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Hjortshoej MH, Aagaard P, Storgaard CD, Juneja H, Lundbye‐Jensen J, Magnusson SP, Couppé C. Hormonal, immune, and oxidative stress responses to blood flow-restricted exercise. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2023; 239:e14030. [PMID: 37732509 PMCID: PMC10909497 DOI: 10.1111/apha.14030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Heavy-load free-flow resistance exercise (HL-FFRE) is a widely used training modality. Recently, low-load blood-flow restricted resistance exercise (LL-BFRRE) has gained attention in both athletic and clinical settings as an alternative when conventional HL-FFRE is contraindicated or not tolerated. LL-BFRRE has been shown to result in physiological adaptations in muscle and connective tissue that are comparable to those induced by HL-FFRE. The underlying mechanisms remain unclear; however, evidence suggests that LL-BFRRE involves elevated metabolic stress compared to conventional free-flow resistance exercise (FFRE). AIM The aim was to evaluate the initial (<10 min post-exercise), intermediate (10-20 min), and late (>30 min) hormonal, immune, and oxidative stress responses observed following acute sessions of LL-BFRRE compared to FFRE in healthy adults. METHODS A systematic literature search of randomized and non-randomized studies was conducted in PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Central, CINAHL, and SPORTDiscus. The Cochrane Risk of Bias (RoB2, ROBINS-1) and TESTEX were used to evaluate risk of bias and study quality. Data extractions were based on mean change within groups. RESULTS A total of 12525 hits were identified, of which 29 articles were included. LL-BFRRE demonstrated greater acute increases in growth hormone responses when compared to overall FFRE at intermediate (SMD 2.04; 95% CI 0.87, 3.22) and late (SMD 2.64; 95% CI 1.13, 4.16) post-exercise phases. LL-BFRRE also demonstrated greater increase in testosterone responses compared to late LL-FFRE. CONCLUSION These results indicate that LL-BFRRE can induce increased or similar hormone and immune responses compared to LL-FFRE and HL-FFRE along with attenuated oxidative stress responses compared to HL-FFRE.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. H. Hjortshoej
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopedic SurgeryCopenhagen University Hospital Bispebjerg and FrederiksbergCopenhagenDenmark
- Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Clinical MedicineUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
- Department of Physical and Occupational TherapyBispebjerg and Frederiksberg University HospitalCopenhagenDenmark
- Centre for Health and RehabilitationUniversity College AbsalonSlagelseDenmark
| | - P. Aagaard
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical BiomechanicsUniversity of Southern DenmarkOdenseDenmark
| | - C. D. Storgaard
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopedic SurgeryCopenhagen University Hospital Bispebjerg and FrederiksbergCopenhagenDenmark
- Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Clinical MedicineUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Section of Integrative PhysiologyUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - H. Juneja
- Centre for Health and RehabilitationUniversity College AbsalonSlagelseDenmark
| | - J. Lundbye‐Jensen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Section of Integrative PhysiologyUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - S. P. Magnusson
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopedic SurgeryCopenhagen University Hospital Bispebjerg and FrederiksbergCopenhagenDenmark
- Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Clinical MedicineUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
- Department of Physical and Occupational TherapyBispebjerg and Frederiksberg University HospitalCopenhagenDenmark
| | - C. Couppé
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopedic SurgeryCopenhagen University Hospital Bispebjerg and FrederiksbergCopenhagenDenmark
- Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Clinical MedicineUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
- Department of Physical and Occupational TherapyBispebjerg and Frederiksberg University HospitalCopenhagenDenmark
