1
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Shezaf JZ, Santana CG, Saludares C, Briceno ES, Sakata K, Krische MJ. Chiral-at-Ruthenium-SEGPHOS Catalysts Display Diastereomer-Dependent Regioselectivity: Enantioselective Isoprene-Mediated Carbonyl tert-Prenylation via Halide Counterion Effects. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:18676-18683. [PMID: 37555765 PMCID: PMC10530498 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c06734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
The first correlation between metal-centered stereogenicity and regioselectivity in a catalytic process is described. Alternate pseudo-diastereomeric chiral-at-ruthenium complexes of the type RuX(CO)[η3-prenyl][(S)-SEGPHOS] form in a halide-dependent manner and display divergent regioselectivity in catalytic C-C couplings of isoprene to alcohol proelectrophiles via hydrogen autotransfer. Whereas the chloride-bound ruthenium-SEGPHOS complex prefers a trans-relationship between the halide and carbonyl ligands and delivers products of carbonyl sec-prenylation, the iodide-bound ruthenium-SEGPHOS complex prefers a cis-relationship between the halide and carbonyl ligands and delivers products of carbonyl tert-prenylation. The chloride- and iodide-bound ruthenium-SEGPHOS complexes were characterized in solution and solid phase by 31P NMR and X-ray diffraction. Density functional theory calculations of the iodide-bound catalyst implicate a Curtin-Hammett-type scenario in which the transition states for aldehyde coordination from an equilibrating mixture of sec- and tert-prenylruthenium complexes are rate- and product-determining. Thus, control of metal-centered diastereoselectivity has unlocked the first catalytically enantioselective isoprene-mediated carbonyl tert-prenylations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Z Shezaf
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, 105 East 24th Street, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Catherine G Santana
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, 105 East 24th Street, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Connor Saludares
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, 105 East 24th Street, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Edward S Briceno
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, 105 East 24th Street, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Ken Sakata
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8510, Japan
| | - Michael J Krische
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, 105 East 24th Street, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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2
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Ortiz E, Evarts MM, Strong ZH, Shezaf JZ, Krische MJ. Ruthenium-Catalyzed C-C Coupling of Terminal Alkynes with Primary Alcohols or Aldehydes: α,β-Acetylenic Ketones (Ynones) via Oxidative Alkynylation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202303345. [PMID: 37000412 PMCID: PMC10213147 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202303345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023]
Abstract
The first metal-catalyzed oxidative alkynylations of primary alcohols or aldehydes to form α,β-acetylenic ketones (ynones) are described. Deuterium labelling studies corroborate a novel reaction mechanism in which alkyne hydroruthenation forms a transient vinylruthenium complex that deprotonates the terminal alkyne to form the active alkynylruthenium nucleophile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliezer Ortiz
- University of Texas at Austin, Department of Chemistry, 105 E 24th St. (A5300), Austin, TX 78712-1167 (USA)
| | - Madeline M. Evarts
- University of Texas at Austin, Department of Chemistry, 105 E 24th St. (A5300), Austin, TX 78712-1167 (USA)
| | - Zachary H. Strong
- University of Texas at Austin, Department of Chemistry, 105 E 24th St. (A5300), Austin, TX 78712-1167 (USA)
| | - Jonathan Z. Shezaf
- University of Texas at Austin, Department of Chemistry, 105 E 24th St. (A5300), Austin, TX 78712-1167 (USA)
| | - Michael J. Krische
- University of Texas at Austin, Department of Chemistry, 105 E 24th St. (A5300), Austin, TX 78712-1167 (USA)
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3
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Saludares C, Ortiz E, Santana CG, Spinello BJ, Krische MJ. Asymmetric Ruthenium-Catalyzed Carbonyl Allylations by Gaseous Allene via Hydrogen Auto-Transfer: 1° vs 2° Alcohol Dehydrogenation for Streamlined Polyketide Construction. ACS Catal 2023; 13:1662-1668. [PMID: 37869365 PMCID: PMC10586519 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c05425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Iodide-bound ruthenium-JOSIPHOS complexes catalyze the redox-neutral C-C coupling of primary alcohols 2a-2r with the gaseous allene (propadiene) 1a to form enantiomerically enriched homoallylic alcohols 3a-3r with complete atom-efficiency. Using formic acid as reductant, aldehydes dehydro-2a and dehydro-2c participate in reductive C-C coupling with allene to deliver adducts 3a and 3c with comparable levels of asymmetric induction. Deuterium labeling studies corroborate a mechanism in which alcohol dehydrogenation triggers allene hydroruthenation to form transient allylruthenium-aldehyde pairs that participate in carbonyl addition. Notably, due to a kinetic preference for primary alcohol dehydrogenation, chemoselective C-C coupling of 1°,2°-1,3-diols occurs in the absence of protecting groups. As illustrated by the synthesis of C7-C15 of spirastrellolide B and F (7 vs 17 steps), C3-C10 of cryptocarya diacetate (3 vs 7 or 9 steps), and a fragment common to C8'-C14' of mycolactone F (1 vs 4 steps) and C22-C28 marinomycin A (1 vs 9 steps), this capability streamlines type I polyketide construction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connor Saludares
