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Beato M, Datson N, Anderson L, Brownlee T, Coates A, Hulton A. Rationale and Practical Recommendations for Testing Protocols in Female Soccer: A Narrative Review. J Strength Cond Res 2023; 37:1912-1922. [PMID: 37184978 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Beato, M, Datson, N, Anderson, L, Brownlee, T, Coates, A, and Hulton, A. Rationale and practical recommendations for testing protocols in female soccer: A narrative review. J Strength Cond Res 37(9): 1912-1922, 2023-The aim of this narrative review is to evaluate the presented literature on tests (aerobic, speed, changes of direction [COD], strength, power, jump, and anthropometry) of the varied components of female soccer and to draw attention to the most suitable protocols to allow practitioners to accurately track players' fitness status. The 2 most common field tests used to assess aerobic fitness are the Yo-Yo intermittent test (level 1 and level 2) and the 30-15 intermittent fitness test because of an ability to measure multiple players at once with a soccer-specific intermittent profile. The sprinting performance can be assessed on distances of <30 m; however, longer distances (e.g., 40 m) allow for achieving peak speed (flying sprint test), which can be assessed using global navigation satellite system. Changes-of-direction capacity has been found to be an important component of players testing and training programs, although there is no "gold standard" to assess COD or repeated sprint ability performance in female players. Lower-limb power can be assessed using jump tests that can use force platforms, jump mats, and optoelectronic devices, while maintaining a good reliability. Several in-direct tests are currently available for assessing anthropometry parameters, such as skinfold thickness, hydrodensitometry, and ultrasound. However, dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry is the most valid and reliable method for assessing body composition in team sport athletes, with the addition of bone health that is a key measure in female athletes. In conclusion, the evidence reported in this review will be able to aid practitioners, coaches, and researchers to decide which tests meet the requirements of their environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Beato
- School of Health and Sports Sciences, University of Suffolk, Suffolk, United Kingdom
| | - Naomi Datson
- Institute of Sport, Nursing and Allied Health, University of Chichester, Chichester, United Kingdom
| | - Liam Anderson
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom; and
| | - Thomas Brownlee
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom; and
| | - Alex Coates
- School of Health and Sports Sciences, University of Suffolk, Suffolk, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Hulton
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Surrey, United Kingdom
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Fisher P, Faulkner M, McCann M, Doherty R. The Association between Pre-season Running Loads and Injury during the Subsequent Season in Elite Gaelic Football. Sports (Basel) 2022; 10:sports10080117. [PMID: 36006082 PMCID: PMC9414496 DOI: 10.3390/sports10080117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine if the quantity of running load performed in pre-season affects the incidence of injury in elite Gaelic footballers. It was hypothesized that a greater quantity of running loads completed will reduce the incidence rate of injury. A cohort of elite male Gaelic football players (n = 25) was prospectively monitored throughout one full season. This longitudinal study involved the collection of GPS data and injury data. Participants were retrospectively divided into two groups and assigned to a high (HTL, completed >50% of pre-season sessions, n = 13) or low (LTL, completed <50% of pre-season sessions, n = 12) training load group based on the percentage of pre-season sessions completed. Data for total distance, PlayerLoad™, meters covered at running speeds (4.0−4.84 m/s), meters covered at high running speeds (4.85−6.39 m/s), meters covered at sprint speeds (>6.4 m/s) and high-intensity running meters (high-speed running meters and sprint meters combined) were collected during all sessions. A one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was completed to understand the variation of external training load data across the different phases of the season. A series of repeated measures of ANOVA were subsequently completed to understand the variation of external training load data across seasonal phases within the training groups. Although the LTL group had a higher incidence rate of non-contact injuries (large effect size) per 1000 h of exposure in each phase of the season, statistical analysis revealed that there was no significant difference (F = 4.32, p = 0.173, partial η2 = 0.684, large) between the HTL (14.9 ± 4.17/1000 h) and the LTL (24.5 ± 7.36/1000 h) groups. Additionally, the HTL group was able to sustain greater running loads in the competitive phases of the season compared to the LTL group, total distance (F = 8.10, p < 0.001, partial η2 = 0.299, large), high-speed running distance (F = 8.74, p < 0.001, partial η2 = 0.304, large) and high-intensity running distance (F = 7.63, p < 0.001, partial η2 = 0.276, large). Furthermore, players who complete a greater proportion of running loads in pre-season may alter their body composition levels to more optimal levels, which in turn may reduce the risk of injury while also helping increase or maintain performance-related fitness markers such as aerobic fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Fisher
- Sports Lab North West, Atlantic Technological University Donegal, Letterkenny Campus, Port Road, F92 FC93 Letterkenny, Ireland; (P.F.); (M.F.)
