Waugh's Syndrome: Report of Two Children with Intussusception

Delayed Presentation of Malrotation after Infancy: A Systematic Review Based on Clinical Presentations, Associated Anomalies, Diagnosis, and Management

Need and Purpose of Review

Approximately 75% of patients with classic malrotation and midgut volvulus present in neonatal age-group; another 15% may present up to one year. In these, the diagnosis is made because of typical presentation. However, there are many cases in which malrotation has been detected after infancy. In-spite of the variable case reports and studies in literature, there is no specific data on the incidence of malrotation after infancy, its presentation and management guidelines. With this systematic review, we aim to coalesce these findings from various individual case reports and studies.

Methods Used for Collecting and Analysing Data

This systematic review was performed as per the PRISMA (preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analyses) guidelines. The authors conducted thorough searches in databases like PubMed/MEDLINE, SCOPUS, Google Scholar and Web of Science for relevant articles. Studies were reviewed for clinical presentation and outcome for malrotation diagnosed beyond infancy.

Main Conclusions

Clinical presentation of malrotation after infancy can be acute as well as chronic; acute presentation being common under 2 years of age and chronic symptoms present as age increases. Sudden onset of abdominal pain and bilious vomiting are commonest acute symptoms and intermittent episodes of recurring vague abdominal pain associated with vomiting and diarrhoea are the commonest chronic symptoms. The diagnostic modalities vary from UGI Contrast series to USG with colour Doppler and CECT scan. Management is operative open as well as laparoscopic Ladd's procedure is being favoured.

Waugh syndrome: A rare coexistence of intussusception and intestinal malrotation: Case report and literature review

INTRODUCTION

Waugh's syndrome, characterized by the concurrent presence of acute intussusception and gut malrotation, is a rare clinical entity. The relationship between these conditions is not well-explored, and the true incidence may be underreported.

CASE PRESENTATION

A 4 month old male infant, with an uneventful medical history, presented to the pediatric emergency department due to irritability and rectal bleeding lasting one day. The infant had a history of bilious vomiting and dark bloody rectal discharge. Physical examination revealed a hypoactive, dehydrated child with a palpable mass in the left lower abdomen. Abdominal ultrasound indicated Colo-colonic intussusception, and attempts at hydrostatic reduction were unsuccessful. Subsequent CT scan revealed malrotation with ileo-Colo-rectal intussusception. The patient underwent a two-step operation, involving manual reduction and Ladd's procedure, with a successful recovery and no post-surgical complications.

CLINICAL DISCUSSION

Reviewing the cases, we explore the unique features of Waugh's syndrome, its diverse age presentation, and the challenges in timely diagnosis. Diagnostic modalities, including abdominal ultrasound and contrast studies, are discussed, emphasizing the importance of recognizing malrotation in conjunction with intussusception for appropriate management.

CONCLUSION

Our experience highlights the potential underrecognition of Waugh's syndrome and emphasizes the need for a high index of suspicion. The rarity of laparoscopic interventions in documented cases is noted, emphasizing the prevailing reliance on open surgical approaches. A call for prospective studies is made to determine the actual incidence of intussusception in intestinal malrotation cases and to enhance understanding for optimal patient management.

Retrograde coiled spring jejunal intussusception in an infant due to Foley catheter gastrostomy: a case report

Background

For infants who need long-term enteral feeding but are unable to maintain sufficient oral intake, feeding gastrostomy tube placement is required. The use of a Foley catheter as a replacement catheter in a Stamm gastrostomy is indicated in the absence of dedicated gastrostomy feeding tubes; however, this approach has been associated with many morbidities. In this report, an unusual case of an infant who underwent a major operation due to coiled spring jejunal intussusception caused by Foley catheter migration is described.

Case presentation

A 6-month-old neurologically impaired premature female patient was admitted to the emergency unit with respiratory distress, nonbilious vomiting and an ineffective gastrostomy feeding tube. Her history revealed that, at the age of 2 months, she had undergone Stamm gastrostomy for enteral feeding with a Pezzer catheter. However, at the age of 5 months, the Pezzer catheter became dislodged and was replaced with a Foley catheter. The patient subsequently underwent emergent exploratory laparotomy due to intestinal obstruction. During the operation, retrograde coiled spring jejunal intussusceptions with multiple areas of local necrosis and perforations were observed. Resection of the affected jejunal segment and end-to-end anastomosis were performed. The postoperative period was long and very demanding due to the presence of several comorbidities. To our knowledge, this is the first operative demonstration of coiled spring intussusception.