- University of Texas at Austin, Department of Chemistry, 105 E 24th St. Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Eliezer Ortiz
- University of Texas at Austin, Department of Chemistry, 105 E 24th St. Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Cate G Santana
- University of Texas at Austin, Department of Chemistry, 105 E 24th St. Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Brian J Spinello
- University of Texas at Austin, Department of Chemistry, 105 E 24th St. Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Michael J Krische
- University of Texas at Austin, Department of Chemistry, 105 E 24th St. Austin, TX 78712, USA
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4
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Ortiz E, Spinello BJ, Cho Y, Wu J, Krische MJ. Stereo- and Site-Selective Crotylation of Alcohol Proelectrophiles via Ruthenium-Catalyzed Hydrogen Auto-Transfer Mediated by Methylallene and Butadiene. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202212814. [PMID: 36201364 PMCID: PMC9712268 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202212814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Iodide-bound ruthenium-JOSIPHOS complexes catalyze the redox-neutral C-C coupling of primary alcohols with methylallene (1,2-butadiene) or 1,3-butadiene to form products of anti-crotylation with good to excellent levels of diastereo- and enantioselectivity. Distinct from other methods, direct crotylation of primary alcohols in the presence of unprotected secondary alcohols is possible, enabling generation of spirastrellolide B (C9-C15) and leucascandrolide A (C9-C15) substructures in significantly fewer steps than previously possible.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yoon Cho
- University of Texas at Austin, Department of Chemistry, Austin, TX 78712-1167 (USA)
| | - Jessica Wu
- University of Texas at Austin, Department of Chemistry, Austin, TX 78712-1167 (USA)
| | - Michael J. Krische
- University of Texas at Austin, Department of Chemistry, Austin, TX 78712-1167 (USA)
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5
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Hu CH, Li Y. Visible-Light Photoredox-Catalyzed Decarboxylation of α-Oxo Carboxylic Acids to C1-Deuterated Aldehydes and Aldehydes. J Org Chem 2022; 88:6401-6406. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c02299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Hong Hu
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710054, P. R. China
| | - Yang Li
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710054, P. R. China
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6
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Xue J, Zhang YS, Huan Z, Yang JD, Cheng JP. Catalytic Vilsmeier-Haack Reactions for C1-Deuterated Formylation of Indoles. J Org Chem 2022; 87:15539-15546. [PMID: 36348629 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c02085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The Vilsmeier-Haack reaction is a powerful tool to introduce formyl groups into electron-rich arenes, but its wide application is significantly restricted by stoichiometric employment of caustic POCl3. Herein, we reported a catalytic version of the Vilsmeier-Haack reaction enabled by a P(III)/P(V)═O cycle. This catalytic reaction provides a facile and efficient route for the direct construction of C1-deuterated indol-3-carboxaldehyde under mild conditions with stoichiometric DMF-d7 as the deuterium source. The products feature a remarkably higher deuteration level (>99%) than previously reported ones and are not contaminated by the likely unselective deuteration at other sites. The present transformation can also be used to transfer other carbonyl groups. Further downstream derivatizations of these deuterated products manifested their potential applications in the synthesis of deuterated bioactive molecules. Mechanistic insight was disclosed from studies of kinetics and intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Xue
- Center of Basic Molecular Science (CBMS), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yu-Shan Zhang
- Center of Basic Molecular Science (CBMS), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zhen Huan
- Center of Basic Molecular Science (CBMS), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jin-Dong Yang
- Center of Basic Molecular Science (CBMS), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jin-Pei Cheng
- Center of Basic Molecular Science (CBMS), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.,State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.,Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Keyan West Road, Tianjin 300192, China
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7