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Ferlito JV, Rolnick N, Ferlito MV, De Marchi T, Deminice R, Salvador M. Acute effect of low-load resistance exercise with blood flow restriction on oxidative stress biomarkers: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0283237. [PMID: 37083560 PMCID: PMC10121002 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0283237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this review was to analyze the acute effects of low-load resistance exercise with blood flow restriction (LLE-BFR) on oxidative stress markers in healthy individuals in comparison with LLE or high-load resistance exercise (HLRE) without BFR. MATERIALS AND METHODS A systematic review was performed in accordance with the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines. These searches were performed in CENTRAL, SPORTDiscus, EMBASE, PubMed, CINAHL and Virtual Health Library- VHL, which includes Lilacs, Medline and SciELO. The risk of bias and quality of evidence were assessed through the PEDro scale and GRADE system, respectively. RESULTS Thirteen randomized clinical trials were included in this review (total n = 158 subjects). Results showed lower post-exercise damage to lipids (SMD = -0.95 CI 95%: -1.49 to -0. 40, I2 = 0%, p = 0.0007), proteins (SMD = -1.39 CI 95%: -2.11 to -0.68, I2 = 51%, p = 0.0001) and redox imbalance (SMD = -0.96 CI 95%: -1.65 to -0.28, I2 = 0%, p = 0.006) in favor of LLRE-BFR compared to HLRE. HLRE presents higher post-exercise superoxide dismutase activity but in the other biomarkers and time points, no significant differences between conditions were observed. For LLRE-BFR and LLRE, we found no difference between the comparisons performed at any time point. CONCLUSIONS Based on the available evidence from randomized trials, providing very low or low certainty of evidence, this review demonstrates that LLRE-BFR promotes less oxidative stress when compared to HLRE but no difference in levels of oxidative damage biomarkers and endogenous antioxidants between LLRE. TRIAL REGISTRATION Register number: PROSPERO number: CRD42020183204.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Vitor Ferlito
- Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Laboratory, Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology, University of Caxias Do Sul, Caxias do Sul, Brazil
| | - Nicholas Rolnick
- The Human Performance Mechanic, Lehman College, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Marcos Vinicius Ferlito
- Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Laboratory, Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology, University of Caxias Do Sul, Caxias do Sul, Brazil
| | - Thiago De Marchi
- Laboratory of Phototherapy and Innovative Technologies in Health (LaPIT), Postgraduate Program in Rehabilitation Sciences, Nove de Julho University (UNINOVE), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Rafael Deminice
- Department of Physical Education, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Mirian Salvador
- Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Laboratory, Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology, University of Caxias Do Sul, Caxias do Sul, Brazil
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Muscle Fatigue Is Attenuated When Applying Intermittent Compared With Continuous Blood Flow Restriction During Endurance Cycling. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2022; 17:1126-1131. [PMID: 35551112 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2021-0523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to identify a blood-flow-restriction (BFR) endurance exercise protocol that maximizes metabolic strain and minimizes muscle fatigue. METHODS Twelve healthy participants accomplished 5 different interval cycling endurance exercises (2-min work, 1-min rest) in a randomized order: (1) control, low intensity with unrestricted blood flow (CON30); (2) low intensity with intermittent BFR (i-BFR30, ∼150 mm Hg); (3) low intensity with continuous BFR (c-BFR, ∼100 mm Hg); (4) unloaded cycling with i-BFR0 (∼150 mm Hg); and (5) high intensity (HI) with unrestricted blood flow. Force production, creatine kinase activity, antioxidant markers, blood pH, and potassium (K+) were measured in a range of 5 minutes before and after each cycling exercise protocol. RESULTS HI showed the highest reduction (Δ = -0.26 [0.05], d = 5.6) on blood pH. Delta pH for c-BRF30 (Δ = -0.02 [0.03], d = 0.8) and Δ pH for i-BRF30 (Δ = -0.04 [0.03], d = 1.6) were different from each other, and both were higher compared with CON30 (Δ = 0.03 [0.03]). There was significant before-to-after force loss following HI (Δ = 55 [40] N·m-1, d = 1.5) and c-BFR30 (Δ = 27 [21] N·m-1, d = 0.7) protocols only, which were accompanied by significant increases in K+ (HI: Δ = 0.94 [0.65] mmol·L-1, d = 1.8; c-BFR30: Δ = 0.72 [0.85] mmol·L-1, d = 1.2). Moreover, all BFR conditions elicited slight increases in plasma creatine kinase, but not for HI and CON30. Glutathione changes from before to after were significant for all BFR conditions and HI, but not for CON30. CONCLUSIONS The attenuation in fatigue-induced reductions in maximal force suggests that i-BFR exercise could be preferable to c-BFR in improving exercise capacity, with considerably less biologic stress elicited from HI exercises.
