Analysis of 1,545 Fractures of Facial Region-A Retrospective Study

Maxillofacial fractures among non-indigenous ethnic groups in the Irish national maxillofacial unit: a review

BACKGROUND

This study investigates maxillofacial fractures in non-indigenous ethnic groups who were reviewed in the national maxillofacial unit in Ireland. The aim of this study was to highlight any potential trends in presentation of facial fractures in non-indigenous groups in comparison to previous reports which have included all ethnicities. This unique study is based on the fact that Ireland has only recently transformed into a diverse, multi-cultural country. This is unlike countries such as the UK and USA which have a long history of multicultural integration.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This retrospective study evaluated the trauma database of 4761 patients with 5038 fractures who attended the national maxillofacial unit over a 5-year period from 2015 to 2019. Parameters included age, gender, mechanism of injury, fracture sustained, time of the day, day of the week, month of injury, and the referral source were obtained from patient records.

RESULTS

The study identified 456 patients who did not identify as being born in Ireland, with 384 males and 72 females. The most common fracture seen was of the zygomatic bone, and the most common mechanism of injury was alleged assault for this cohort. Most injuries occurred in late afternoon with Friday being the most common day of the week.

CONCLUSION

This study shows how maxillofacial units need to adapt to the changing trends in Irish demographics with increased demand for resources such as translation services. A further study could evaluate the rapidly changing demographic with mass migration of people currently seeking refuge in Western Europe.

Epidemiological Study of Frontal Sinus Fractures: Evaluation of 16 Years of Care at the Faculty of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto/Brazil

Purpose

Aiming to evaluate and study the epidemiological profile of frontal sinus fractures treated in the region of Ribeirão Preto-Brazil.

Methods

Sixteen years of activity in the Oral and Maxillofacial service of the Faculty of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto/SP (FORP/USP), totaling 9,736 consultations, 4,524 with facial fractures, those diagnosed with frontal sinus fracture (113) were evaluated and selected for the study.

Results

Frontal sinus fractures accounted for 2.5% of facial fractures, the majority occurring in men (89.4%), concentrated in the age group 21-30 years old, with 52.2% of cases being caused by road traffic accidents (RTA). Associations with other facial fractures are common and appeared in 75.2% of cases. Treatment was followed either surgically, by open reduction internal fixation (52.2%) or conservatively (35.4%). Analyzing only the 28 isolated frontal sinus fractures, the most common treatment was conservative (46.4%). surgical treatment dropped to 25%. The most common postoperative complications were temporal branch paralysis and supraorbital nerve paresthesia, both occurring in 30.5% of surgical cases.

Conclusion

The frequency of frontal sinus fractures may be decreasing, but the pattern of occurrence in young men due to road traffic accidents does not seem to change, fortunately the appearance of serious complications is not common and it is usually associated with more severe trauma.

Can the Mechanism of Injury Impact the Location of a Mandibular Fracture? A Systematic Review

Purpose

Mandible fractures are the second most common fractures of the facial skeleton because of the prominent position of the lower jaw. The purpose of this study was to calculate the prevalence of mandibular fractures based on their causes and locations.

Materials and Method

A systematic search of 3 electronic databases from January 2010 and January 2020 was conducted following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. There were 359 articles identified for screening against selection criteria. The search identified 39 articles to be included in our analysis.

Results

A total of 20,135 patients with 31,468 mandible fractures in this review. There was a 76% male predominance. The third decade was the most common age group (21-30). Motor vehicle accidents (39.89%) were the leading cause of mandible fractures, followed by falls (27.72%) and violence (25.35%). Condylar fractures are the most common cause of MVA and fall (33.11%, 50% respectively). Mandible body fractures are the second most common type of MVA injury (17.06%). When it came to violence, the angle of the mandible was the most common site (31.73%).

Conclusions

The prevalence of mandible fractures was higher in male patients in the current study, particularly in the second and third decades of life. Road traffic accidents were the most common cause, and the condylar process of the mandible was the most frequently affected region. Demographic data such as age, gender, and mechanism of injury can help surgeons predict and identify specific areas of mandibular fracture.

Imaging of Maxillofacial Trauma

Maxillofacial trauma is common. Computed tomography is the primary imaging tool for diagnosis. Study interpretation is aided by understanding regional anatomy and clinically relevant features of each subunit. Common injury patterns and the most important factors related to surgical management are discussed.

Patterns of Midface and Mandible Fractures in a Government Hospital

Study Design: Cross-sectional study.

