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Wu TK, Hung TW, Chen YS, Pan YR, Hsieh YH, Tsai JP. Corosolic acid inhibits metastatic response of human renal cell carcinoma cells by modulating ERK/MMP2 signaling. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2024; 39:857-868. [PMID: 37860891 DOI: 10.1002/tox.23999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Corosolic acid (CA), a plant-derived pentacyclic triterpenoid, has potent anti-inflammatory, anti-metabolic, and anti-neoplastic actions against a variety of human cancers. However, the specific mechanism by which CA inhibits the progression of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is yet unclear. We found that CA (≤8 μM) had no influence on either the growth or viability of RCC cell lines (786-O, ACHN, and Caki-1) or normal HK2 cells. However, in a dose-dependent manner, CA prevented the invasion and migration of RCC cells. Human protease array analysis showed that CA reduced MMP2 expression. At increasing concentrations of CA, the expression of MMP2 was dose-dependently reduced, as shown by western blot and RT-PCR analyses as well as immunofluorescence staining. CA also stimulated ERK1/2 phosphorylation in 786-O and Caki-1 cells. Transfection of CA-treated RCC cells with siRNA-ERK restored MMP2 protein expression and the motility and invasion capabilities of RCC cells. Molecular docking study results showed that CA and MMP2 interact strongly. These findings elucidate the mechanism by which CA prevents RCC cells from migrating and invading, and these findings indicate that CA may be a potential anti-metastatic therapy for RCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsai-Kun Wu
- Division of Renal Medicine, Tungs' Taichung MetroHarbor Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Tung-Wei Hung
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yong-Syuan Chen
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Ru Pan
- Department of Medical Research, Tungs' Taichung Metroharbor Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hsien Hsieh
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Pi Tsai
- School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Dalin Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Chiayi, Taiwan
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2
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Hu H, Yao X, Xie X, Wu X, Zheng C, Xia W, Ma S. Prognostic value of preoperative NLR, dNLR, PLR and CRP in surgical renal cell carcinoma patients. World J Urol 2016; 35:261-270. [PMID: 27255479 DOI: 10.1007/s00345-016-1864-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emerging evidences indicate that inflammation plays a crucial role in carcinogenesis and tumor progression. Inflammatory response biomarkers are recognized as promising prognostic factors for improving predictive accuracy in renal cell carcinoma (RCC). We aimed to evaluate the prognostic significance of preoperative neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), derived neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (dNLR), platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) and serum C-reactive protein (CRP) in RCC. METHODS 484 surgical RCC patients were enrolled from 2006 to 2010 in this study. Receiver operating curve (ROC) was applied to assess the optimal cutoff levels for four biomarkers, and the prognostic values were determined by Kaplan-Meier curve, univariate and multivariate COX regression models. The predictive accuracy was evaluated by concordance index (c-index). RESULTS The median follow-up duration after surgical resection was 36 months. The optimal cutoff levels were 2.78 for NLR, 2.05 for dNLR, 185 for PLR and 5.1 for CRP by ROC curves analysis. Elevated NLR, dNLR, PLR and CRP were significantly correlated with worse overall survival (OS). Multivariate analysis showed that elevated NLR was an independent risk factor for OS, and NLR was superior to dNLR, PLR and CRP based on hazard ratio (HR 2.10, 95 % CI 1.21-3.64, P = 0.008). Additionally, the nomogram could more effectively work in predicting OS (c-index: 0.749) in surgical RCC patients. CONCLUSION Pre-operation NLR can be considered as a potential prognostic biomarker in patients with RCC who underwent surgical resection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Hu
- Department of Nephrology, The Affiliated Jiangyin Hospital of Southeast University Medical College, 163 Shoushan Road, Jiangyin, 214400, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiajuan Yao
- Department of Nephrology, The Affiliated Jiangyin Hospital of Southeast University Medical College, 163 Shoushan Road, Jiangyin, 214400, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiangcheng Xie
- Department of Nephrology, Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Hangzhou Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xia Wu
- Department of Nephrology, The Affiliated Jiangyin Hospital of Southeast University Medical College, 163 Shoushan Road, Jiangyin, 214400, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chuanming Zheng
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhengjiang, China
| | - Wenkai Xia
- Department of Nephrology, The Affiliated Jiangyin Hospital of Southeast University Medical College, 163 Shoushan Road, Jiangyin, 214400, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Shenglin Ma
- Department of Oncology, Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Hangzhou Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, 261 Huansha Road, Hangzhou, 310006, Zhejiang, China.