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Zhao B, Wang Q, Zhu T, Feng B, Ma M. Palladium-Catalyzed Synthesis of C-1 Deuterated Aldehydes from (Hetero) Arenes Mediated by C (sp 2)-H Thianthrenation. Org Lett 2022; 24:5608-5613. [PMID: 35880900 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c02328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A palladium-catalyzed deuterated formylation of aryl sulfonium salts is prepared conveniently from readily available arenes, which enables the expedient synthesis of a series of structurally diverse C-1 deuterated aldehydes with 96%-99% deuterium incorporation. The easy to handle and cost-effective DCOONa provides a deuterium source, which can be introduced onto the formyl units with excellent selectivity under the palladium-catalytic redox neutral conditions. This catalytic route can accomplish the direct late-stage C-H functionalization of bioactive molecules and natural product derivatives assisted by C (sp2)-H thianthrenation. Moreover, on the basis of this practical approach, several deuterated drugs and analogues could be prepared with excellent levels of deuterium incorporation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binlin Zhao
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, College of Science, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Qiuzhu Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, College of Science, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Tianxiang Zhu
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, College of Science, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Bin Feng
- College of Chemistry and Environment Engineering, Baise University, Baise 533000, China
| | - Mengtao Ma
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, College of Science, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
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8
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Sharma D, Chatterjee R, Dhayalan V, Dhanusuraman R, Dandela R. Recent Advances in Practical Synthesis of C1 Deuterated Aromatic Aldehydes Enabled by Catalysis and Beyond. Chem Asian J 2022; 17:e202200485. [PMID: 35844079 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202200485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
C 1 -selective deuteration of aromatic aldehydes is of great importance for isotopic labeling and for improving the characteristics of drug molecules. Due to the recent increase in the use of deuterated pharmacological drugs, there is a pressing need for synthetic procedures that are efficient to produce deuterated aromatic aldehyde analouges. Deuterium labeling approaches are typically used as an effective tool for researching pharmaceutical absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). Furthermore, deuterium-labeled pharmaceuticals are intended to increase therapeutic effectiveness and reduce side effects by extending the half-life of drug response. In the last few years, several catalytic or non-catalytic methods have been developed to synthesize deuterated aromatic aldehydes. In this concern, we offer a brief overview of the various synthetic strategies and practical methods for the formyl-selective deuterium labeling of aromatic aldehydes using different deuterium sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepika Sharma
- Institute of Chemical Technology Mumbai - IndianOil Odisha Campus Bhubaneswar, Department of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, INDIA
| | - Rana Chatterjee
- Institute of Chemical Technology Mumbai - IndianOil Odisha Campus Bhubaneswar, Department of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, INDIA
| | - Vasudevan Dhayalan
- NIT Puducherry: National Institute of Technology Puducherry, Department of Chemistry, Yathaval street, 609609, Karaikal, INDIA
| | | | - Rambabu Dandela
- Institute of Chemical Technology Mumbai - IndianOil Odisha Campus Bhubaneswar, Department of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, INDIA
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9
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Dong Y, Li X, Ji P, Gao F, Meng X, Wang W. Synthesis of C-1 Deuterated 3-Formylindoles by Organophotoredox Catalyzed Direct Formylation of Indoles with Deuterated Glyoxylic Acid. Org Lett 2022; 24:5034-5039. [PMID: 35799325 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c01768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Direct formylation of feedstock indoles with newly developed, cost-effective deuterated glyoxylic acid as formylation agent under visible light and air (O2) as terminal oxidant has been developed. An isatin byproduct produced from the corresponding indole reactant serves as a facilitator for the formylation process. The simple, mild, metal- and oxidant-free protocol enables the synthesis of structurally diverse C1-deuterated 3-formylindoles with broad functional group tolerance and late-stage functionalization at a high level of D-incorporation (95-99%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Dong
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Xiangmin Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Peng Ji
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Feng Gao
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Xiang Meng
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
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10
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11