Objective: The prevalence and etiology of facial fractures differ in each country. The aim of this study was to determine the patterns, trauma mechanism, and treatment of midface and mandible fractures in a government hospital in Mexico City.

Materials and Methods: A three-year cross-sectional study was done at Balbuena General Hospital in Mexico City. The variables of interest were age, gender, place of origin, fracture site, trauma mechanism, and treatment. Between 2016 and 2019, physical and electronic data records of patients that exhibited facial fractures were included. Statistical analyses performed included descriptive analysis and a chi-square test.

Results: A total of 490 cases of fractures in the maxillofacial region were reviewed, of which 237 (47%) cases presented fractures in the midface. A higher male ratio (M: F 12:1) was observed. The age range varied between 18 and 80 years, with a mean of 35.58 ± 14 years. The most frequent diagnosis was a zygomatic complex fracture, 37.97%. (n = 90). The most frequent trauma mechanism was interpersonal violence at 55.93% (n = 132) in both places of origin ( P = .06). Conservative treatment was more frequent at 71.67% in intrapersonal violence ( P = .019). Interpersonal violence was more frequent in males at 61.64%, and motor vehicle accident was more frequent in female at 61.11% ( P = .028).

Conclusions: The analysis provides information that can help to focus preventive measures regarding facial fractures, especially on efforts to reduce interpersonal violence.

A retrospective epidemiological review of maxillofacial trauma in a tertiary care centre in Goa, India

PURPOSE

Trauma accounts for the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide in the present day and may rightly be called the new pandemic. The prominent nature of the face exposes it to various traumatic injuries. A timely, prompt diagnosis along with employment of correct and quick treatment greatly improves the outcome for these patients. The aim of this retrospective study was to analyse the characteristics of maxillofacial injuries over a decade.

METHODS

The data were collected manually from the medical records of patients who reported to the tertiary centre from 1 January 2011 to 31 December 2019. All injured patients irrespective of age/gender with complete hospital records of clinical and radiographical diagnosis of maxillofacial injuries were included. The demographic data, etiology, site and type of injury, and seasonal variation were analyzed. Data were tabulated into six age groups (0-7 years, 8-18 years, 19-35 years, 36-40 years, 41-59 years, and >60 years). Five etiological factors, i.e. road traffic accidents, falls, assaults, sports-related, and occupational accidents, were further evaluated based on genders. Facial injuries were classified into six types: panfacial fractures, mandibular fractures (subcategorized), midface fractures (subcategorized), dentoalveolar fractures, dental injuries, and soft tissue injuries. The monthly and seasonal variation of the injuries was also charted. Data were expressed as frequency and percent.

RESULTS

A total of 10,703 injuries were included from the tertiary centre from the period of 2011-2019, including 8637 males and 2066 females, with the highest occurrence of the injuries between 19 and 35 years. Road traffic accident was the principal etiological factor of the maxillofacial injuries in both genders (80.5%). This was followed by falls (9.6%), assaults (8.0%), occupational accidents (1.2%), and sporting injuries (0.7%). Midface fractures amounted for 52.5% (5623 fractures), followed by mandibular fractures (38.1%).

CONCLUSION

The current study describes a change in the incidence of injuries along with variation in the demographic data. The implementation of safety gears and stricter traffic laws along with public awareness may aid in the reduction of maxillofacial injuries.

Comprehensive analysis of patients with failure of mandibular hardware

OBJECTIVE

The purpose of the study was to characterize patients who had failure of mandibular hardware (FMH).

STUDY DESIGN

This retrospective cohort study consisted of patients with mandible fractures (MFs) that required surgical intervention from 2012 to 2020. Patients were included when mandibular hardware failed. Descriptive variables were collected.

RESULTS

During the study period, 57 patients (47 male, average age 38.7 years) met the inclusion criteria. Incidence of FMH was 7.4%. Most patients were African American (n = 45, 78.9%) with American Society of Anesthesiologists classification II (n = 40, 70.2%). Tobacco use (n = 31, 54.4%) and/or alcohol (n = 33, 57.9%). The most common etiology was assault (n = 28, 49.1%). The most common location was the angle of the mandible. Most mandibles had fracture at 1 location (n = 31, 54.4%) and a tooth was involved in the fracture line (n = 44, 77.2%). More than half of patients were treated with transoral surgical approach (n = 35, 61.4%). The majority of patients received preoperative antibiotics (n = 51, 89.4%). Patients had varying levels of compliance with postoperative care, and most were not compliant. Infection (n = 45) was the most common presentation of FMH.