| | - Maria Faulkner
- Sports Lab North West, Atlantic Technological University Donegal, Letterkenny Campus, Port Road, F92 FC93 Letterkenny, Ireland; (P.F.); (M.F.)
| | - Michael McCann
- Department of Computing, Atlantic Technological University Donegal, Letterkenny Campus, Port Road, F92 FC93 Letterkenny, Ireland;
| | - Rónán Doherty
- Sports Lab North West, Atlantic Technological University Donegal, Letterkenny Campus, Port Road, F92 FC93 Letterkenny, Ireland; (P.F.); (M.F.)
- Correspondence:
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Science and Hurling: A Review. Sports (Basel) 2022; 10:sports10080118. [PMID: 36006084 PMCID: PMC9415571 DOI: 10.3390/sports10080118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Hurling is one of the world’s fastest field sports. Since the last review of science and Gaelic sports in 2008, there has been an increase in sports science provisions across elite and sub-elite cohorts, resulting in increased hurling-specific literature equating to an additional 111 research investigations into the game across all sports science disciplines. The present review aims to provide an updated analysis of the current research on the game and propose recommendations for future research. Overall, intermittent aerobic fitness remains an important physical quality during competition, with a focus on games-based training methodologies within the literature. Within the current review, we provide updated normative data on the running demands, physiological responses, and anthropometric and performance profiles of hurling players. The increased literature across the sport has led to the development of a hurling-specific simulation, that can now be utilised practically in training and research processes for hurling cohorts. Furthermore, the monitoring of internal and external training loads across training and match environments, in addition to response variables such as well-being, appears to have become more prominent, allowing practitioners to design training regimes to achieve optimal dose and response characteristics. Analysing the game from a scientific perspective can allow for more efficient preparatory practices, to meet the specific requirements of players at all age levels. Collaborative research among the various sports science disciplines, is required to identify strategies to reduce the incidence of injury and enhance performance in hurling. The current review provides updated information to coaches and practitioners regarding position-specific physical qualities, and match-play demands that can concurrently support the training process within hurling.
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Encarnação IGA, Cerqueira MS, Silva DAS, Marins JCB, Magalhães PM. Prediction of body fat in adolescents: validity of the methods relative fat mass, body adiposity index and body fat index. Eat Weight Disord 2022; 27:1651-1659. [PMID: 34558017 DOI: 10.1007/s40519-021-01301-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To verify the validity of anthropometric methods body adiposity index (BAI), relative fat mass (RFM) and body fat index (BFI) to estimate body fat percentage (%BF) in adolescents. METHODS A cross-sectional study was carried out with 420 Brazilian adolescents aged 15-19 years, stratified by age (< 18 years, n = 356; ≥ 18 years, n = 64) and sex (boys, n = 216; girls, n = 204). The Anthropometric measurements height, body weight, hip circumference and waist circumference were collected to calculate the %BF by BAI, RFM, BFI methods. Subsequently, %BF was measured by dual emission X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), adopted as a reference method. In the statistical analysis of the data, the Pearson correlation test and the paired t test between %BF obtained by the equations and by the DXA were performed. The method validation criterion was that 68% of individuals should be within an acceptable error range of ± 3.5% of BF and Cohen's Kappa index ≥ 0.61. Additionally, the Bland-Altman graphical analysis was performed. RESULTS All methods showed a high correlation with DXA. For the Kappa index, only the RFM reached the criterion in the total sample (0.67) and in the sample < 18 years (0.68). None of the methods reached the criterion of 68% of the sample within the error range of ± 3.5% of BF. CONCLUSION The BAI, RFM and BFI equations were not valid for predicting BF in the studied sample according to the criteria adopted regardless of sex or age. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level V, cross-sectional descriptive study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irismar G A Encarnação
- School of Education, Campus Santa Apolónia, Polytechnic Institute of Bragança, Bragança, Portugal. .,School of Education, Campus Santa Apolónia, Polytechnic Institute of Bragança, Bragança, Portugal.