Conclusion

This case report aims to increase clinical awareness of the possibility of coiled spring intussusception following the use of Foley catheter in a gastrostomy and the difficulties encountered in the surgical course of a premature infant.

An unusual cluster of Waugh syndrome as a cause of intestinal obstruction in children - A case series

INTRODUCTION AND IMPORTANCE

The association of intussusception with intestinal malrotation is a rare phenomenon named Waugh syndrome by Brereton et. It is a rare disease entity with less than 100 cases described so far. A cluster presentation is something unusual for rare diseases.

CASE PRESENTATION

All four patients have presented with features suggestive of bowel obstruction as all of them have had colicky abdominal pain. Three patients have vomiting as an additional complaint, so as the diarrhea. Fever has also been reported in one patient. Patients have presented in 6 months period, non-consecutively. Abdominal pain, diarrhea and vomiting are alarming in the pediatric population. When each case presented, an immediate resuscitation was performed including IV lines, nasogastric suctioning, electrolytes correction, and blood and FFP transfusion as necessary. Abdominal ultrasonography was performed revealing target sign. After optimization for surgery, manual reduction of the intussusception was done followed by a Ladd's procedure for the malrotation was performed for all 4 patients with excellent outcomes.

CLINICAL DISCUSSION

With the surgery, after case optimization, remains the standard of care; the presence of cluster presentation for Waugh syndrome could suggest that some environmental factors might be implicated and further observations can be carried out to look more into such phenomenon.

CONCLUSION

Waugh syndrome, a combined presentation of intestinal malrotation and intussusception, is a rare syndrome that can present in children. Optimization for surgery followed by a 2-step surgical approach is the usual treatment with excellent outcomes described.

Recurrent intussusception as a rare clinical manifestation of intestinal malrotation in children—a case report and review of literature

Background

Mobile caecum along with malfixed small bowel mesentery in malrotation is incriminated to cause intussusception in children. This dual association is very rare and is labeled as Waugh’s syndrome. This is often missed during conservative management of intussusception and may manifest as chronic intussusception.

Case presentation

We report a rare case of intestinal malrotation in a 13-year-old boy who presented as recurrent intussusception. The child was resuscitated and was operated, where malrotation of gut was detected. We discuss the clinical presentation, radiological findings, and management of this rare association in light of current available literature.

Conclusion

The presence of mobile caecum and redundant bowel loops with narrow mesentery in case of malrotation is an important factor leading to intussusception.

Jejuno-jejunal intussusception caused by a percutaneous endoscopic gastrojejunostomy tube in a pediatric patient: A case report

RATIONALE

Although percutaneous endoscopic gastrojejunostomy (PEG-J) tubes are believed to reduce the side effect of aspiration, cautious catheter management is required. Intussusception is a serious complication of these tubes.

PATIENT CONCERNS

A 7-year-old boy bedridden with hypoxic encephalopathy owing to drowning at the age of 1 year was admitted our hospital with urinary retention for 1 month. At the age of 4 years, a PEG-J tube was inserted. Concomitant with hyperaldosteronemia, an intestinal intussusception from the duodenum to the jejunum was observed via computed tomography (CT). The patient's condition worsened dramatically; gastrointestinal perforation was suspected, and laparotomy was performed.

DIAGNOSIS

Jejuno-jejunal intussusception.

INTERVENTIONS

Open surgery was performed to release the intussusception. By assessing the reduced intestinal tract, the intussusception starting from a 50 cm portion from the Treitz ligament had been extended to 100 cm from the Treitz ligament. The oral side jejunum was dilated. No evidence of intestinal perforation or strangulated ileus was observed, and the intussusception was manually remediable.

OUTCOMES

Preoperative CT examination showed intussusception from the duodenum to the jejunum. Laparotomy showed intussusception on the anal side of the Treitz ligament. With regard to the CT findings associated with the progression of intussusception to the duodenal site, as a result of the telescope phenomenon extending to the duodenum due to the relaxation of the Treitz ligament through repeated intussusception, it was considered that CT examination revealed intussusception extending from the jejunum to the duodenum of oral side. After 3 postoperative weeks, the patient was finally able to return home.

LESSONS

If the ileus is observed during the insertion of a PEG-J, clinicians should consider the possibility of intussusception even in the duodenum.