU/L) compared to the control were found. In the afternoon in swimmers before training session significantly lower pH (7.13 ± 0.33 vs. 7.53 ± 0.49) and Amy (111.53 ± 120.13 vs. 170.98 ± 107.72IU/L) in comparison to the control were noticed. The RPE scores were negatively correlated with V (rho = −0.500, p = 0.05 and pH (rho = −0.382, p = 0.03) measured after the morning session and after the afternoon training with V (rho = −0.570, p = 0.01) and Ca (rho = −0.401, p = 0.08). The levels of salivary flow rate, alpha amylase, cortisol, calcium, magnesium were associated with swimming training session, and showed circadian variation without a significant effect on their responses to exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iwona Grzesiak-Gasek
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Preclinical Dentistry, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
- *Correspondence: Iwona Grzesiak-Gasek, , orcid.org/0000-0002-2685-8828
| | - Urszula Kaczmarek
- Department of Conservative Dentistry with Endodontics Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
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Ushiki K, Tsunekawa K, Shoho Y, Martha L, Ishigaki H, Matsumoto R, Yanagawa Y, Nakazawa A, Yoshida A, Nakajima K, Araki O, Kimura T, Murakami M. Assessment of exercise-induced stress by automated measurement of salivary cortisol concentrations within the circadian rhythm in Japanese female long-distance runners. SPORTS MEDICINE-OPEN 2020; 6:38. [PMID: 32804358 PMCID: PMC7431506 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-020-00269-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Background Overtraining syndrome, caused by prolonged excessive stress, results in reduced performance and cortisol responsiveness in athletes. It is necessary to collect saliva samples sequentially within circadian rhythm for assessing exercise stress by measuring cortisol concentrations, and automated cortisol measurements using electrochemiluminescence immunoassay (ECLIA) may be useful for measuring a large number of saliva samples. In this study, we evaluated the appropriate use of cortisol-based exercise stress assessment within the circadian rhythm, which may diagnose and prevent overtraining syndrome in athletes. Methods We collected saliva and sera from 54 healthy participants and analyzed the correlation between salivary cortisol concentrations measured by ECLIA and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) or serum cortisol analysis. We also collected saliva continuously from 12 female long-distance runners on 2 consecutive days involving different intensities and types of exercise early in the morning and in the afternoon and measured salivary cortisol concentrations using ECLIA. Each exercise intensity of runners was measured by running velocities, Borg Scale score, and rate of change in the pulse rate by exercise. Results ECLIA-based salivary cortisol concentrations correlated positively with those detected by ELISA (ρ = 0.924, p < 0.001) and serum cortisol (ρ = 0.591, p = 0.001). In long-distance runners, circadian rhythm of salivary cortisol, including the peak after waking and the decrease promptly thereafter, were detected on both days by continuous saliva sampling. The rates of change in salivary cortisol concentrations were significantly lower after an early morning exercise than after an afternoon exercise on both days (day 1, p = 0.002, and day 2, p = 0.003). In the early morning exercise, the rate of change in salivary cortisol concentration was significantly higher on day 1 than on day 2 (p = 0.034), similar to a significant difference in running velocities (p = 0.001). Conclusions Our results suggest that automated ECLIA-based salivary cortisol measurements are able to detect the athletes’ circadian rhythm and compare the exercise stress intensities at the same times on different days, even in the early morning, possibly leading to the prevention of overtraining syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazumi Ushiki
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22 Showa-machi Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan.,Clinical Laboratory Center, Gunma University Hospital, 3-39-15 Showa-machi Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Tsunekawa
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22 Showa-machi Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan. .,Clinical Laboratory Center, Gunma University Hospital, 3-39-15 Showa-machi Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan.