| | - Matheus S Cerqueira
- Campus Rio Pomba, Federal Institute Southeast of Minas Gerais, Rio Pomba, Minas Gerais, Brazil.,Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Diego A S Silva
- Postgraduate Program in Physical Education, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - João C B Marins
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Pedro M Magalhães
- School of Education, Campus Santa Apolónia, Polytechnic Institute of Bragança, Bragança, Portugal
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Dunne A, O’Neill C, Warrington G, Rackard G, Cullen S. Variability and accuracy of body fat estimates using skinfolds and DXA in elite Gaelic football players: a validation study and development of novel prediction equations. SPORT SCIENCES FOR HEALTH 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11332-022-00896-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Changes in Physical Fitness and Body Composition Associated with Physical Exercise in Patients with Myasthenia Gravis: A Longitudinal Prospective Study. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10174031. [PMID: 34501479 PMCID: PMC8432538 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10174031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a lack of guidelines for physical exercise in patients with myasthenia gravis (MG). A few pilot studies have shown that exercise can be safely applied to patients with MG. However, how physical exercise affects body composition, disease function, and disease severity remains unknown. In this prospective study, we enrolled 34 patients with MG with stable condition and evaluated the disease severity, physical fitness parameters, and body composition (measured using whole-body dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA)), before and after conducting a 24-week physical exercise regimen of aerobic and resistance strength training. The outcomes were measured by DXA, quantitative MG (QMG) score, quality of life score, handgrip strength and walking speed. During the training regimen, participants were free to decide how many exercise sessions per week and regularly reported their weekly exercise time. The physical exercise program was well tolerated by the participants, the parameters of the QMG score and handgrip strength improved, and participants’ body composition did not change significantly. The high exercise group experienced greater deterioration in muscle mass in the arms, but exhibited a greater improvement in forced vital capacity, walking speed, and symptom severity. The group with low QMG scores improved more in terms of physical fitness, including walking speed. These findings indicate that physical exercise is well tolerated by patients with MG, and is accompanied by improved muscular and physical functions. We propose that physical exercise is safe, effective, and appropriate for patients with well-regulated MG.
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Kasper AM, Langan-Evans C, Hudson JF, Brownlee TE, Harper LD, Naughton RJ, Morton JP, Close GL. Come Back Skinfolds, All Is Forgiven: A Narrative Review of the Efficacy of Common Body Composition Methods in Applied Sports Practice. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13041075. [PMID: 33806245 PMCID: PMC8065383 DOI: 10.3390/nu13041075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Whilst the assessment of body composition is routine practice in sport, there remains considerable debate on the best tools available, with the chosen technique often based upon convenience rather than understanding the method and its limitations. The aim of this manuscript was threefold: (1) provide an overview of the common methodologies used within sport to measure body composition, specifically hydro-densitometry, air displacement plethysmography, bioelectrical impedance analysis and spectroscopy, ultra-sound, three-dimensional scanning, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and skinfold thickness; (2) compare the efficacy of what are widely believed to be the most accurate (DXA) and practical (skinfold thickness) assessment tools and (3) provide a framework to help select the most appropriate assessment in applied sports practice including insights from the authors' experiences working in elite sport. Traditionally, skinfold thickness has been the most popular method of body composition but the use of DXA has increased in recent years, with a wide held belief that it is the criterion standard. When bone mineral content needs to be assessed, and/or when it is necessary to take limb-specific estimations of fat and fat-free mass, then DXA appears to be the preferred method, although it is crucial to be aware of the logistical constraints required to produce reliable data, including controlling food intake, prior exercise and hydration status. However, given the need for simplicity and after considering the evidence across all assessment methods, skinfolds appear to be the least affected by day-to-day variability, leading to the conclusion 'come back skinfolds, all is forgiven'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas M. Kasper
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK; (A.M.K.); (C.L.-E.); (J.F.H.); (T.E.B.); (J.P.M.)