CONCLUSION

High American Society of Anesthesiologists score, smoking, excessive alcohol use, parafunctional habits, and compliance with postoperative instructions may affect surgical outcome.

Role of environmental and occupational factors in fall-related maxillofacial fractures

Objectives

The objective of this study was to determine the frequency and patterns of maxillofacial fractures in falls due to environmental and occupational reasons.

Material and Methods

One hundred and nineteen patients were included in this study who presented to the department of Oral and maxillofacial surgery at Khyber College of Dentistry, Peshawar. The duration of study was 3 years from January 1, 2017 to December 31, 2019. Demographic data such as age, gender and data environmental or occupational etiology of falls and pattern of fractures was noted in a customized Performa after detailed history, clinical and radiographic examination. Patients of maxillofacial fractures resulting due to falls with age ranging from 16 to 64 years were included. Those cases of falls that presented with systemic diseases or had chances of pathological fractures were excluded from the study.

Results

Male population was affected more than females (60% vs. 39.4%). The mean age was 32.39 SD ± 16.031. Falls due to environmental factors were more common than occupational factors (81.5% vs 18.5%). Fracture of midface was more common (57.1%) than fracture of mandible (36.7%) in patients of falls. 5.5% had both midface and mandible fractures.

Conclusion

We concluded that Environmental and work‐related facial fractures in falls are common in third and fourth decade of life. Falls due to stumbling, tripping and slipping, falls from height and falls from stairs most commonly result in midface fractures. Mandible fractures are commonly seen in sportsmen and laborers. Preventive strategies shall be adopted to prevent morbidity and mortality associated with such injuries.

Maxillofacial fractures in females: a 5-year retrospective review

BACKGROUND

This retrospective study reviews the maxillofacial fractures (MF) over a 5-year period at the National Maxillofacial Unit, St James Hospital Dublin, with an emphasis on female patients.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The trauma database was analysed from January 2015 to December 2019. The following demographic details were recorded: patient age and gender, mechanism of injury, and facial fracture sites. This retrospective study did not require approval from the local IRB.

RESULTS

A total of 4761 patients had facial fractures during the study: 1125 (24%) female, 3636, (76%) male. Females had 1190 facial fractures, with two fracture peaks: 20-39 years and 70-89 years. In males, the majority of fractures occurred between 20 and 39 peaking at 20-29 years and tailed off thereafter. In the females the most common fracture sites were zygomatic 402 (34%), nasal 311(26%), orbital (22%), and mandibular 141(12%). There were also smaller percentages of frontal (0.8%), maxillary (4%), and Le Fort fractures (1%). Two hundred and sixty-two (23%) females were managed surgically and 853 (77%) non-surgically.

CONCLUSION

This study confirms maxillofacial fractures are less common in females. The female age distribution demonstrates two peaks, one in early adult and a second in old age. This may be explained by females living longer and independently and at risk for falls. The most commonly reported fracture aetiology in females was "falls." This raises concerns as to whether "falls" are used to explain an assault. There is an informal concern amongst maxillofacial surgeons that females presenting with facial trauma may be the victims of domestic violence, which may be denied by the victims.

Facial Protection to Prevent Facial Trauma and Allow for Optimal Protection after Facial Fracture Repair

Facial skeletal fractures continue to affect humankind, and many methods to alleviate and prevent the injuries outright have been sought after. Prevention is desired, but the implementation and general compliance may contribute to missed opportunities to decrease the burden of facial skeletal trauma. In this article, we explore the preventative as well as postoperative options for the protection of the facial skeleton.

Does Three-Dimensional Plate Offer Better Outcome and Reduce the Surgical Time Following Open Reduction and Internal Fixation of Adult Mandibular Unilateral Subcondylar Fractures. A Randomized Clinical Study

PURPOSE

The management of the condyle fractures continue to be a source of perineal controversy in the field of oral and maxillofacial trauma. The aim of this study was to compare the surgical feasibility, functional outcome, and stability of fixation between the conventional miniplate and 3-dimensional plate in the management of adult mandibular unilateral subcondylar fractures.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A prospective randomized clinical study with well-structured inclusion and exclusion criteria was carried out. Patients were allocated into Group A (Miniplates) and Group B (3-D Plates). The primary outcome variables were time taken for fixation, maximum mouth opening, occlusal stability, increase in angulation, and increase in the gap between fractured segments in the radiograph. The secondary outcome variables were needed for intermaxillary fixation (IMF) with guiding elastics and jaw movements. Statistical analysis was done using χ² test and student's t test with P value less than 0.05 indicating statistical significance.