| | - Yoshifumi Shoho
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22 Showa-machi Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan.,Faculty of Education, Ikuei University, 1-7-1 Tonya-machi Takasaki, Gunma, 370-0006, Japan
| | - Larasati Martha
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22 Showa-machi Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Ishigaki
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22 Showa-machi Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan.,Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Health Science, Gunma Paz University, 1-7-1 Tonya-machi Takasaki, Gunma, 370-0006, Japan
| | - Ryutaro Matsumoto
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22 Showa-machi Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan
| | - Yoshimaro Yanagawa
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22 Showa-machi Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan.,Faculty of Education, Ikuei University, 1-7-1 Tonya-machi Takasaki, Gunma, 370-0006, Japan
| | - Asuka Nakazawa
- Clinical Laboratory Center, Gunma University Hospital, 3-39-15 Showa-machi Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan
| | - Akihiro Yoshida
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22 Showa-machi Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan
| | - Kiyomi Nakajima
- Clinical Laboratory Center, Gunma University Hospital, 3-39-15 Showa-machi Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan
| | - Osamu Araki
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22 Showa-machi Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan
| | - Takao Kimura
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22 Showa-machi Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan.,Clinical Laboratory Center, Gunma University Hospital, 3-39-15 Showa-machi Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan
| | - Masami Murakami
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22 Showa-machi Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan.,Clinical Laboratory Center, Gunma University Hospital, 3-39-15 Showa-machi Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan
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Lopes RF, Minuzzi LG, Figueiredo AJ, Gonçalves C, Tessitore A, Capranica L, Teixeira AM, Rama L. Upper respiratory symptoms (URS) and salivary responses across a season in youth soccer players: A useful and non-invasive approach associated to URS susceptibility and occurrence in young athletes. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0236669. [PMID: 32750092 PMCID: PMC7402496 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0236669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examined the effect of a competitive season on salivary responses [cortisol (sC), testosterone (sT), Testosterone/Cortisol ratio (sT/C), Immunoglobulin A (sIgA), sIgA secretion rate (srIgA), alpha-amylase (sAA)] and upper respiratory symptoms (URS) occurrence in three teams of male soccer players (Under-15, Under-17 and Under-19 yrs.). Training and competition volumes, salivary biomarkers and URS were determined monthly. No differences were found for monthly training volume between teams. Incidence of URS was higher for the U15 (44.9% of the total cases). Higher sT and srIgA were observed for the U19, lower sC were found for the U17 and sAA showed higher values for the U15 throughout the season. In the U15, significant difference (p = .023) was found for sIgA concentration with higher concentration values in January compared to December (-42.7%; p = .008) and the sT showed seasonal variation (p < .001) with the highest value in January significantly different from October (-40.2%; p = .035), November (-38.5%; p = 0.022) and December (-51.6%; p = .008). The U19 presented an increase in sC in March compared to February (-66.1%, p = .018), sT/C were higher in February compared to March (-58.1%; p = .022) and sAA increased in March compared to September (-20.5%; p = .037). Negative correlations, controlled for age group, were found between URS occurrence and srIgA (r = -0.170, p = .001), sAA (r = -0.179, p = .001) and sT (r = -0.107, p = .047). Monitoring salivary biomarkers provides information on mucosal immunity with impact in URS occurrence. Coaches could manipulate training loads to attenuate the physical stressors imposed on athletes, especially at demanding and stressful periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Fiedler Lopes
- Research Center for Sport and Physical Activity, University of Coimbra, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Luciele Guerra Minuzzi
- Research Center for Sport and Physical Activity, University of Coimbra, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, Coimbra, Portugal