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3
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Wu ES, Park JY, Zeitouni JA, Gomez CR, Reis IM, Zhao W, Kwon D, Lee E, Nelson OL, Lin HY, Franzmann EJ, Savell J, McCaffrey TV, Goodwin WJ, Hu JJ. Effect of actionable somatic mutations on racial/ethnic disparities in head and neck cancer prognosis. Head Neck 2016; 38:1234-41. [PMID: 27028310 DOI: 10.1002/hed.24420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Revised: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is the sixth most common cancer worldwide and minorities have the worst survival. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying survival disparities have not been elucidated. METHODS In a retrospective study, we assessed association between HNSCC early death (<2 years) and 208 somatic mutations of 10 cancer-related genes in 214 patients: 98 non-Hispanic whites (46%), 72 Hispanic whites (34%), and 44 African Americans (20%). RESULTS Hispanic whites and African Americans had significantly higher mutation rates for EGFR, HRAS, KRAS, and TP53. HNSCC early death was significantly associated with 3+ mutations (odds ratio [OR] = 2.78, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.16, 6.69), NOTCH1 mutations in non-Hispanic whites (OR = 5.51; 95% CI = 1.22-24.83) and TP53 mutations in Hispanic whites (OR = 3.84; 95% CI = 1.08-13.68) in multivariable analysis adjusted for age, sex, tumor site, and tumor stage. CONCLUSION We have provided the proof-of-principal data to link racial/ethnic-specific somatic mutations and HNSCC prognosis and pave the way for precision medicine to overcome HNSCC survival disparities. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 38:1234-1241, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan S Wu
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Jong Y Park
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | - Joseph A Zeitouni
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Carmen R Gomez
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Isildinha M Reis
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida.,Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Wei Zhao
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Deukwoo Kwon
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Eunkyung Lee
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Omar L Nelson
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Hui-Yi Lin
- Department of Biostatistics, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | - Elizabeth J Franzmann
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida.,Department of Otolaryngology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Jason Savell
- Department of Pathology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | - Thomas V McCaffrey
- Head and Neck Program, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | - W Jarrard Goodwin
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida.,Department of Otolaryngology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Jennifer J Hu
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida.,Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
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Jiang J, Yi BO, Ding S, Sun J, Cao W, Liu M. Demethylation drug 5-Aza-2'-deoxycytidine-induced upregulation of miR-200c inhibits the migration, invasion and epithelial-mesenchymal transition of clear cell renal cell carcinoma in vitro. Oncol Lett 2016; 11:3167-3172. [PMID: 27123083 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2016.4364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The microRNA (miR)-200 family has been found to be involved in the process of mesenchymal-epithelial transition during renal development. Deregulation of miR-200c has been suggested to be involved in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC). However, the precise role of miR-200c in the regulation of ccRCC metastasis has not been previously reported. In the present study, it was observed that miR-200c was frequently downregulated in ccRCC tissue compared with matched adjacent normal tissue. The expression of miR-200c was additionally reduced in ccRCC cell lines when compared with levels in normal renal cells. The DNA demethylation drug 5-Aza-2'-deoxycytidine (Aza) was used to treat several ccRCC cell lines, and it was observed that the expression of miR-200c was significantly increased following Aza treatment. Furthermore, treatment with Aza markedly inhibited ccRCC cell invasion and migration, while treatment with miR-200c inhibitor significantly enhanced invasion and migration of ccRCC cells. In addition, Aza treatment significantly promoted expression of E-cadherin and inhibited the expression of N-cadherin, while the inhibition of miR-200c downregulated E-cadherin and upregulated the expression of N-cadherin, suggesting that miR-200c has a suppressive role in epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of ccRCC cells. In conclusion, it was suggested that demethylation drug Aza-induced upregulation of miR-200c may inhibit migration, invasion and EMT in ccRCC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Jiang
- Department of Nephrology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
| | - B O Yi
- Department of General Surgery, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
| | - Siqing Ding
- Department of Nursing, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
| | - Jian Sun
- Department of Nephrology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
| | - Wei Cao
- Department of Nephrology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
| | - Mengzi Liu
- Department of Nephrology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
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Thyroid Hormones as Renal Cell Cancer Regulators. JOURNAL OF SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION 2016; 2016:1362407. [PMID: 27034829 PMCID: PMC4808550 DOI: 10.1155/2016/1362407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
It is known that thyroid hormone is an important regulator of cancer development and metastasis. What is more, changes across the genome, as well as alternative splicing, may affect the activity of the thyroid hormone receptors. Mechanism of action of the thyroid hormone is different in every cancer; therefore in this review thyroid hormone and its receptor are presented as a regulator of renal cell carcinoma.
