1
|
Lo Faro AF, Tini A, Gottardi M, Pirani F, Sirignano A, Giorgetti R, Busardò FP. Development and validation of a fast ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method for determining carbonic anhydrase inhibitors and their metabolites in urine and hair. Drug Test Anal 2021; 13:1552-1560. [PMID: 33908166 PMCID: PMC8456811 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
A new, rapid, sensitive, and comprehensive ultra‐high‐performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC–MS/MS) method for quantifying diuretics (acetazolamide, brinzolamide, dorzolamide, and their metabolites) in human urine and hair was developed and fully validated. Twenty‐five milligrams of hair were incubated with 500‐μl M3® buffer reagent at 100°C for 1 h for complete digestion. After cooling, 1‐μl supernatant was injected onto chromatography system. Urine samples were simply diluted before injection. The chromatographic run time was short (8 min) through a column with a mobile phase gradient. The method was linear (determination coefficients always higher than 0.99) from limit of quantification (LOQ) to 500 ng/ml in urine and from LOQ to 10 ng/mg in hair. LOQs ranged from 0.07 to 1.16 ng/ml in urine and from 0.02 to 0.15 ng/mg in hair. No significant ion suppression due to matrix effect was observed, and process efficiency was always higher than 80%. Intra‐ and inter‐assay precision was lower than 15%. The suitability of the methods was tested with six urine and hair specimens from patients treated with acetazolamide, dorzolamide, or brinzolamide for ocular diseases or systemic hypertension. Average urine concentrations were 266.32 ng/ml for dorzolamide and 47.61 ng/ml for N‐deethyl‐dorzolamide (n = 3), 109.27 ng/ml for brinzolamide and 1.02 ng/ml for O‐desmethyl‐brinzolamide (n = 2), and finally, 12.63 ng/ml for acetazolamide. Average hair concentrations were 5.94 ng/mg for dorzolamide and 0.048 ng/mg for N‐deethyl‐dorzolamide (n = 3), 3.26 ng/mg for brinzolamide (n = 2), and 2.3 ng/mg for acetazolamide (n = 1). The developed method was simple and fast both in the extraction procedures making it eligible in high‐throughput analysis for clinical forensic and doping purposes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo Fabrizio Lo Faro
- Department of Excellence of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, University "Politecnica delle Marche" of Ancona, Ancona, Italy
| | - Anastasio Tini
- Department of Excellence of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, University "Politecnica delle Marche" of Ancona, Ancona, Italy
| | | | - Filippo Pirani
- Department of Excellence of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, University "Politecnica delle Marche" of Ancona, Ancona, Italy
| | | | - Raffaele Giorgetti
- Department of Excellence of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, University "Politecnica delle Marche" of Ancona, Ancona, Italy
| | - Francesco Paolo Busardò
- Department of Excellence of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, University "Politecnica delle Marche" of Ancona, Ancona, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Opuni KFM, Boadu JA, Amponsah SK, Okai CA. High performance liquid chromatography: A versatile tool for assaying antiepileptic drugs in biological matrices. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2021; 1179:122750. [PMID: 34237479 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2021.122750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Revised: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Epilepsy is a recurrent long-term illness occurring in approximately 1.0% of the world's population. There are currently about 29 approved antiepileptic drugs for the management of epilepsy. Due to narrow therapeutic indices of most antiepileptic drugs, clinical pharmacokinetic characteristics and therapeutic drug monitoring of these drugs are imperative. The objectives of this review were to identify common chromatographic principles, requirements and/or conditions for high-performance liquid chromatography as applied to assay of antiepileptic drugs in biological matrices. The review was conducted using 66 peer reviewed articles (1990 to 2020) from 29 journals that were sought via PubMed, Science Direct and Google Scholar. In all, 29 antiepileptic drugs were assayed from 6 different biological matrices. Forty-three of the reviewed articles estimated the concentration of only one antiepileptic drug, whilst 23 articles focused on simultaneous determination of two or more antiepileptic drugs. Thirty-four, 20, and 14 articles reported using liquid-liquid extraction, protein precipitation, or solid phase extraction for sample clean up, respectively. The ratio of reversed-phase to normal phase, LC-UV to LC-MS and isocratic elution to gradient elution were 61:3, 43:7 and 55:11, respectively. With the exception of one article the reported recoveries ranged from 60.3% to 109.6%. It is noteworthy, that, the performance metrics of high-performance liquid chromatography are better compared to other assays of antiepileptic drugs in biological matrices. This review describes the relevant liquid chromatographic method conditions over the past 30 years for the analysis of this class of drugs, which provides a basis for further method development and optimization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kwabena F M Opuni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Ghana, Ghana.