- Exercise and Immunometabolism Research Group, Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, São Paulo State University, Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - António José Figueiredo
- Research Center for Sport and Physical Activity, University of Coimbra, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Carlos Gonçalves
- Research Center for Sport and Physical Activity, University of Coimbra, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Antonio Tessitore
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Capranica
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Rome, Italy
| | - Ana Maria Teixeira
- Research Center for Sport and Physical Activity, University of Coimbra, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Luis Rama
- Research Center for Sport and Physical Activity, University of Coimbra, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, Coimbra, Portugal
- * E-mail:
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Salivary and Plasmatic Antioxidant Profile following Continuous, Resistance, and High-Intensity Interval Exercise: Preliminary Study. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:5425021. [PMID: 31885802 PMCID: PMC6899261 DOI: 10.1155/2019/5425021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The increase in antioxidant responses promoted by regular physical activity is strongly associated with the attenuation of chronic oxidative stress and physiological mechanisms related to exercise adaptation. The aim of this work was to evaluate and compare how different exercise protocols (HIIE: high-intensity interval exercise, CE: continuous exercise, and RE: resistance exercise) may alter salivary and plasmatic antioxidants and salivary markers of exercise intensity and nitric oxide. Thirteen healthy, trained male subjects were submitted to the three exercise protocols. Blood and saliva samples were collected at the points preexercise, postexercise, and 3 hours postexercise. Antioxidants (total antioxidant capacity, superoxide dismutase and catalase activities, and levels of reduced glutathione and uric acid), markers of exercise intensity (salivary total protein and amylase activity), and salivary nitric oxide were evaluated. As a result, all exercise protocols increased the markers of exercise intensity and nitric oxide. Antioxidant response was increased after exercise, and it was found that a single HIIE session exerts a similar pattern of antioxidant response compared to CE, in plasma and saliva samples, while RE presented minor alterations. We suggest that HIIE may lead to alterations in antioxidants and consequently to the physiological processes related to redox, similar to the CE, with the advantage of being performed in a shorter time. In addition, the antioxidant profile of saliva samples showed to be very similar to that of plasma, suggesting that saliva may be an alternative and noninvasive tool in sports medicine for the study of antioxidants in different physical exercise protocols.
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Potential Benefits of Nitrate Supplementation on Antioxidant Defense System and Blood Pressure Responses after Exercise Performance. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:7218936. [PMID: 31049136 PMCID: PMC6458846 DOI: 10.1155/2019/7218936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Nitrate (NO3−) supplementation is associated with exercise performance, oxygen uptake, blood flow, and blood pressure improvement, and it can act as an antioxidant agent. This study evaluated the effects of sodium nitrate supplementation on oxidative stress markers and blood pressure responses after aerobic exercise performance in physically active males. Fourteen subjects aged 22 ± 3 years and with a BMI of 23 ± 1 kg/m2 were submitted to four exercise tests in intervals of 5 days. Nitrate supplementation (NO session) and placebo supplementation (PL session) were acute (AC) and over a period of 5 days (FD) in random order with a crossover design. Saliva was collected at basal (0′); 60 min after supplementation (60′); immediately after exercise (90′); and 15, 30, and 60 min after the test (105′, 120′, and 150′). The NO session had higher concentrations (P < 0.05) of salivary nitrite in both AC and FD treatments when compared with the PL session. There was a reduction in systolic blood pressure (SBP) only after FD in the NO session. Furthermore, uric acid and total antioxidant capacity (FRAP) salivary concentrations increased, while SOD activity and TBARS levels decreased after FD but not after AC in the NO session. The results suggest that nitrate supplemented over a period of 5 days reduced SBP and indirectly acted as an antioxidant in healthy nonsedentary young men.