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Lopez-Garzon M, Cantarero-Villanueva I, Legerén-Alvarez M, Gallart-Aragón T, Postigo-Martin P, González-Santos Á, Lozano-Lozano M, Martín-Martín L, Ortiz-Comino L, Castro-Martín E, Ariza-García A, Fernández-Lao C, Arroyo-Morales M, Galiano-Castillo N. Prevention of Chemotherapy-Induced Peripheral Neuropathy With PRESIONA, a Therapeutic Exercise and Blood Flow Restriction Program: A Randomized Controlled Study Protocol. Phys Ther 2022; 102:6497838. [PMID: 35079838 DOI: 10.1093/ptj/pzab282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This trial will analyze the acute and cumulative effects of a tailored program called PRESIONA that combines therapeutic exercise and blood flow restriction to prevent chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) in individuals with early breast cancer undergoing neoadjuvant chemotherapy. METHODS PRESIONA will be a physical therapist-led multimodal exercise program that uses blood flow restriction during low-load aerobic and strength exercises. For the acute study, only 1 session will be performed 1 day before the first taxane cycle, in which 72 women will be assessed before intervention and 24 hours post intervention. For the cumulative study, PRESIONA will consist of 24 to 36 sessions for 12 weeks following an undulatory prescription. At least 80 women will be randomized to the experimental group or control group. Feasibility will be quantified based on the participant recruitment to acceptance ratio; dropout, retention, and adherence rates; participant satisfaction; tolerance; and program security. In the efficacy study, the main outcomes will be CIPN symptoms assessed with a participant-reported questionnaire (EORTC QLQ-CIPN20). In addition, to determine the impact on other participant-reported health and sensorimotor and physical outcomes, the proportion of completed scheduled chemotherapy sessions will be examined at baseline (t0), after anthracycline completion (t1), after intervention (t2), and at the 2-month (t3) and 1-year follow-ups (t4). CONCLUSION The proposed innovative approach of this study could have a far-reaching impact on therapeutic options, and the physical therapist role could be essential in the oncology unit to improve quality of life in individuals with cancer and reduce side effects of cancer and its treatments. IMPACT Physical therapists in the health care system could be essential to achieve the planned doses of chemotherapy to improve survival and decrease the side effects of individuals with breast cancer. The prevention of CIPN would have an impact on the quality of life in these individuals, and this protocol potentially could provide an action guide that could be implemented in any health care system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Lopez-Garzon
- Health Sciences Faculty, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,'Cuídate' From Biomedical Group (BIO277), Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria (ibs.GRANADA), Granada, Spain.,Unit of Excellence on Exercise and Health (UCEES), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Irene Cantarero-Villanueva
- Health Sciences Faculty, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,'Cuídate' From Biomedical Group (BIO277), Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria (ibs.GRANADA), Granada, Spain.,Unit of Excellence on Exercise and Health (UCEES), University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,Sport and Health Research Center (IMUDs), Granada, Spain
| | - Marta Legerén-Alvarez
- FEA Oncología Médica, San Cecilio University Hospital, Andalusian Health Service, Granada, Spain
| | | | - Paula Postigo-Martin
- Health Sciences Faculty, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,'Cuídate' From Biomedical Group (BIO277), Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria (ibs.GRANADA), Granada, Spain.,Unit of Excellence on Exercise and Health (UCEES), University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,Sport and Health Research Center (IMUDs), Granada, Spain
| | - Ángela González-Santos
- Health Sciences Faculty, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,'Cuídate' From Biomedical Group (BIO277), Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria (ibs.GRANADA), Granada, Spain.,Unit of Excellence on Exercise and Health (UCEES), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Mario Lozano-Lozano
- Health Sciences Faculty, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,'Cuídate' From Biomedical Group (BIO277), Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria (ibs.GRANADA), Granada, Spain.,Unit of Excellence on Exercise and Health (UCEES), University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,Sport and Health Research Center (IMUDs), Granada, Spain
| | - Lydia Martín-Martín
- Health Sciences Faculty, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,'Cuídate' From Biomedical Group (BIO277), Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria (ibs.GRANADA), Granada, Spain.,Unit of Excellence on Exercise and Health (UCEES), University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,Sport and Health Research Center (IMUDs), Granada, Spain