| | - Joseph A Boadu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Ghana, Ghana
| | - Seth K Amponsah
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, University of Ghana Medical School, University of Ghana, Ghana
| | - Charles A Okai
- Department of Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Kumasi Technical University, Ghana
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Abdel-Megied AM, Eldehna WM, Abdelrahman MA, Elbarbry FA. Development and Validation of High-Throughput Bioanalytical Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) Method for the Quantification of Newly Synthesized Antitumor Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors in Human Plasma. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25235753. [PMID: 33291270 PMCID: PMC7730089 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25235753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, a sensitive and fully validated bioanalytical high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method has been developed for the quantitative determination of three newly synthesized carbonic anhydrases inhibitors (CAIs) with potential antitumor activity in human plasma. The analytes and the internal standard (IS) were extracted using 1.5 mL acetonitrile from only 450 µL aliquots of human plasma to achieve the desired protein precipitation. Chromatographic separations were achieved on Phenomenex Kinetex® C18 column (100 × 4.6 mm, 2.6 µm) using a binary gradient elution mode with a run time of less than 6 min. The mobile phase consisted of solvent (A): 0.1% formic acid in 50% methanol and solvent B: 0.1% formic acid in acetonitrile (30:70, v/v), pumped at a flow rate of 0.8 mL/min. Detection was employed using triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometer (API 3500) equipped with an electrospray ionization (ESI) source in the positive ion mode. Multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode was selected for quantitation through monitoring the precursor-to-parent ion transition at m/z 291.9 → 173.0, m/z 396.9 → 225.1, m/z 388.9 → 217.0, and m/z 146.9 → 91.0 for AW-9a, WES-1, WES-2, and Coumarin (IS), respectively. Linearity was computed using the weighted least-squares linear regression method (1/x2) over a concentration range of 1–1000, 2.5–800, and 5–500 ng/mL for AW-9a, WES-1, and WES-2; respectively. The bioanalytical LC-MS/MS method was fully validated as per U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) guidelines with all respect to linearity, accuracy, precision, carry-over, selectivity, dilution integrity, and stability. The proposed LC-MS/MS method was applied successfully for the determination of all investigated drugs in spiked human plasma with no significant matrix effect, which is a crucial cornerstone in further therapeutic drug monitoring of newly developed therapeutic agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed M. Abdel-Megied
- Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh City 33516, Egypt;
- School of Pharmacy, Pacific University Oregon, Hillsboro, OR 97123, USA
| | - Wagdy M. Eldehna
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh City 33516, Egypt;
| | - Mohamed A. Abdelrahman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Egyptian Russian University, Badr City, Cairo 11829, Egypt;
| | - Fawzy A. Elbarbry
- School of Pharmacy, Pacific University Oregon, Hillsboro, OR 97123, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-5033527356
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Begou O, Drabert K, Theodoridis G, Tsikas D. GC-NICI-MS analysis of acetazolamide and other sulfonamide (R-SO 2-NH 2) drugs as pentafluorobenzyl derivatives [R-SO 2-N(PFB) 2] and quantification of pharmacological acetazolamide in human urine. J Pharm Anal 2019; 10:49-59. [PMID: 32123599 PMCID: PMC7037487 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2019.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Acetazolamide (molecular mass (MM), 222) belongs to the class of sulfonamides (R-SO2-NH2) and is one of the strongest pharmacological inhibitors of carbonic anhydrase activity. Acetazolamide is excreted unchanged in the urine. Here, we report on the development, validation and biomedical application of a stable-isotope dilution GC-MS method for the reliable quantitative determination of acetazolamide in human urine. The method is based on evaporation to dryness of 50 μL urine aliquots, base-catalyzed derivatization of acetazolamide (d0-AZM) and its internal standard [acetylo-2H3]acetazolamide (d3-AZM) in 30 vol% pentafluorobenzyl (PFB) bromide in acetonitrile (60 min, 30 °C), reconstitution in toluene (200 μL) and injection of 1-μL aliquots. The negative-ion chemical ionization (NICI) mass spectra (methane) of the PFB derivatives contained several intense ions including [M]‒ at m/z 581 for d0-AZM and m/z 584 for d3-AZM, suggesting derivatization of their sulfonamide groups to form