RESULTS

Forty-four patients (40 male and 4 female) were enrolled, with 22 patients in each group. Time taken for fixation using 3-D plates was significantly lower than conventional miniplates (9.6 ± 0.9 minutes with P value 0.001). Although clinical parameters showed improved results for Group B, there was no statistical significance. Radiological parameters ie increase in angulation, and increase in the gap, showed statistically significant results. Group A had significant increases in the angulation of the fractured condyle at the end of the third and sixth months with a P value of 0.008 and 0.0001, respectively. The gap between the fractured segments was significantly increased in Group A at the end of the first and third months, with a P value of 0.022 and 0.003, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

Our results concluded that 3-D plate offers superior fracture fragment stability and less displacement of the fractured segments. It has an added advantage of the ease of adaptation and shorter operating time.

Aetiology, prevalence, fracture site and management of maxillofacial trauma

INTRODUCTION

Maxillofacial fractures are often associated with severe morbidity, functional deficit, disfigurement and significant financial implications. The aim of this review was to investigate whether the aetiology, prevalence and management modalities of facial trauma can identify the common causes of facial trauma with a view to recommending measures to the appropriate governing bodies to change the current practice wherever possible.

METHODS

The records of 1,112 patients referred to our oral and maxillofacial unit in Andhra Pradesh, India, between February 2008 and October 2017 were analysed retrospectively. Data including age, sex, aetiology, fracture site and treatment were evaluated.

RESULTS

Men aged 20-40 years were the most common victims of facial trauma. Road traffic accidents (RTAs) were responsible in 70% of cases. Mandibular fractures constituted 47% of the overall fractures, and 55% of the total fractures were treated with open reduction and internal fixation.

CONCLUSIONS

The main cause of maxillofacial injury among patients reporting to our hospital was RTAs. Mandibular fractures were the most common, accounting for almost half of the cases. Over half (55%) of all maxillofacial fractures were treated with open reduction and internal fixation. Reasons for this high frequency may include the large number of poorly maintained, overloaded vehicles on unsuitable roads, violation of traffic regulations (particularly by inexperienced young drivers), abuse of alcohol or other intoxicating agents and the sociocultural behaviours of some drivers.

A cross-sectional study of the prevalence and severity of maxillofacial fractures resulting from motor vehicle accidents in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

Objectives

To investigate the prevalence and severity of maxillofacial fractures resulting from motor vehicle accidents (MVAs) at King Abdulaziz Medical City (KAMC), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

Materials and methods

A cross-sectional study of 325 males (89%) and 47 females (9%) was conducted that retrospectively reviewed records of patients referred to oral and maxillofacial surgery department from emergency department from 1st January 2016 to 31st December 2017 at KAMC, Riyadh.

Results

A total of 372 subjects were included in the study. MVAs (80%) were the most prevalent cause of trauma. The age range most susceptible to MVAs was between 20 and 24 years old (28%). The most common site of fracture was the midface (64%), specifically orbit (32%). For mandibular fractures, the subcondylar was the most common site of fractures (19%). The most common treatment approach was conservative (65%). In terms of severity, approximately half of patients needed admission to the intensive care unit (ICU) (50%); the mean score on the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) was 11.34, but most scores fell in the mild range; and (68%) of subjects presented with other associated systemic injuries, especially orthopedic injuries (36%).

Conclusions

MVAs were the main cause of trauma and affected mainly young males. The most common site of fracture was midface, specifically orbit. Subcondylar was the most prevalent fracture site for mandibular fractures. The severity of MVAs injuries was significantly higher compared to non-MVAs injuries. We suggest enforcing legislation and regulations on road safety such as the use of compulsory seat belts.

Correlation Between Soft Tissue Injury and the Type of Nasal Fracture Based on Stranc-Robertson Classification

Nasal fractures are the most common facial bone fractures, and soft tissue injuries are frequently accompanied. This study intends to make a deep analysis on the relationship between the 2.Patients diagnosed with nasal fracture between 2015 and 2017 were included. Patients younger than 17 years and those with previous facial fractures or aesthetic surgeries were excluded. Nasal fractures were classified according to the Stranc-Robertson (S-R) classification, and the severity of soft tissue injury was evaluated by length and depth. The authors compared the frequency of soft tissue injury between frontal and lateral groups. Second, the authors investigated whether the incidence of soft tissue injuries increases as a function of the increase in the S-R classification both in frontal and lateral group (from plane I to III). The authors also analyzed the difference in severity of soft tissue injuries in each group. Pearson chi-square analysis, linear by linear and Jonckheere-Terpstra tests were used for statistical analysis.Of 621 patients, 296 were frontal plane and 325 were lateral plane. The frontal group had a higher incidence of soft tissue injury than the lateral group (P = 0.004). The incidence of soft tissue injury and severity by depth increased as a function of the increase in the S-R classification only in the frontal group (P = 0.046, 0.019).In nasal fractures, frontal impact is more associated with frequency and severity of soft tissue injury than lateral impact. This seems to be related to the anatomical characteristics of nasal area and mechanism of injuries in each group.