| | | | - Eduardo Castro-Martín
- Health Sciences Faculty, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,'Cuídate' From Biomedical Group (BIO277), Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria (ibs.GRANADA), Granada, Spain.,Unit of Excellence on Exercise and Health (UCEES), University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,Sport and Health Research Center (IMUDs), Granada, Spain
| | - Angélica Ariza-García
- Health Sciences Faculty, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,'Cuídate' From Biomedical Group (BIO277), Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria (ibs.GRANADA), Granada, Spain.,Unit of Excellence on Exercise and Health (UCEES), University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,Sport and Health Research Center (IMUDs), Granada, Spain
| | - Carolina Fernández-Lao
- Health Sciences Faculty, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,'Cuídate' From Biomedical Group (BIO277), Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria (ibs.GRANADA), Granada, Spain.,Unit of Excellence on Exercise and Health (UCEES), University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,Sport and Health Research Center (IMUDs), Granada, Spain
| | - Manuel Arroyo-Morales
- Health Sciences Faculty, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,'Cuídate' From Biomedical Group (BIO277), Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria (ibs.GRANADA), Granada, Spain.,Unit of Excellence on Exercise and Health (UCEES), University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,Sport and Health Research Center (IMUDs), Granada, Spain
| | - Noelia Galiano-Castillo
- Health Sciences Faculty, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,'Cuídate' From Biomedical Group (BIO277), Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria (ibs.GRANADA), Granada, Spain.,Unit of Excellence on Exercise and Health (UCEES), University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,Sport and Health Research Center (IMUDs), Granada, Spain
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de Lima FR, Marin DP, Ferreira LT, Sousa Filho CPB, Astorino TA, Prestes J, Marquezi ML, Otton R. Effect of Resistance Training With Total and Partial Blood Flow Restriction on Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis in Untrained Men. Front Physiol 2021; 12:720773. [PMID: 34566685 PMCID: PMC8458755 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.720773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The characterization of immune and oxidative stress responses to acute and chronic exercise training is important because it may aid in the safety and dose–response prescription of resistance training (RT) in many populations. Purpose: The present study compared changes in acute oxidative stress and markers of apoptosis in immune cells before and after 8 weeks of low-load RT with total or partial blood flow restriction (BFR) versus high-load traditional RT. Methods: Twenty-seven untrained men were randomly divided into three groups: traditional RT [75% one-repetition maximum (1-RM)], RT with partial (20% 1-RM), and total BFR (20% 1-RM). Over an 8-week period, participants performed six sets of arm curls until failure with 90 seconds of recovery for 3 days/week. Blood samples were obtained before and after the first and last training sessions. Results: Data indicated that all training groups showed similar increases in muscular strength (p < 0.001), reduction in mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) after exercise in neutrophils (p < 0.001), and increase in caspase-3 activity after exercise (p < 0.001). Traditional RT and total BFR showed increased plasma lipid peroxidation (p < 0.001) and protein carbonyls (p < 0.001) and lower levels of reduced glutathione (GSH) (p < 0.001) after exercise. No change was observed in oxidative stress biomarkers in response to partial BFR (p > 0.05). Conclusion: Data show that RT with partial BFR can increase muscular strength but still does not augment biomarkers of oxidative stress in untrained men. In addition, RT with total BFR promoted similar responses of oxidative stress and markers of immune cell apoptosis versus traditional RT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Rocha de Lima
- Interdisciplinary Post-graduate Programme in Health Sciences, Cruzeiro do Sul University, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Douglas Popp Marin
- Interdisciplinary Post-graduate Programme in Health Sciences, Cruzeiro do Sul University, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Letícia Torres Ferreira
- Interdisciplinary Post-graduate Programme in Health Sciences, Cruzeiro do Sul University, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Todd Anthony Astorino
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University San Marcos, San Marcos, CA, United States