| | - Carl Langan-Evans
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK; (A.M.K.); (C.L.-E.); (J.F.H.); (T.E.B.); (J.P.M.)
| | - James F. Hudson
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK; (A.M.K.); (C.L.-E.); (J.F.H.); (T.E.B.); (J.P.M.)
| | - Thomas E. Brownlee
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK; (A.M.K.); (C.L.-E.); (J.F.H.); (T.E.B.); (J.P.M.)
| | - Liam D. Harper
- School of Human and Health Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, UK; (L.D.H.); (R.J.N.)
| | - Robert J. Naughton
- School of Human and Health Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, UK; (L.D.H.); (R.J.N.)
| | - James P. Morton
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK; (A.M.K.); (C.L.-E.); (J.F.H.); (T.E.B.); (J.P.M.)
| | - Graeme L. Close
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK; (A.M.K.); (C.L.-E.); (J.F.H.); (T.E.B.); (J.P.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-151-904-6266
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Morehen JC, Clarke J, Batsford J, Highton J, Erskine RM, Morton JP, Close GL. Development of anthropometric characteristics in professional Rugby League players: Is there too much emphasis on the pre-season period? Eur J Sport Sci 2019; 20:1013-1022. [PMID: 31766954 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2019.1695953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Rugby League is a team sport requiring players to experience large impact collisions, thus requiring high amounts of muscle mass. Many players (academy and senior) strive to increase muscle mass during the pre-season, however, quantification of changes during this period have not been thoroughly investigated. We therefore assessed changes in body-composition using Dual X-Ray Absorptiometry (DXA) in eleven academy players over three successive pre-seasons and ninety-three senior players from four different European Super League clubs prior to, and at the end of, a pre-season training period. There was no meaningful change in lean mass of the academy players during any of the pre-season periods (year 1 = 72.3 ± 7.1-73.2 ± 7.2kg; ES 0.05, year 2 = 74.4 ± 6.9-75.5 ± 6.9kg; ES 0.07, year 3 = 75.9 ± 6.7-76.8 ± 6.6kg; ES 0.06) with small changes only occurring over the three-year study period (72.3-75.9kg; ES = 0.22). Senior players showed trivial changes in all characteristics during the pre-season period (total mass = 95.1-95.0kg; ES -0.01, lean mass = 74.6-75.1kg; ES 0.07, fat mass = 13.6-12.9kg; ES -0.17, body fat percentage = 14.8-14.1%; ES -0.19). These data suggest that academy players need time to develop towards profiles congruent with senior players. Moreover, once players reach senior level, body-composition changes are trivial during the pre-season and therefore teams may need to individualise training for players striving to gain muscle mass by reducing other training loads.