Through the ages-Aetiological changes in maxillofacial trauma

AIMS

The number of patients suffering maxillofacial trauma remains constant although the affected patients become older. The aim of this study was to illuminate the patterns of maxillofacial fractures in a University Medical Centre and to analyse potential changes in patient population and treatment methods during a 5-year period.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

In a retrospective analysis, the records of 573 patients with maxillofacial fractures treated in a level one trauma centre from January 2010 to December 2014 were analysed with regard to gender, age, date and time of hospitalization as well as discharge, aetiology, type of fracture, surgery details, complications and further injuries. Causes were subdivided into assaults, falls, epileptic seizure, work-related, traffic accident by car or bicycle, sport-associated or others (eg caused by explosions, horse kicks or unknown).

RESULTS

The most common causes for fractures were assaults (28.8%; n = 165), followed by falls (23.9%; n = 137), although falls became the main reason for maxillofacial fractures in 2013 and 2014. The mean age for patients suffering from facial fractures due to falls was significantly higher compared to those injured by other causes. Most commonly, fractures of the zygomatico-maxillary complex with or without orbital floor involvement were seen (31.6%; n = 291) followed by fractures of the mandible (20.6%; n = 190) and fractures of the nose (15.2%; n = 140). Most patients were treated surgically (89.5%; n = 513) even though an increase in non-surgical treatment was found over the examination period, especially in older patients.

CONCLUSIONS

Maxillofacial fractures are mostly seen in younger male patients. Assaults were the main pattern of injury during the whole examination period, although falls became the main cause in older patients over the last 2 years.

Facial Fractures

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES

The aim of this study is to retrospectively analyze the incidence of facial fractures along with age, gender predilection, etiology, commonest site, associated dental injuries, and any complications of patients operated in Craniofacial Unit of SDM College of Dental Sciences and Hospital.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This retrospective study was conducted at the Department of OMFS, SDM College of Dental Sciences, Dharwad from January 2003 to December 2013. Data were recorded for the cause of injury, age and gender distribution, frequency and type of injury, localization and frequency of soft tissue injuries, dentoalveolar trauma, facial bone fractures, complications, concomitant injuries, and different treatment protocols.All the data were analyzed using statistical analysis that is chi-squared test.

RESULTS

A total of 1146 patients reported at our unit with facial fractures during these 10 years. Males accounted for a higher frequency of facial fractures (88.8%). Mandible was the commonest bone to be fractured among all the facial bones (71.2%). Maxillary central incisors were the most common teeth to be injured (33.8%) and avulsion was the most common type of injury (44.6%). Commonest postoperative complication was plate infection (11%) leading to plate removal. Other injuries associated with facial fractures were rib fractures, head injuries, upper and lower limb fractures, etc., among these rib fractures were seen most frequently (21.6%).

CONCLUSION

This study was performed to compare the different etiologic factors leading to diverse facial fracture patterns. By statistical analysis of this record the authors come to know about the relationship of facial fractures with gender, age, associated comorbidities, etc.

Retrospective analysis of 471 surgically treated zygomaticomaxillary complex fractures

PURPOSE

Zygomaticomaxillary complex (ZMC) fractures are frequent in facial trauma; only fractures of the mandible are more common. Although the frequency of these fractures is geographically consistent, the aetiology differs widely among countries and even regions. Differences in socio-economic status and the ageing population seem to be two causes. This retrospective epidemiological study evaluates patients who were surgically treated for ZMC fractures at a Swiss university clinic.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This study included 471 patients who were surgically treated for ZMC fractures in an oral and maxillofacial surgery clinic at a Swiss university hospital between January 2004 and December 2012. Complicated fractures such as LeFort II/III and bilateral ZMC fractures were excluded. Data on gender, age, and type of trauma were recorded. Fractures were classified by aetiology: motorised road traffic (car or motorcycle), bicycle, interpersonal violence, sports, falls (both less than and greater than 3 m in height) and other causes.