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Sone R, Matsuba K, Tahara R, Eda N, Kosaki K, Jesmin S, Miyakawa S, Watanabe K. Assessment of Salivary Nitric Oxide Levels in Elite University Athletes in Japan: Findings From a Cross Sectional Study Design. J Clin Med Res 2019; 11:114-120. [PMID: 30701003 PMCID: PMC6340678 DOI: 10.14740/jocmr3670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background High-intensity exercise affects the level of salivary nitric oxide (NO) with an impact on oxidative stress such as a reactive nitrogen-oxide species. However, in athletes with high-intensity training, the relationship between salivary NO levels and oxidative stress is yet to be clear. Additionally, the association of salivary NO levels and the common health disorders of athletes is unknown. Thus, the aim of this cross-sectional study was to clarify the relationship between salivary NO levels and oxidative stress, and the health/medical disorders existing in elite class university athletes. Methods In 250 athletes (males, 151 and females, 99) from undergraduate levels of Japanese University, we investigated the relationship between levels of salivary NO and oxidative stress markers: derived reactive oxygen species (d-ROMs) and biological antioxidant potential (BAP), and also examined that whether salivary NO levels are associated with diseases. Results There were no significant association between the levels of salivary NO and oxidative stress markers (such as d-ROM and BAP). From the questionnaire, asthma was the most prevalent as evident from medical history of the athletes. Additionally, the salivary NO levels were higher (520 ± 43 µmol/L vs. 375 ± 13 µmol/L, P < 0.05) in the asthma group (n = 9) than in the non-asthma group (n = 241). We determined the optimal cut-off value (P = 0.019) of the salivary NO levels for asthma was 425 µmol/L, with a sensitivity of 88.9% and specificity of 61.8% (area under the curve (AUC), 0.73). Conclusions Our results suggest that the high levels of salivary NO in trained university athletes in Japan may potentially predict asthma. And this salivary NO level is not associated with markers of oxidative stress and existing diseases in athletes studied here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Sone
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan
| | - Kai Matsuba
- Tsukuba Sports Medicine and Health Science Center, University of Tsukuba Hospital, 2-1-1 Amakubo, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8576, Japan
| | - Rei Tahara
- Sports Research and Development Core, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan
| | - Nobuhiko Eda
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, Waseda University, 2-579-15 Mikajima, Tokorozawa, Saitama 359-1192, Japan
| | - Keisei Kosaki
- Faculty of Health and Sports Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan
| | - Subrina Jesmin
- Faculty of Health and Sports Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan
| | - Shumpei Miyakawa
- Faculty of Health and Sports Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan
| | - Koichi Watanabe
- Faculty of Health and Sports Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan
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Justino AB, Neto AM, Bortolini MJS, Peixoto LG, Prado ES, Garcia-Hortal M, Botelho FV, Espindola FS. Salivary total protein as a biomarker of anaerobic threshold in elderly athletes subjected to an incremental physical test. Biol Sport 2018; 35:57-65. [PMID: 30237662 PMCID: PMC6135979 DOI: 10.5114/biolsport.2018.70752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Revised: 02/11/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to verify whether salivary total protein (STP) would reflect anaerobic threshold in elderly athletes subjected to an incremental exercise test. METHODS Seven elderly elite athletes (EEA) and six physically active elderly men (PAE) completed a treadmill protocol in which blood and saliva samples were collected. RESULTS Blood lactate (BL) and STP increased significantly in EEA during the test (0.8 ± 0.2 to 5.1 ± 2.0 mmol/L and 42.5 ± 7.5 to 222.5 ± 63.8 mg/dL, respectively) and remained elevated at five minutes after exercise (5.0 ± 1.9 mmol/L and 147.2 ± 50.0 mg/dL, respectively). Furthermore, correlations between STP and heart rate (r = 0.87, p < 0.001), and between BL and STP (r = 0.96, p < 0.001), were observed in the elderly athletes. CONCLUSIONS STP represents a potential non-invasive biomarker for determining anaerobic threshold during an incremental exercise test, and this parameter may be used as an indicator of physical exercise intensity in elderly athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allisson B Justino
- Institute of Genetics and Biochemistry - Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlândia/MG, Brazil
| | - Anibal Mm Neto
- Institute of Biological Sciences and Health - Federal University of Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - Miguel J S Bortolini
- Science Center of Health and Sports - Federal University of Acre, Rio Branco/Acre, Brazil