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Min XT, Mei YK, Chen BZ, He LB, Song TT, Ji DW, Hu YC, Wan B, Chen QA. Rhodium-Catalyzed Deuterated Tsuji-Wilkinson Decarbonylation of Aldehydes with Deuterium Oxide. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:11081-11087. [PMID: 35709491 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c04422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The recent surge in the applications of deuterated drug candidates has rendered an urgent need for diverse deuterium labeling techniques. Herein, an efficient Rh-catalyzed deuterated Tsuji-Wilkinson decarbonylation of naturally available aldehydes with D2O is developed. In this reaction, D2O not only acts as a deuterated reagent and solvent but also promotes Rh-catalyzed decarbonylation. In addition, decarbonylative strategies for the synthesis of terminal monodeuterated alkenes from α,β-unsaturated aldehydes are within reach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Ting Min
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Yong-Kang Mei
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Bing-Zhi Chen
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Li-Bowen He
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ting-Ting Song
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Ding-Wei Ji
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Yan-Cheng Hu
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Boshun Wan
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Qing-An Chen
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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12
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Ortiz E, Chang YH, Shezaf JZ, Shen W, Krische MJ. Stereo- and Site-Selective Conversion of Primary Alcohols to Allylic Alcohols via Ruthenium-Catalyzed Hydrogen Auto-Transfer Mediated by 2-Butyne. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:8861-8869. [PMID: 35503919 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c03614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The first enantioselective ruthenium-catalyzed carbonyl vinylations via hydrogen autotransfer are described. Using a ruthenium-JOSIPHOS catalyst, primary alcohols 2a-2m and 2-butyne 1a are converted to chiral allylic alcohols 3a-3m with excellent levels of absolute stereocontrol. Notably, 1°,2°-1,3-diols participate in site-selective C-C coupling, enabling asymmetric carbonyl vinylation beyond premetalated reagents, exogenous reductants, or hydroxyl protecting groups. Using 2-propanol as a reductant, aldehydes dehydro-2a, 2l participate in highly enantioselective 2-butyne-mediated vinylation under otherwise identical reaction conditions. Regio-, stereo-, and site-selective vinylations mediated by 2-pentyne 1b to form adducts 3n, 3o, and epi-3o also are described. The tiglyl alcohol motif obtained upon butyne-mediated vinylation, which is itself found in diverse secondary metabolites, may be converted to commonly encountered polyketide stereodiads, -triads, and -tetrads, as demonstrated by the formation of adducts 4a-4d. The collective mechanistic studies, including deuterium labeling experiments, corroborate a catalytic cycle involving alcohol dehydrogenation to form a transient aldehyde and a ruthenium hydride, which engages in alkyne hydrometalation to form a nucleophilic vinylruthenium species that enacts carbonyl addition. A stereochemical model for carbonyl addition invoking formyl CH···I[Ru] and CH···O≡C[Ru] hydrogen bonds is proposed based on prior calculations and crystallographic data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliezer Ortiz
- University of Texas at Austin, Department of Chemistry, 105 East 24th Street, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Yu-Hsiang Chang
- University of Texas at Austin, Department of Chemistry, 105 East 24th Street, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Jonathan Z Shezaf
- University of Texas at Austin, Department of Chemistry, 105 East 24th Street, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Weijia Shen
- University of Texas at Austin, Department of Chemistry, 105 East 24th Street, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Michael J Krische
- University of Texas at Austin, Department of Chemistry, 105 East 24th Street, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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13
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Kopf S, Bourriquen F, Li W, Neumann H, Junge K, Beller M. Recent Developments for the Deuterium and Tritium Labeling of Organic Molecules. Chem Rev 2022; 122:6634-6718. [PMID: 35179363 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Organic compounds labeled with hydrogen isotopes play a crucial role in numerous areas, from materials science to medicinal chemistry. Indeed, while the replacement of hydrogen by deuterium gives rise to improved absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) properties in drugs and enables the preparation of internal standards for analytical mass spectrometry, the use of tritium-labeled compounds is a key technique all along drug discovery and development in the pharmaceutical industry. For these reasons, the interest in new methodologies for the isotopic enrichment of organic molecules and the extent of their applications are equally rising. In this regard, this Review intends to comprehensively discuss the new developments in this area over the last years (2017-2021). Notably, besides the fundamental hydrogen isotope exchange (HIE) reactions and the use of isotopically labeled analogues of common organic reagents, a plethora of reductive and dehalogenative deuteration techniques and other transformations with isotope incorporation are emerging and are now part of the labeling toolkit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Kopf