RESULTS

A total of 350 patients were male (74%), and 121 were female (26%). The ZMC fractures were most likely to occur in the third decade (117 cases, 25%). A predominance of male patients was found in the young age groups, but an equal ratio was found in the elderly groups. Etiologically, falls of less than 3 m were the most common cause of ZMC fractures (125 cases, 27%). Interpersonal violence was second (88 patients, 19%); male patients dominated this group, which had a male-to-female ratio of 21:1. A predominance of male patients was found in every subdivision when analysing by aetiology and gender. The lowest proportion of males (57%) was found for falls of less than 3 m.

CONCLUSION

In our study, interpersonal violence and falls outnumbered road traffic accidents among causes of maxillofacial fractures. This is probably a consequence of strict road and work laws. Additionally, the older and more active populations accounted for the highest proportion of falls, and young male patients were the predominant victims of ZMC fractures.

Retrospective Clinical Study of Maxillary Sagittal Fractures: Predictors of Postoperative Outcome

PURPOSE

Because of less attention to the sagittal component of maxillary fractures, these fractures are often misdiagnosed or the reduction is missed leading to maxillary transverse discrepancies. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to identify factors associated with good or adverse postoperative outcomes of maxillary sagittal fractures.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This study was a single-center retrospective cohort study. The sample was composed of cases of maxillary sagittal fractures treated at the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Craniomaxillofacial Trauma Unit of Xi'an Jiaotong University (Xi'an, China) from January 2008 through December 2013. The predictor variables were age, gender, occupation, cause of injury, injury severity, treatment timing, treatment method, and quality of fracture reduction. The outcome variable was the postoperative treatment effect index. Descriptive, bivariate, and multivariate statistics were computed. The P value was set to .05.

RESULTS

The sample was composed of 40 cases. The male-to-female ratio was 4:1; the most vulnerable age group was 20 to 30 years (30%); laborers (72.5%) were more prone to injury; and the main cause of injury was motor vehicle accident (62.5%). No cases of isolated sagittal fracture were found and most (35%) occurred with other maxillary fractures, including Le Fort fractures. A statistically significant association between treatment timing and quality of fracture reduction and the postoperative treatment effect index (P < .05) was found.

CONCLUSION

The results of this study suggest that better results are achieved when fractured bone is treated sooner. Anatomic repositioning of the fractured bone is the important predictor for good postoperative outcomes.

Ocular Injuries in Association with Middle Third Facial Injuries in Developing Countries: A Prospective Study

Introduction

The middle third of the face is the most common site of injury and is frequently complicated by associated ocular injuries. It may be simple laceration, ecchymosis, circumorbital edema, or severe as globe injury or injury to the optic nerve and vision loss. Even severe injury like internal bleeding causes increased intraocular pressure and damages the optic nerve; if managed earlier, it could prevent further damage and dysfunction of the eye. Midfacial fractures associated with ocular injuries should have an early ophthalmological examination to detect ocular injuries. Little is known about the current epidemiology of midface fractures and associated ocular injuries in Tamil Nadu, the state of India. The aim was to study the etiology and pattern of middle third fracture and associated ocular injuries.

Materials and methods

This prospective study on midface fractures was carried out in the Department of Dentistry to analyze etiology, incidence, and patterns of midface fractures and associated ocular injuries. A total of 201 patients who reported with the history of midface injuries were included in the study. These patients were examined clinically and routine radiographs and computerized tomography magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were taken to confirm the diagnosis. All the patients sustaining confirmed middle third fractures with or without eye signs were referred to an ophthalmology department for the evaluation and management of associated ophthalmic injury. Statistical Package for the Social Sciences software version 16.0 was used for data analysis. The outcome of the study was measured using percentages, mean, standard deviation, and test of proportion as appropriate.

Results

Traffic accident was the major cause of injury, mainly by motorized two wheelers (MTWs). Males in the 21 to 40 age group were common victims. Zygomatic complex fracture was the most common fracture type. Subconjunctival hemorrhage and infraorbital nerve injuries were common clinical findings.

Conclusion

Midthird facial injury cases should have an early ophthalmological examination for timely management to prevent dysfunction of the eye.

How to cite this article

Mohanavalli S, Suma E, Senthamarai G, Vijayabala GS. Ocular Injuries in Association with Middle Third Facial Injuries in Developing Countries: A Prospective Study. World J Dent 2016;7(3):135-140.