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Montt-Guevara MM, Finiguerra M, Marzi I, Fidecicchi T, Ferrari A, Genazzani AD, Simoncini T. D-Chiro-Inositol Regulates Insulin Signaling in Human Adipocytes. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:660815. [PMID: 33859622 PMCID: PMC8042392 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.660815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
D-Chiro-Inositol (D-Chiro-Ins) is a secondary messenger in the insulin signaling pathway. D-Chiro-Ins modulates insulin secretion, the mitochondrial respiratory chain, and glycogen storage. Due to these actions D-Chiro-Ins has been proposed to correct defective insulin function in a variety of conditions characterized by metabolic dysfunction, such as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), obesity, gestational diabetes and fat accumulation at menopause. Since it is unclear whether D-Chiro-Ins directly acts on adipocytes, we aimed to study D-Chiro-Ins's actions on adipocyte viability, proliferation, differentiation, and insulin-related protein expression using a human adipocyte cell line derived from Simpson-Golabi-Behmel Syndrome (SGBS) which fully differentiates to mature adipocytes. Throughout differentiation, cells were treated with D-Chiro-Ins, 17β-estradiol (E2) or Insulin. Cell viability and proliferation were not affected by D-Chiro-Ins, then D-Chiro-Ins promoted cell differentiation only during the final days of the process, while E2 enhanced it from the first phases. D-Chiro-Ins stimulated lipid storage and the production of big lipid droplets, thus reducing the content of free fatty acids. We also found that D-Chiro-Ins, either alone or in combination with insulin and E2 increased the expression and activation of insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS1) and glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT4). In conclusion, this work shows that D-Chiro-Ins plays a direct role in the differentiation and in the function of human adipocytes, where it synergizes with insulin and estrogen through the recruitment of signal transduction pathways involved in lipid and glucose storage. These findings give clear insights to better understand the actions of D-Chiro-Ins on fat metabolism in women in physiology and in a variety of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Magdalena Montt-Guevara
- Molecular and Cellular Gynecological Endocrinology Laboratory (MCGEL), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Michele Finiguerra
- Molecular and Cellular Gynecological Endocrinology Laboratory (MCGEL), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Ilaria Marzi
- Molecular and Cellular Gynecological Endocrinology Laboratory (MCGEL), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Tiziana Fidecicchi
- Molecular and Cellular Gynecological Endocrinology Laboratory (MCGEL), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Amerigo Ferrari
- Molecular and Cellular Gynecological Endocrinology Laboratory (MCGEL), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Alessandro D. Genazzani
- Gynecological Endocrinology Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Tommaso Simoncini
- Molecular and Cellular Gynecological Endocrinology Laboratory (MCGEL), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- *Correspondence: Tommaso Simoncini,
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Fan C, Liang W, Wei M, Gou X, Han S, Bai J. Effects of D-Chiro-Inositol on Glucose Metabolism in db/db Mice and the Associated Underlying Mechanisms. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:354. [PMID: 32273844 PMCID: PMC7113635 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we observed the effect of D-chiro-inositol (DCI) on glucose consumption in type 2 diabetic db/db mice, and investigated the relevant mechanism. We discovered that the stability of 24-h blood glucose under the nonfasting condition and decreased glucose tolerance were both alleviated after treatment with DCI. Moreover, the content of glycosylated protein and advanced glycation end products in the serum was reduced, the damage in the liver tissue was alleviated, and the synthesis of liver glycogen was significantly promoted. In addition, DCI increased the expression of insulin receptor substrate 2 (IRS2), phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), protein kinase B (AKT), glucose transporters 4 (GLUT4), and phospho-AKT (S473) protein. In contrast, DCI decreased the expression level of glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) protein in liver tissue to various degrees, as shown by immunohistochemistry and western blotting. Furthermore, DCI increased the mRNA expression of IRS2, PI3K, AKT, and GLUT4, and reduced that of GSK3β in liver tissue, as demonstrated by polymerase chain reaction. Finally, DCI promoted glucose consumption in high glucose-stimulating HepG2 cells and increased the expression of IRS2 protein in HepG2 cells, as revealed by fluorescence staining and flow cytometry. Our results indicate that DCI can significantly improve glucose metabolism in diabetic mice and HepG2 cells. This effect may be associated with the upregulation of IRS2, PI3K, AKT, and GLUT4 and downregulation of GSK3β.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunxue Fan
- School of Pharmacy, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China
| | - Weishi Liang