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e. V., 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | | | - Wu Li
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e. V., 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | | | - Kathrin Junge
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e. V., 18059 Rostock, Germany
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14
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Gadekar SC, Dhayalan V, Nandi A, Zak IL, Mizrachi MS, Kozuch S, Milo A. Rerouting the Organocatalytic Benzoin Reaction toward Aldehyde Deuteration. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c04583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Santosh C. Gadekar
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Vasudevan Dhayalan
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Ashim Nandi
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Inbal L. Zak
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Meital Shema Mizrachi
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Sebastian Kozuch
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Anat Milo
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel
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15
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Kong J, Jiang ZJ, Xu J, Li Y, Cao H, Ding Y, Tang B, Chen J, Gao Z. Ortho-Deuteration of Aromatic Aldehydes via a Transient Directing Group-Enabled Pd-Catalyzed Hydrogen Isotope Exchange. J Org Chem 2021; 86:13350-13359. [PMID: 34516112 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c01411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A practical and scalable ortho-selective deuteration of aromatic aldehydes was accomplished by Pd-catalyzed hydrogen isotope exchange with deuterium oxide as an inexpensive deuterium source. The use of tert-leucine as a transient directing group facilitates the exchange, affording a wide range of ortho-deuterated aromatic aldehydes with deuterium incorporation up to 97%. The control experiments suggest that the addition of silver trifluoroacetate resists the unexpected reduction of Pd(II), while the theoretical study indicates a rapid reversible concerted metalation-deprotonation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhua Kong
- School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, NingboTech University, Ningbo 315100, P. R. China.,College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang 310027, P. R. China
| | - Zhi-Jiang Jiang
- School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, NingboTech University, Ningbo 315100, P. R. China
| | - Jiayuan Xu
- Department of Chemical and Environment Engineering, The University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo 315100, P. R. China
| | - Yan Li
- School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, NingboTech University, Ningbo 315100, P. R. China.,College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang 310027, P. R. China
| | - Hong Cao
- School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, NingboTech University, Ningbo 315100, P. R. China
| | - Yanan Ding
- School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, NingboTech University, Ningbo 315100, P. R. China
| | - Bencan Tang
- Department of Chemical and Environment Engineering, The University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo 315100, P. R. China
| | - Jia Chen
- School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, NingboTech University, Ningbo 315100, P. R. China
| | - Zhanghua Gao
- School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, NingboTech University, Ningbo 315100, P. R. China
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16
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Xiang M, Pfaffinger DE, Ortiz E, Brito GA, Krische MJ. Enantioselective Ruthenium-BINAP-Catalyzed Carbonyl Reductive Coupling of Alkoxyallenes: Convergent Construction of syn-sec,tert-Diols via ( Z)-σ-Allylmetal Intermediates. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:8849-8854. [PMID: 34060818 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c03480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The first catalytic enantioselective ruthenium-catalyzed carbonyl reductive couplings of allene pronucleophiles is described. Using an iodide-modified ruthenium-BINAP-catalyst and O-benzhydryl alkoxyallene 1a, carbonyl (α-alkoxy)allylation occurs from the alcohol or aldehyde oxidation level to form enantiomerically enriched syn-sec,tert-diols. Internal chelation directs intervention of (Z)-σ-alkoxyallylruthenium isomers, which engage in stereospecific carbonyl addition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Xiang
- University of Texas at Austin, Department of Chemistry, 105 East 24th Street, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Dana E Pfaffinger
- University of Texas at Austin, Department of Chemistry, 105 East 24th Street, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Eliezer Ortiz
- University of Texas at Austin, Department of Chemistry, 105 East 24th Street, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Gilmar A Brito
- University of Texas at Austin, Department of Chemistry, 105 East 24th Street, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Michael J Krische