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Affiliation(s)
- James C Morehen
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Jon Clarke
- Warrington Wolves Rugby League Club, The Halliwell Jones Stadium, Mike Gregory Way, Warrington, UK
| | - Jake Batsford
- Warrington Wolves Rugby League Club, The Halliwell Jones Stadium, Mike Gregory Way, Warrington, UK
| | - Jamie Highton
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Chester, Chester, UK
| | - Robert M Erskine
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK.,Institute of Sport, Exercise & Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - James P Morton
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Graeme L Close
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
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Brahimaj A, Rivadeneira F, Muka T, Sijbrands EJG, Franco OH, Dehghan A, Kavousi M. Novel metabolic indices and incident type 2 diabetes among women and men: the Rotterdam Study. Diabetologia 2019; 62:1581-1590. [PMID: 31183505 PMCID: PMC6677703 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-019-4921-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Both visceral and truncal fat have been associated with metabolic disturbances. We aimed to investigate the associations of several novel metabolic indices, combining anthropometric and lipid measures, and dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) measurements of body fat, with incident type 2 diabetes among women and men from the large population-based Rotterdam Study. METHODS Cox proportional hazards models were used to investigate associations of visceral adiposity index (VAI), lipid accumulation product (LAP), the product of triacylglycerol and glucose (TyG), their formula components and DXA measures with incident type 2 diabetes. Associations were adjusted for traditional diabetes risk factors. RESULTS Among 5576 women and 3988 men free of diabetes, 511 women and 388 men developed type 2 diabetes during a median follow-up of 6.5 years. In adjusted models, the three metabolic indices VAI (per 1 SD naturally log-transformed HR; 95% CI) (1.49; 1.36, 1.65 in women; 1.37; 1.22, 1.53 in men), LAP (1.35; 1.16, 1.56 in women; 1.19; 1.01, 1.42 in men) and TyG (1.73; 1.52, 1.98 in women; 1.43; 1.26, 1.62 in men), gynoid fat mass (0.63; 0.45, 0.89) and android to gynoid fat ratio (1.51; 1.16, 1.97) in women were associated with incident type 2 diabetes. BMI (1.45; 1.28, 1.65) was the strongest predictor of type 2 diabetes in men. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Among women, novel combined metabolic indices were stronger risk markers for type 2 diabetes than the traditional anthropometric and laboratory measures and were comparable with DXA measures. Neither combined metabolic indices nor DXA measures were superior to traditional anthropometric and lipid measures in association with type 2 diabetes among men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adela Brahimaj
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
- Department of General Practice, Erasmus University Medical Center, P. O. Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Fernando Rivadeneira
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Taulant Muka
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (ISPM), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Eric J G Sijbrands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Oscar H Franco
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (ISPM), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Abbas Dehghan
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Maryam Kavousi
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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Okosun IS, Seale JP, Lyn R. Commingling effect of gynoid and android fat patterns on cardiometabolic dysregulation in normal weight American adults. Nutr Diabetes 2015; 5:e155. [PMID: 25985091 PMCID: PMC4450460 DOI: 10.1038/nutd.2015.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Revised: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/15/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To determine the independent and commingling effect of android and gynoid percent fat (measured using Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry) on cardiometabolic dysregulation in normal weight American adults. METHODS The 2005-2006 data (n=1802) from the United States National Health and Nutritional Examination Surveys (NHANES) were used in this study. Associations of android percent fat, gynoid percent fat and their joint occurrence with risks of cardiometabolic risk factors were estimated using prevalence odds ratios from logistic regression analyses. RESULTS Android-gynoid percent fat ratio was more highly correlated with cardiometabolic dysregulation than android percent fat, gynoid percent fat or body mass index. Commingling of android and gynoid adiposities was associated with much greater odds of cardiometabolic risk factors than either android or gynoid adiposities. Commingling of android and gynoid adiposities was associated with 1.75 (95% confidence interval (CI)=1.42-2.93), 1.48 (95% CI=1.32-1.91), 1.61 (95% CI=1.50-1.89), 3.56 (95% CI=2.91-4.11) and 1.86 (95% CI=1.49-1.96) increased odds of elevated glucose, elevated blood pressure, elevated low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, elevated triglyceride and low high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Normal weight subjects who present with both android and gynoid adiposities should be advised of the associated health risks. Both android and gynoid fat accumulations should be considered in developing public health strategies for reducing cardiometabolic disease risk in normal weight subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- I S Okosun
- Division of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Division of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Georgia State University, Suite 662B/715—One Park Place, PO Box 3984, Atlanta, GA 30302-3984, USA. E-mail:
| | - J P Seale
- Department of Family Medicine, Medical Center of Central Georgia and Mercer University School of Medicine, Macon, GA, USA
| | - R Lyn
- Division of Health Management & Policy, School of Public Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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