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Abstract
The humanized monoclonal antibody bevacizumab (Avastin(®)) has been available in the EU since 2005. Results of phase III trials demonstrate that adding intravenous bevacizumab to antineoplastic agents improves progression-free survival and/or overall survival in patients with advanced cancer, including when used as first- or second-line therapy in metastatic colorectal cancer, as first-line therapy in advanced nonsquamous non-small cell lung cancer, as first-line therapy in metastatic renal cell carcinoma, as first-line therapy in metastatic breast cancer, and as first-line therapy in epithelial ovarian, fallopian tube or primary peritoneal cancer or in recurrent, platinum-sensitive or platinum-resistant disease. Results of these studies are supported by the findings of routine oncology practice studies conducted in real-world settings. The tolerability profile of bevacizumab is well defined and adverse events associated with its use (e.g. hypertension, proteinuria, haemorrhage, wound healing complications, arterial thromboembolism, gastrointestinal perforation) are generally manageable. In conclusion, bevacizumab remains an important option for use in patients with advanced cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gillian M Keating
- Springer, Private Bag 65901, Mairangi Bay, 0754, Auckland, New Zealand.
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7
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Increasing evidence suggests that cancer-associated inflammation is associated with poor prognosis in patients with cancer. The role of the neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) as a predictor in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) remains controversial. We conducted the meta-analysis to determine the association between NLR and clinical outcome of patients with RCC. METHODS AND MATERIALS Studies were identified from PubMed and EMBASE databases in March 2014. Meta-analysis was performed to generate combined HRs with 95% CIs for overall survival (OS) and recurrence-free/progress-free survival (RFS/PFS). RESULTS 15 cohorts containing 3357 patients were included. Our analysis results indicated that elevated NLR predicted poorer OS (HR=1.82, 95% CI 1.51 to 2.19) and RFS/PFS (HR=2.18, 95% CI 1.75 to 2.71) in patients with RCC. These findings were robust when stratified by study region, sample size, therapeutic intervention, types of RCC and study quality. However, it differed significantly by assessment of the cut-off value defining 'elevated NLR' in RFS/PFS (p=0.004). The heterogeneity in our meta-analysis was mild to moderate. CONCLUSIONS Elevated NLR indicates a poorer prognosis for patients with RCC. NLR should be monitored in patients with RCC for rational risk stratification and treatment individualisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaimin Hu
- Cancer Institute, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, College of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lixia Lou
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, College of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Juan Ye
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, College of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Suzhan Zhang
- Cancer Institute, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, College of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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8
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Li XL, Chen XQ, Zhang MN, Chen N, Nie L, Xu M, Gong J, Shen PF, Su ZZ, Weng X, Tan JY, Zhao T, Zeng H, Zhou Q. SOX9 was involved in TKIs resistance in renal cell carcinoma via Raf/MEK/ERK signaling pathway. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2015; 8:3871-3881. [PMID: 26097571 PMCID: PMC4466958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2015] [Accepted: 03/28/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is common genitourinary malignancy in human, 30-40% of patients with RCC would be diagnosed with metastatic RCC (mRCC). Even in the era of targeted therapy, patients with mRCC would inevitably progress due to drug resistance. Herein, exploration of the mechanisms of resistance is noteworthy to study. In the present study, we firstly reported the expression profile of SOX9 in renal carcinoma cells and tissues, and found that its expression was significantly associated with Fuhrman grading. Dual luciferase analysis confirmed that Raf/MEK/ERK pathway could directly be regulated by SOX9, and sequential experiments demonstrated that, renal carcinoma cells could sensitize to Sorafenib/Sunitinib through Raf/MEK/ERK signaling pathway inhibition regulated by SOX9 down-regulation. In a small cases with mRCC treated with Sorafenib/Sunitinib (n=38), comparative analysis showed that patients with SOX9 (-) had much better therapeutic response to TKIs than those with SOX9 (+) (PD: 9.1% vs. 56.2%, P=0.002, DCR: 90.9% vs. 43.8%, P=0.002). Based on these findings, we concluded that, SOX9 was firstly described to be highly expressed in renal cell carcinoma, and its expression was involved in TKIs drug resistance through activation of Raf/MEK/ERK pathway. In vitro, patients with SOX9 (-) was related to better response to TKIs treatment than those with SOX9 (+). SOX9 could be expected to be a promising biomarker predicting TKIs response and even expected to be another novel target in the treatment of mRCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing-Lan Li