- University of Texas at Austin, Department of Chemistry, 105 East 24th Street, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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17
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Visible-light-mediated deuteration of aldehydes with D2O via polarity-matched reversible hydrogen atom transfer. Tetrahedron 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2021.131946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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18
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Mengele AK, Rau S. The Metallic Traveler: Formate- and Photoinduced Regioselective Phenanthroline Deuterations via Reductively Activated RhCp* Centers. Organometallics 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.0c00341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander K. Mengele
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry I, Materials and Catalysis, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Sven Rau
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry I, Materials and Catalysis, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
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19
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Zhang Y, Ji P, Dong Y, Wei Y, Wang W. Deuteration of Formyl Groups via a Catalytic Radical H/D Exchange Approach. ACS Catal 2020; 10:2226-2230. [PMID: 33623725 PMCID: PMC7899177 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.9b05300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
H/D exchange at formyl groups represents the straightforward approach to C-1 deuterated aldehydes. This transformation has been recently realized by transition metal and NHC carbene catalysis. Mechanistically, all these processes involve an ionic pathway. Herein we report a distinct photoredox catalytic, visible light mediated neutral radical approach. Selective control of highly reactive acyl radical in the energy barrier surmountable, reversible reaction enables driving the formation of deuterated products when an excess of D2O is employed. The power of the H/D exchange process has been demonstrated for not only aromatic aldehydes, but also aliphatic substrates, which have been difficult in transitional metal catalyzed H/D exchange reactions, and for selective late-stage deuterium incorporation into complex structures with uniformly high deuteration level (>90%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueteng Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, and BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, 1703 E. Mabel Street, Tucson, AZ 85721-0207, USA
| | - Peng Ji
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, and BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, 1703 E. Mabel Street, Tucson, AZ 85721-0207, USA
| | - Yue Dong
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, and BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, 1703 E. Mabel Street, Tucson, AZ 85721-0207, USA
| | - Yongyi Wei
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, and BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, 1703 E. Mabel Street, Tucson, AZ 85721-0207, USA
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, and BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, 1703 E. Mabel Street, Tucson, AZ 85721-0207, USA
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20
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Dong J, Wang X, Wang Z, Song H, Liu Y, Wang Q. Formyl-selective deuteration of aldehydes with D 2O via synergistic organic and photoredox catalysis. Chem Sci 2019; 11:1026-1031. [PMID: 34084358 PMCID: PMC8145436 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc05132e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Formyl-selective deuteration of aldehydes is of high interest for labeling purposes and for optimizing properties of drug candidates. Herein, we report a mild general method for formyl-selective deuterium labeling of aldehydes with D2O, an inexpensive deuterium source, via a synergistic combination of light-driven, polyoxometalate-facilitated hydrogen atom transfer and thiol catalysis. This highly efficient, scalable reaction showed excellent deuterium incorporation, a broad substrate scope, and excellent functional group tolerance and selectivity and is therefore a practical method for late-stage modification of synthetic intermediates in medicinal chemistry and for generating libraries of deuterated compounds. Formyl-selective deuteration of aldehydes with D2O mediated by the synergistic combination of light-driven, polyoxometalate-facilitated HAT and thiol catalysis is reported.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianyang Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Research Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University Tianjin 300071 People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaochen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Research Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University Tianjin 300071 People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Research Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University Tianjin 300071 People's Republic of China
| | - Hongjian Song
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Research Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University Tianjin 300071 People's Republic of China