N,N-dipentafluorobenzyl derivatives (R-SO2-N(PFB)2), i.e., d0-AZM-(PFB)2 and d3-AZM-(PFB)2, respectively. Quantification was performed by selected-ion monitoring of m/z 581 and 83 for d0-AZM-(PFB)2 and m/z 584 and 86 for d3-AZM-(PFB)2. The limits of detection and quantitation of the method were determined to be 300 fmol (67 pg) and 1 μM of acetazolamide, respectively. Intra- and inter-assay precision and accuracy for acetazolamide in human urine samples in pharmacologically relevant concentration ranges were determined to be 0.3%–4.2% and 95.3%–109%, respectively. The method was applied to measure urinary acetazolamide excretion after ingestion of a 250 mg acetazolamide-containing tablet (Acemit®) by a healthy volunteer. Among other tested sulfonamide drugs, methazolamide (MM, 236) was also found to form a N,N-dipentafluorobenzyl derivative, whereas dorzolamide (MM, 324) was hardly detectable. No GC-MS peaks were obtained from the PFB bromide derivatization of hydrochlorothiazide (MM, 298), xipamide (MM, 355), indapamide and metholazone (MM, 366 each) or brinzolamide (MM, 384). We demonstrate for the first time that sulfonamide drugs can be derivatized with PFB bromide and quantitated by GC-MS. Sulfonamides with MM larger than 236 are likely to be derivatized by PFB bromide but to lack thermal stability. The sulfonamide group of acetazolamide was derivatized for the first time with pentafluorobenzyl bromide. Other sulfonamides were also derivatized for the first time with pentafluorobenzyl bromide. Pentafluorobenzyl derivatives of acetazolamide and other sulfonamides are useful for GC-MS. The validated method was used to quantify pharmacological acetazolamide in human urine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olga Begou
- Institute of Toxicology, Core Unit Proteomics, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, D-30625, Hannover, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
- BIOMIC_AUTh, Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation (CIRI-AUTH), Balkan Center, 10th Km Thessaloniki-Thermi Rd, P.O. Box 8318, GR 57001, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Kathrin Drabert
- Institute of Toxicology, Core Unit Proteomics, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, D-30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Georgios Theodoridis
- Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
- BIOMIC_AUTh, Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation (CIRI-AUTH), Balkan Center, 10th Km Thessaloniki-Thermi Rd, P.O. Box 8318, GR 57001, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Tsikas
- Institute of Toxicology, Core Unit Proteomics, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, D-30625, Hannover, Germany
- Corresponding author.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Yang S. Development and Pharmacokinetics Study of Antifungal Peptide Nanoliposomes by Liquid Chromatography-tandem Mass Spectrometry. CURR PHARM ANAL 2019. [DOI: 10.2174/1573412914666180307155328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
The therapeutic ability and application of antifungal peptide (APs) are limited
by their physico-chemical and biological properties, the nano-liposomal encapsulation would improve
the in vivo circulation and stability.
</P><P>
Objective: To develop a long-circulating liposomal delivery systems encapsulated APs-CGA-N12 with
PEGylated lipids and cholesterol, and investigated through in vivo pharmacokinetics.
Methods:
The liposomes were prepared and characterized, a rapid and simple liquid chromatographytandem
mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) assay was developed for the determination of antifungal peptide
in vivo, the pharmacokinetic characteristics of APs liposomes were evaluated in rats.
Results:
Liposomes had a large, unilamellar structure, particle size and Zeta potential ranged from 160
to 185 nm and -0.55 to 1.1 mV, respectively. The results indicated that the plasma concentration of
peptides in reference solutions rapidly declined after intravenous administration, whereas the
liposomeencapsulated ones showed slower elimination. The AUC(0-∞) was increased by 3.0-fold in
liposomes in comparison with standard solution (20 mg·kg-1), the half-life (T1/2) was 1.6- and 1.5-fold
higher compared to the reference groups of 20 and 40 mg·kg-1, respectively.
Conclusion:
Therefore, it could be concluded that liposomal encapsulation effectively improved the
bioavailability and pharmacokinetic property of antifungal peptides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuoye Yang
- College of Bioengineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Rahman N, Sameen S, Kashif M. Application of Box-Behnken design and desirability function in the optimization of spectrophotometric method for the quantification of WADA banned drug: Acetazolamide. J Mol Liq 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2018.10.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|