- Department of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengdu, P. R. China
| | - Xue-Qin Chen
- Department of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengdu, P. R. China
| | - Meng-Ni Zhang
- Department of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengdu, P. R. China
| | - Ni Chen
- Department of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengdu, P. R. China
| | - Ling Nie
- Department of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengdu, P. R. China
| | - Miao Xu
- Department of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengdu, P. R. China
| | - Jing Gong
- Department of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengdu, P. R. China
| | - Peng-Fei Shen
- Department of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengdu, P. R. China
| | - Zheng-Zheng Su
- Department of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengdu, P. R. China
| | - Xin Weng
- Department of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengdu, P. R. China
| | - Jun-Ya Tan
- Department of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengdu, P. R. China
| | - Tao Zhao
- Department of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengdu, P. R. China
| | - Hao Zeng
- Department of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengdu, P. R. China
| | - Qiao Zhou
- Department of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengdu, P. R. China
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Wu A, Wu K, Li M, Bao L, Shen X, Li S, Li J, Yang Z. Upregulation of microRNA-492 induced by epigenetic drug treatment inhibits the malignant phenotype of clear cell renal cell carcinoma in vitro. Mol Med Rep 2015; 12:1413-20. [PMID: 25815441 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.3550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is the most common type of cancer of the renal parenchyma. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are non-coding RNAs of ~22 nucleotides in length, which function as post‑transcriptional regulators. Recently, the downregulation of miRNA (miR)-492 was observed to be associated with ccRCC; however, the molecular mechanism by which miR492 inhibited ccRCC remained to be elucidated. In the present study, it was demonstrated that miR-492 was markedly downregulated in ccRCC tissues when compared with adjacent normal tissues, as determined by reverse transcription-quantitative poymerase chain reaction (PCR). This downregulation was predominantly due to the hypermethylation of the CpG island of the miR-492 promoter, which was detected by methylation specific PCR and bisulfite genomic sequencing PCR, and was shown to inhibit miR-492 transcription. Through the use of a DNA demethylation agent, 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine or the histone deacetylase inhibitor 4-phenylbutyric acid, the expression level of miR-492 was significantly upregulated in ccRCC cells, which further inhibited cell proliferation and invasion, while promoting cell apoptosis and adhesion. In conclusion, the present study provided novel insights into the potential mechanisms involved in ccRCC and it is hypothesized that miR-492 may become a promising therapeutic agent in the treatment of ccRCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aibing Wu
- Oncology Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical College, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524001, P.R. China
| | - Kunpeng Wu
- Oncology Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical College, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524001, P.R. China
| | - Mingchun Li
- Oncology Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical College, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524001, P.R. China
| | - Lingli Bao
- Oncology Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical College, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524001, P.R. China
| | - Xiang Shen
- Oncology Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical College, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524001, P.R. China
| | - Shunjun Li
- Oncology Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical College, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524001, P.R. China
| | - Jinmei Li
- Oncology Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical College, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524001, P.R. China
| | - Zhixiong Yang
- Oncology Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical College, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524001, P.R. China
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Abstract
The present article highlights the diverse role of stem cells in normal kidney and renal cancer, with special emphasis on surface markers. Proteins such as CD105 and CD133 have been reported as being significant in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) cancer stem cells. The role of normal kidney progenitor cells and their surface markers is compared with the role of those surface markers in ccRCC. Subsequently, we state the current hypothesis about origin of tumour-initiating cells along with their clinical and prognostic potential in RCC. Finally, we present future perspectives with respect to recent studies.
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