| | - Yuxiu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Research Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University Tianjin 300071 People's Republic of China
| | - Qingmin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Research Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University Tianjin 300071 People's Republic of China
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21
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Shunsuke Chiba
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University
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22
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Geng H, Chen X, Gui J, Zhang Y, Shen Z, Qian P, Chen J, Zhang S, Wang W. Practical Synthesis of C-1 Deuterated Aldehydes Enabled by NHC Catalysis. Nat Catal 2019; 2:1071-1077. [PMID: 33791590 PMCID: PMC8008838 DOI: 10.1038/s41929-019-0370-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The recent surge in applications of deuterated pharmaceutical agents has created an urgent demand for synthetic methods that efficiently generate deuterated building blocks. Here we show that N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHC) promote a reversible hydrogen-deuterium exchange (HDE) reaction with simple aldehydes, which leads to a practical approach to synthetically valuable C-1 deuterated aldehydes. The reactivity of the well-established NHC catalysed formation of Breslow intermediates from aldehydes is reengineered to overcome the overwhelmingly kinetically favorable, irreversible benzoin condensation reaction and achieve the critical reversibility to drive the formation of desired deuterated products when an excess of D2O is employed. Notably, this operationally simple and cost-effective protocol serves as a general and truly practical approach to all types of 1-D-aldehydes including aryl, -alkyl and -alkenyl aldehydes and enables chemoselective late-stage deuterium incorporation into complex, native therapeutic agents and natural products with uniformly high levels (>95%) of deuterium incorporation for a total of 104 substrates tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huihui Geng
- State Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Reactor, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science & Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Xiaobei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Reactor, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science & Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Jingjing Gui
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Yueteng Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, and BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, 1703 E. Mabel Street, P. O. Box 210207, Tucson, AZ 85721-0207, USA
| | - Zuyuan Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Reactor, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science & Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Pengfei Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Reactor, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science & Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Junwei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Reactor, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science & Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Shilei Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Reactor, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science & Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, and BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, 1703 E. Mabel Street, P. O. Box 210207, Tucson, AZ 85721-0207, USA
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23
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Liu W, Zhao LL, Melaimi M, Cao L, Xu X, Bouffard J, Bertrand G, Yan X. Mesoionic Carbene (MIC)-Catalyzed H/D Exchange at Formyl Groups. Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2019.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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24
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Zhang M, Yuan XA, Zhu C, Xie J. Deoxygenative Deuteration of Carboxylic Acids with D2
O. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201811522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Muliang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Nanjing University; Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Xiang-Ai Yuan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Qufu Normal University; Qufu 273165 China
| | - Chengjian Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Nanjing University; Nanjing 210023 China
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry; Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry; Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Jin Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Nanjing University; Nanjing 210023 China
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25