| | - Leonardo G Peixoto
- Institute of Genetics and Biochemistry - Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlândia/MG, Brazil
| | - Eduardo S Prado
- Institute of Biological Sciences and Health - Federal University of Alagoas, Alagoas/Maceió, Brazil
| | - Marina Garcia-Hortal
- Centre for Sport and Exercise Science and Medicine, School of Sport and Service Management - University of Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Françoise V Botelho
- Institute of Genetics and Biochemistry - Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlândia/MG, Brazil
| | - Foued S Espindola
- Institute of Genetics and Biochemistry - Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlândia/MG, Brazil
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Coelho-Júnior HJ, Irigoyen MC, Aguiar SDS, Gonçalves IDO, Câmara NOS, Cenedeze MA, Asano RY, Rodrigues B, Uchida MC. Acute effects of power and resistance exercises on hemodynamic measurements of older women. Clin Interv Aging 2017; 12:1103-1114. [PMID: 28744114 PMCID: PMC5513809 DOI: 10.2147/cia.s133838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The purpose of this study was to compare the acute effects of resistance training (RT) and power training (PT) on the hemodynamic parameters and nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability of older women. Materials and methods A randomized experimental design was used in this study. Twenty-one older women (age: 67.1±4.6 years; body mass index: 28.03±4.9 kg/m2; systolic blood pressure: 135.1±21.1 mmHg) were recruited to participate in this study. Volunteers were randomly allocated into PT, RT, and control session (CS) groups. The PT and RT groups underwent a single session of physical exercise equalized by training volume, characterized by 3 sets of 8–10 repetitions in 8 different exercises. However, RT group performed exercise at a higher intensity (difficult) than PT (moderate) group. On the other hand, concentric contractions were faster in PT group than in RT group. Hemodynamic parameters and saliva samples (for NO quantification) were collected before and during an hour after exercise completion. Results Results demonstrated post-exercise hypotension during 35 minutes in the PT when compared to rest period (P=0.001). In turn, RT showed decreased heart rate and double product (P<0.001) during the whole evaluation period after exercise completion compared with the rest period. NO levels increased in the PT and RT during the whole evaluation period in relation to rest period. However, there were no differences between PT, RT, and CS regarding hemodynamic and NO evaluations. Conclusion Data indicate that an acute session of power and resistance exercise can be effective to cause beneficial changes on hemodynamic parameters and NO levels in older women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélio José Coelho-Júnior
- Applied Kinesiology Laboratory-LCA, School of Physical Education, University of Campinas, Barão Geraldo, Campinas, São Paulo.,Center of Health Sciences, University of Mogi das Cruzes, Mogi das Cruzes
| | | | - Samuel da Silva Aguiar
- Center of Health Sciences, University of Mogi das Cruzes, Mogi das Cruzes.,School of Physical Education, Catholic University of Brasília, Águas Claras, Brasília
| | - Ivan de Oliveira Gonçalves
- Center of Health Sciences, University of Mogi das Cruzes, Mogi das Cruzes.,Community Center for Older People of Poá, Poá
| | - Niels Olsen Saraiva Câmara
- Department of Immunobiology, Laboratory of Transplantation Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo
| | | | - Ricardo Yukio Asano
- Center of Health Sciences, University of Mogi das Cruzes, Mogi das Cruzes.,School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bruno Rodrigues
- Applied Kinesiology Laboratory-LCA, School of Physical Education, University of Campinas, Barão Geraldo, Campinas, São Paulo
| | - Marco Carlos Uchida
- Applied Kinesiology Laboratory-LCA, School of Physical Education, University of Campinas, Barão Geraldo, Campinas, São Paulo
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Guilhem G, Hanon C, Gendreau N, Bonneau D, Guével A, Chennaoui M. Salivary Hormones Response to Preparation and Pre-competitive Training of World-class Level Athletes. Front Physiol 2015; 6:333. [PMID: 26635619 PMCID: PMC4644790 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2015.00333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to compare the response of salivary hormones of track and field athletes induced by preparation and pre-competitive training periods in an attempt to comment on the physiological effects consistent with the responses of each of the proteins measured. Salivary testosterone, cortisol, alpha-amylase, immunoglobulin A (IgA), chromogranin A, blood creatine kinase activity, and profile of mood state were assessed at rest in 24 world-class level athletes during preparation (3 times in 3 months) and pre-competitive (5 times in 5 weeks) training periods. Total mood disturbance