- Clinical Medical College, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China
| | - Min Wei
- Clinical Medical College, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China
| | - Xiangbo Gou
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China
| | - Shuying Han
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China
| | - Jing Bai
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China
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Thomas MP, Mills SJ, Potter BVL. The "Other" Inositols and Their Phosphates: Synthesis, Biology, and Medicine (with Recent Advances in myo-Inositol Chemistry). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:1614-50. [PMID: 26694856 PMCID: PMC5156312 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201502227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cell signaling via inositol phosphates, in particular via the second messenger myo-inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate, and phosphoinositides comprises a huge field of biology. Of the nine 1,2,3,4,5,6-cyclohexanehexol isomers, myo-inositol is pre-eminent, with "other" inositols (cis-, epi-, allo-, muco-, neo-, L-chiro-, D-chiro-, and scyllo-) and derivatives rarer or thought not to exist in nature. However, neo- and d-chiro-inositol hexakisphosphates were recently revealed in both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, thus highlighting the paucity of knowledge of the origins and potential biological functions of such stereoisomers, a prevalent group of environmental organic phosphates, and their parent inositols. Some "other" inositols are medically relevant, for example, scyllo-inositol (neurodegenerative diseases) and d-chiro-inositol (diabetes). It is timely to consider exploration of the roles and applications of the "other" isomers and their derivatives, likely by exploiting techniques now well developed for the myo series.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark P Thomas
- Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Stephen J Mills
- Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Barry V L Potter
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3QT, UK.
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Mancini M, Andreassi A, Salvioni M, Pelliccione F, Mantellassi G, Banderali G. Myoinositol and D-Chiro Inositol in Improving Insulin Resistance in Obese Male Children: Preliminary Data. Int J Endocrinol 2016; 2016:8720342. [PMID: 27882052 PMCID: PMC5108849 DOI: 10.1155/2016/8720342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Revised: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Myoinositol and D-chiro inositol, which are inositol isomers, have been shown to possess insulin-mimetic properties and to improve insulin resistance, especially in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. However, it has not been determined if this relationship exists also in children. Based on these previous findings, we hypothesized that inositol could be effective in improving insulin sensitivity in children with insulin resistance. To evaluate this hypothesis, we administered both inositol formulations before carrying out an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) in a group of obese insulin-resistant male children with high basal insulin levels and compared the values obtained with an OGTT previously conducted without inositol, in the same group, with unchanged BMI. Our results confirm that myoinositol and D-chiro inositol acutely reduce insulin increase after glucose intake mainly in children with high basal insulin level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Mancini
- Pediatrics and Adolescent Andrological Project, Department of Pediatrics, San Paolo Hospital, Via di Rudini 8, University of Milan, 20142 Milan, Italy
- *Mario Mancini:
| | - Alice Andreassi
- Pediatrics and Adolescent Andrological Project, Department of Pediatrics, San Paolo Hospital, Via di Rudini 8, University of Milan, 20142 Milan, Italy
| | - Michela Salvioni
- Pediatrics and Adolescent Andrological Project, Department of Pediatrics, San Paolo Hospital, Via di Rudini 8, University of Milan, 20142 Milan, Italy
| | - Fiore Pelliccione
- Pediatrics and Adolescent Andrological Project, Department of Pediatrics, San Paolo Hospital, Via di Rudini 8, University of Milan, 20142 Milan, Italy
| | - Gianna Mantellassi
- Pediatrics and Adolescent Andrological Project, Department of Pediatrics, San Paolo Hospital, Via di Rudini 8, University of Milan, 20142 Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Banderali
- Pediatrics and Adolescent Andrological Project, Department of Pediatrics, San Paolo Hospital, Via di Rudini 8, University of Milan, 20142 Milan, Italy