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Zhang M, Yuan XA, Zhu C, Xie J. Deoxygenative Deuteration of Carboxylic Acids with D 2 O. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 58:312-316. [PMID: 30352142 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201811522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We report a general, practical, and scalable means of preparing deuterated aldehydes from aromatic and aliphatic carboxylic acids with D2 O as an inexpensive deuterium source. The use of Ph3 P as an O-atom transfer reagent can facilitate the deoxygenation of aromatic acids, while Ph2 POEt is a better O-atom transfer reagent for aliphatic acids. The highly precise deoxygenation of complex carboxylic acids makes this protocol promising for late-stage deoxygenative deuteration of natural product derivatives and pharmaceutical compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muliang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Xiang-Ai Yuan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, 273165, China
| | - Chengjian Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China.,State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jin Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
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26
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Ibrahim MYS, Denmark SE. Palladium/Rhodium Cooperative Catalysis for the Production of Aryl Aldehydes and Their Deuterated Analogues Using the Water-Gas Shift Reaction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:10362-10367. [PMID: 30015402 PMCID: PMC6173325 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201806148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
A novel Pd/Rh dual-metallic cooperative catalytic process has been developed to effect the reductive carbonylation of aryl halides in moderate to good yield. In this reaction, water is the hydride source, and CO serves both as the carbonyl source and the terminal reductant through the water-gas shift reaction. The catalytic generation of the Rh hydride allows for the selective formation of highly hindered aryl aldehydes that are inaccessible through previously reported reductive carbonylation protocols. Moreover, aldehydes with deuterated formyl groups can be efficiently and selectively synthesized using D2 O as a cost-effective deuterium source without the need for presynthesizing the aldehyde.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malek Y. S. Ibrahim
- Roger Adams Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois Urbana, IL 61801 (USA)
| | - Scott E. Denmark
- Roger Adams Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois Urbana, IL 61801 (USA)
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27
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Ibrahim MYS, Denmark SE. Palladium/Rhodium Cooperative Catalysis for the Production of Aryl Aldehydes and Their Deuterated Analogues Using the Water–Gas Shift Reaction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201806148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Malek Y. S. Ibrahim
- Roger Adams Laboratory Department of Chemistry University of Illinois Urbana IL 61801 USA
| | - Scott E. Denmark
- Roger Adams Laboratory Department of Chemistry University of Illinois Urbana IL 61801 USA
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28
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Chan GH, Ong DY, Yen Z, Chiba S. Reduction of N
,N
-Dimethylcarboxamides to Aldehydes by Sodium Hydride-Iodide Composite. Helv Chim Acta 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.201800049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guo Hao Chan
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry; School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences; Nanyang Technological University; Singapore 637371
| | - Derek Yiren Ong
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry; School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences; Nanyang Technological University; Singapore 637371
| | - Zhihao Yen
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry; School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences; Nanyang Technological University; Singapore 637371
| | - Shunsuke Chiba
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry; School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences; Nanyang Technological University; Singapore 637371
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29
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Li X, Wu S, Chen S, Lai Z, Luo HB, Sheng C. One-Pot Synthesis of Deuterated Aldehydes from Arylmethyl Halides. Org Lett 2018. [PMID: 29518327 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b00016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A facile, one-pot approach for synthesizing deuterated aldehydes from arylmethyl halides was developed using D2O as the deuterium source. The efficient process is realized by a sequence of formation, H/D exchange, and oxidation of pyridinium salt intermediates. The mild and air-compatible reaction conditions enable efficient synthesis of diverse deuterated aldehydes with high deuterium incorporation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangmin Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Sun Yat-Sen University , Guangzhou 510006 , China
| | - Shanchao Wu
- School of Pharmacy , Second Military Medical University , Shanghai 200433 , China
| | - Shuqiang Chen
- School of Pharmacy , Second Military Medical University , Shanghai 200433 , China
| | - Zengwei Lai
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Sun Yat-Sen University , Guangzhou 510006 , China
| | - Hai-Bin Luo
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Sun Yat-Sen University , Guangzhou 510006 , China
| | - Chunquan Sheng
- School of Pharmacy , Second Military Medical University , Shanghai 200433 , China
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