| | - Jonato Prestes
- Graduation Program on Physical Education, Catholic University of Brasilia, Brazilia, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Luis Marquezi
- Physical Education Research Laboratory, Universidade Cidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rosemari Otton
- Interdisciplinary Post-graduate Programme in Health Sciences, Cruzeiro do Sul University, São Paulo, Brazil
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Patterson SD, Hughes L, Warmington S, Burr J, Scott BR, Owens J, Abe T, Nielsen JL, Libardi CA, Laurentino G, Neto GR, Brandner C, Martin-Hernandez J, Loenneke J. Blood Flow Restriction Exercise: Considerations of Methodology, Application, and Safety. Front Physiol 2019; 10:533. [PMID: 31156448 PMCID: PMC6530612 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 295] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The current manuscript sets out a position stand for blood flow restriction (BFR) exercise, focusing on the methodology, application and safety of this mode of training. With the emergence of this technique and the wide variety of applications within the literature, the aim of this position stand is to set out a current research informed guide to BFR training to practitioners. This covers the use of BFR to enhance muscular strength and hypertrophy via training with resistance and aerobic exercise and preventing muscle atrophy using the technique passively. The authorship team for this article was selected from the researchers focused in BFR training research with expertise in exercise science, strength and conditioning and sports medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen D. Patterson
- Faculty of Sport, Health and Applied Sciences, St Marys University, London, United Kingdom
| | - Luke Hughes
- Faculty of Sport, Health and Applied Sciences, St Marys University, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart Warmington
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Jamie Burr
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Brendan R. Scott
- Murdoch Applied Sports Science Laboratory, Discipline of Exercise Science, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Johnny Owens
- Owens Recovery Science, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Takashi Abe
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS, United States
| | - Jakob L. Nielsen
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Cleiton Augusto Libardi
- MUSCULAB – Laboratory of Neuromuscular Adaptations to Resistance Training, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Gilberto Laurentino
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Rodrigues Neto
- Coordination of Physical Education/Professional Master’s in Family Health, Nursing and Medical Schools, Nova Esperança (FAMENE/FACENE), João Pessoa, Brazil
| | | | - Juan Martin-Hernandez
- I+HeALTH Research Group, Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Miguel de Cervantes European University, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Jeremy Loenneke
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS, United States
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Centner C, Zdzieblik D, Dressler P, Fink B, Gollhofer A, König D. Acute effects of blood flow restriction on exercise-induced free radical production in young and healthy subjects. Free Radic Res 2018; 52:446-454. [DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2018.1440293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Centner
- Department of Sport Science, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Denise Zdzieblik
- Department of Sport Science, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Patrick Dressler
- Department of Sport Science, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Bruno Fink
- Noxygen Science Transfer & Diagnostics GmbH, Elzach, Germany
| | - Albert Gollhofer
- Department of Sport Science, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Daniel König
- Department of Sport Science, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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Dankel SJ, Mattocks KT, Jessee MB, Buckner SL, Mouser JG, Loenneke JP. Do metabolites that are produced during resistance exercise enhance muscle hypertrophy? Eur J Appl Physiol 2017; 117:2125-2135. [PMID: 28776271 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-017-3690-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Many reviews conclude that metabolites play an important role with respect to muscle hypertrophy during resistance exercise, but their actual physiologic contribution remains unknown. Some have suggested that metabolites may work independently of muscle contraction, while others have suggested that metabolites may play a secondary role in their ability to augment muscle activation via inducing fatigue. Interestingly, the studies used as support for an anabolic role of metabolites use protocols that are not actually designed to test the importance of metabolites