and fatigue perception were reduced, while IgA (+61%) and creatine kinase activity (+43%) increased, and chromogranin A decreased (-27%) during pre-competitive compared to preparation period. A significant increase in salivary testosterone (+9 to +15%) and a decrease in testosterone/cortisol ratio were associated with a progressive reduction in training load during pre-competitive period (P < 0.05). None of the psycho-physiological parameters were significantly correlated to training load during the pre-competitive period. Results showed a lower adrenocortical response and autonomic activity, and an improvement of immunity status, in response to the reduction in training load and fatigue, without significant correlations of salivary hormones with training load. Our findings suggest that saliva composition is sensitive to training contents (season period) but could not be related to workload resulting from track and field athletics training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaël Guilhem
- Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), Research Department, French National Institute of Sport (INSEP)Paris, France
| | - Christine Hanon
- Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), Research Department, French National Institute of Sport (INSEP)Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Gendreau
- Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), Research Department, French National Institute of Sport (INSEP)Paris, France
| | - Dominique Bonneau
- Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), Research Department, French National Institute of Sport (INSEP)Paris, France
- Fatigue and Vigilance Unit (EA 7330), Neurosciences and Operational Constraints Department, French Armed Forces Biomedical Research Institute (IRBA), Paris Descartes UniversityBrétigny-sur-Orge, France
| | - Arnaud Guével
- Laboratory “Movement, Interactions, Performance” (EA 4334), University of NantesNantes, France
| | - Mounir Chennaoui
- Fatigue and Vigilance Unit (EA 7330), Neurosciences and Operational Constraints Department, French Armed Forces Biomedical Research Institute (IRBA), Paris Descartes UniversityBrétigny-sur-Orge, France
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10
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Coad S, Mclellan C, Whitehouse T, Gray B. Validity and Reliability of a Novel Salivary Immunoassay for Individual Profiling in Applied Sports Science. Res Sports Med 2015; 23:140-50. [DOI: 10.1080/15438627.2015.1005300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sam Coad
- a Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine , Bond University , Queensland , Australia
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11
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Díaz Gómez MM, Bocanegra Jaramillo OL, Teixeira RR, Espindola FS. Salivary surrogates of plasma nitrite and catecholamines during a 21-week training season in swimmers. PLoS One 2013; 8:e64043. [PMID: 23700456 PMCID: PMC3660304 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0064043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2012] [Accepted: 04/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The collection of samples of saliva is noninvasive and straightforward, which turns saliva into an ideal fluid for monitoring the adaptive response to training. Here, we investigated the response of the salivary proteins alpha-amylase (sAA), chromogranin A (sCgA), and the concentration of total protein (sTP) as well as salivary nitrite (sNO2) in relation to plasma catecholamines and plasma nitrite (pNO2), respectively. The variation in these markers was compared to the intensity and load of training during a 21-week training season in 12 elite swimmers. Overall, the salivary proteins tracked the concentration of plasma adrenaline and were inversely correlated with the training outcomes. No correlations were observed between sNO2 and pNO2. However, sNO2 correlated positively with the intensity and load of training. We argue that the decrease in sympathetic activity is responsible for the decrease in the concentration of proteins throughout the training season. Furthermore, the increase in nitrite is likely to reflect changes in hemodynamics and regulation of vascular tone. The association of the salivary markers with the training outcomes underlines their potential as noninvasive markers of training status in professional athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Mauricio Díaz Gómez
- Institute of Genetics and Biochemistry, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlandia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Renata Roland Teixeira
- Institute of Genetics and Biochemistry, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlandia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Foued Salmen Espindola
- Institute of Genetics and Biochemistry, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlandia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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