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Whiting L, Stewart KW, Hay DL, Harris PW, Choong YS, Phillips ARJ, Brimble MA, Cooper GJS. Glicentin-related pancreatic polypeptide inhibits glucose-stimulated insulin secretion from the isolated pancreas of adult male rats. Physiol Rep 2015; 3:3/12/e12638. [PMID: 26634904 PMCID: PMC4760439 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptides derived from the glucagon gene Gcg, for example, glucagon and glucagon‐like peptide 1 (GLP‐1), act as physiological regulators of fuel metabolism and are thus of major interest in the pathogenesis of diseases, such as type‐2 diabetes and obesity, and their therapeutic management. Glicentin‐related pancreatic polypeptide (GRPP) is a further, 30 amino acid Gcg‐derived peptide identified in human, mouse, rat, and pig. However, the potential glucoregulatory function of this peptide is largely unknown. Here, we synthesized rat GRPP (rGRPP) and a closely related peptide, rat GRPP‐like peptide (rGRPP‐LP), and investigated their actions in the liver and pancreas of adult male rats by employing isolated‐perfused organ preparations. Rat GRPP and rGRPP‐LP did not affect glucose output from the liver, but both elicited potent inhibition of glucose‐stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) from the rat pancreas. This action is unlikely to be mediated by glucagon or GLP‐1 receptors, as rGRPP and rGRPP‐LP did not stimulate cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) production from the glucagon or GLP‐1 receptors, nor did they antagonize glucagon‐ or GLP‐1‐stimulated cAMP‐production at either receptor. GRPP and GRPP‐LP may be novel regulators of insulin secretion, acting through an as‐yet undefined receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynda Whiting
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand The Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular BioDiscovery, New Zealand
| | - Kevin W Stewart
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand Waikato Institute of Technology, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Deborah L Hay
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand The Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular BioDiscovery, New Zealand
| | - Paul W Harris
- The Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular BioDiscovery, New Zealand School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Yee S Choong
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Anthony R J Phillips
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand The Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular BioDiscovery, New Zealand Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medical & Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Margaret A Brimble
- The Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular BioDiscovery, New Zealand School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Garth J S Cooper
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand The Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular BioDiscovery, New Zealand Centre for Advanced Discovery and Experimental Therapeutics, NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK The Institute of Human Development, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK Department of Pharmacology, Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Chang HH, Choong B, Phillips ARJ, Loomes KM. The diabetic rat kidney mediates inosituria and selective urinary partitioning of D-chiro-inositol. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2014; 240:8-14. [PMID: 25060739 DOI: 10.1177/1535370214543064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy is a serious complication of diabetes mellitus with a pressing need for effective metabolic markers to detect renal impairment. Of potential significance are the inositol compounds, myo-inositol (MI), and the less abundant stereoisomer, D-chiro-inositol (DCI), which are excreted at increased levels in the urine in diabetes mellitus, a phenomenon known as inosituria. There is also a selective urinary excretion of DCI compared to MI. As the biological origins of altered inositol metabolism in diabetes mellitus are unknown, the aim of this study was to determine whether the diabetic kidney was directly responsible. Kidneys isolated from four-week streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats were characterized by a 3-fold reduction in glomerular filtration rate (GFR) compared to matched non-diabetic kidneys. When perfused with fixed quantities of MI (50 µM) and DCI (5 µM) under normoglycemic conditions (5 mM glucose), GFR-normalized urinary excretion of MI was increased by 1.7-fold in diabetic vs. non-diabetic kidneys. By comparison, GFR-normalized urinary excretion of DCI was increased by 4-fold. Perfusion conditions replicating hyperglycemia (20 mM glucose) potentiated DCI but not MI urinary excretion in both non-diabetic and diabetic kidneys. Overall, there was a 2.4-fold increase in DCI urinary excretion compared to MI in diabetic kidneys that was independent of glucose ambience. This increased urinary excretion of DCI and MI in diabetic kidneys occurred despite increased renal expression of the inositol transporters, sodium myo-inositol transporter subtype 1 and 2 (SMIT1 and SMIT2). These findings show that the diabetic kidney primarily mediates inosituria and altered urinary partitioning of MI and DCI. Urinary inositol levels might therefore serve as an indicator of impaired renal function in diabetes mellitus with wider implications for monitoring chronic kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Han Chang
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Bernard Choong
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Anthony R J Phillips
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1010, New Zealand Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1010, New Zealand Department of Surgery, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Kerry M Loomes
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1010, New Zealand Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
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