independent of muscle contraction. While there is some evidence in vitro that metabolites may induce muscle hypertrophy, the only study attempting to answer this question in humans found no added benefit of pooling metabolites within the muscle post-exercise. As load-induced muscle hypertrophy is thought to work via mechanotransduction (as opposed to being metabolically driven), it seems likely that metabolites simply augment muscle activation and cause the mechanotransduction cascade in a larger proportion of muscle fibers, thereby producing greater muscle growth. A sufficient time under tension also appears necessary, as measurable muscle growth is not observed after repeated maximal testing. Based on current evidence, it is our opinion that metabolites produced during resistance exercise do not have anabolic properties per se, but may be anabolic in their ability to augment muscle activation. Future studies are needed to compare protocols which produce similar levels of muscle activation, but differ in the magnitude of metabolites produced, or duration in which the exercised muscles are exposed to metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott J Dankel
- Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, The University of Mississippi, P.O. Box 1848, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Kevin T Mattocks
- Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, The University of Mississippi, P.O. Box 1848, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Matthew B Jessee
- Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, The University of Mississippi, P.O. Box 1848, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Samuel L Buckner
- Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, The University of Mississippi, P.O. Box 1848, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - J Grant Mouser
- Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, The University of Mississippi, P.O. Box 1848, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Jeremy P Loenneke
- Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, The University of Mississippi, P.O. Box 1848, University, MS, 38677, USA.
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Neto GR, Novaes JS, Salerno VP, Gonçalves MM, Batista GR, Cirilo-Sousa MS. Does a resistance exercise session with continuous or intermittent blood flow restriction promote muscle damage and increase oxidative stress? J Sports Sci 2017; 36:104-110. [DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2017.1283430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel R. Neto
- Department of Physical Education, Associate Graduate Program in Physical Education UPE/UFPB, João Pessoa, Brazil
- Department of Gymnastics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Physical Education Graduate Program, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Paraíba (UFPB) Kinanthropometry and Human Development Laboratory, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Jefferson S. Novaes
- Department of Gymnastics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Physical Education Graduate Program, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Verônica P. Salerno
- Department of Bioscience of Physical Activity, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Physical Education Graduate Program, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Michel M. Gonçalves
- Department of Gymnastics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Physical Education Graduate Program, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Brazilian Army Research Institute of Physical Fitness, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Gilmário R. Batista
- Department of Physical Education, Associate Graduate Program in Physical Education UPE/UFPB, João Pessoa, Brazil
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Paraíba (UFPB) Kinanthropometry and Human Development Laboratory, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Maria S. Cirilo-Sousa
- Department of Physical Education, Associate Graduate Program in Physical Education UPE/UFPB, João Pessoa, Brazil
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Paraíba (UFPB) Kinanthropometry and Human Development Laboratory, João Pessoa, Brazil
- Department of Physical Education, Regional University of Cariri (URCA), Crato, Brazil
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Dankel SJ, Buckner SL, Jessee MB, Mattocks KT, Mouser JG, Counts BR, Laurentino GC, Abe T, Loenneke JP. Post-exercise blood flow restriction attenuates muscle hypertrophy. Eur J Appl Physiol 2016; 116:1955-63. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-016-3447-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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The Influence of Cuff Width, Sex, and Race on Arterial Occlusion: Implications for Blood Flow Restriction Research. Sports Med 2016; 46:913-21. [DOI: 10.1007/s40279-016-0473-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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