1
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Dutta S, Kim JH, Bhatt K, Rickertsen DRL, Abboud KA, Ghiviriga I, Seidel D. Alicyclic-Amine-Derived Imine-BF 3 Complexes: Easy-to-Make Building Blocks for the Synthesis of Valuable α-Functionalized Azacycles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202313247. [PMID: 37909921 PMCID: PMC10835740 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202313247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
A new strategy to access α-functionalized alicyclic amines via their corresponding imine-BF3 complexes is reported. Isolable imine-BF3 complexes, readily prepared via dehydrohalogenation of N-bromoamines in a base-promoted/18-crown-6 catalyzed process followed by addition of boron trifluoride etherate, undergo reactions with a wide range of organometallic nucleophiles to afford α-functionalized azacycles. Organozinc and organomagnesium nucleophiles add at ambient temperatures, obviating the need for cryogenic conditions. In situ preparation of imine-BF3 complexes provides access to α-functionalized morpholines and piperazines directly from their parent amines in a single operation. α-Functionalized morpholines can be elaborated further, for instance by installing a second substituent in the α'-position.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhradeep Dutta
- Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Jae Hyun Kim
- Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Kamal Bhatt
- Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Dillon R L Rickertsen
- Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Khalil A Abboud
- Center for X-ray Crystallography, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Ion Ghiviriga
- Center for NMR Spectroscopy, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Daniel Seidel
- Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
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2
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Dutta S, Bhatt K, Cuffel F, Seidel D. Synthesis of Polycyclic Imidazoles via α-C-H/N-H Annulation of Alicyclic Amines. SYNTHESIS-STUTTGART 2023; 55:2343-2352. [PMID: 38314182 PMCID: PMC10836336 DOI: 10.1055/a-2022-1511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Secondary alicyclic amines are converted to their corresponding ring-fused imidazoles in a simple procedure consisting of oxidative imine formation followed by a van Leusen reaction. Amines with an existing α-substituent undergo regioselective ring-fusion at the α'-position. This method was utilized in a synthesis of fadrozole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhradeep Dutta
- Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Kamal Bhatt
- Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Fabian Cuffel
- Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Daniel Seidel
- Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
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3
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Chen J, Wang H, Day CS, Martin R. Nickel-Catalyzed Site-Selective Intermolecular C(sp 3 )-H Amidation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202212983. [PMID: 36254803 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202212983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A nickel-catalyzed site-selective intermolecular amidation of saturated C(sp3 )-H bonds is reported. This mild protocol exhibits a predictable reactivity pattern to incorporate amide functions at C(sp3 )-H sites adjacent to nitrogen and oxygen atoms in either cyclic or acyclic frameworks, thus offering a complementary reactivity profile to existing oxidative-type processes or metal-catalyzed C(sp3 )-N bond-forming reactions operating via two-electron manifolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhong Chen
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
- Departament de Química Analítica i Química Orgànica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, c/Marcel ⋅ lí Domingo, 1, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Hao Wang
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
- Departament de Química Analítica i Química Orgànica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, c/Marcel ⋅ lí Domingo, 1, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Craig S Day
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
- Departament de Química Analítica i Química Orgànica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, c/Marcel ⋅ lí Domingo, 1, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Ruben Martin
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
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4
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Yu F, Valles DA, Chen W, Daniel SD, Ghiviriga I, Seidel D. Regioselective α-Cyanation of Unprotected Alicyclic Amines. Org Lett 2022; 24:6364-6368. [PMID: 36036764 PMCID: PMC9548390 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c02148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Secondary alicyclic amines are converted to α-aminonitriles via addition of TMSCN to their corresponding imines, intermediates that are produced in situ via the oxidation of amine-derived lithium amides with simple ketone oxidants. Amines with an existing α-substituent undergo regioselective α'-cyanation even if the C-H bonds at that site are less activated. Amine α-arylation can be combined with α'-cyanation to generate difunctionalized products in a single operation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuchao Yu
- Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, P. R. China
| | - Daniel A. Valles
- Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Weijie Chen
- Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Scott D. Daniel
- Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Ion Ghiviriga
- Center for NMR Spectroscopy, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Daniel Seidel
- Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
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5
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Jurczyk J, Woo J, Kim SF, Dherange BD, Sarpong R, Levin MD. Single-atom logic for heterocycle editing. NATURE SYNTHESIS 2022; 1:352-364. [PMID: 35935106 PMCID: PMC9355079 DOI: 10.1038/s44160-022-00052-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Medicinal chemistry continues to be impacted by new synthetic methods. Particularly sought after, especially at the drug discovery stage, is the ability to enact the desired chemical transformations in a concise and chemospecific fashion. To this end, the field of organic synthesis has become captivated by the idea of 'molecular editing'-to rapidly build onto, change or prune molecules one atom at a time using transformations that are mild and selective enough to be employed at the late stages of a synthetic sequence. In this Review, the definition and categorization of a particularly promising subclass of molecular editing reactions, termed 'single-atom skeletal editing', are proposed. Although skeletal editing applies to both cyclic and acyclic compounds, this Review focuses on heterocycles, both for their centrality in medicinal chemistry and for the definitional clarity afforded by a focus on ring systems. A classification system is presented by highlighting methods (both historically important examples and recent advances) that achieve such transformations, with the goal to spark interest and inspire further development in this growing field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Jurczyk
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Jisoo Woo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- These authors contributed equally: Jisoo Woo, Sojung F. Kim
| | - Sojung F. Kim
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
- These authors contributed equally: Jisoo Woo, Sojung F. Kim
| | - Balu D. Dherange
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Richmond Sarpong
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Correspondence should be addressed to Richmond Sarpong or Mark D. Levin. ;
| | - Mark D. Levin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Correspondence should be addressed to Richmond Sarpong or Mark D. Levin. ;
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6
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Xiong Y, Großkopf J, Jandl C, Bach T. Visible Light-Mediated Dearomative Hydrogen Atom Abstraction/ Cyclization Cascade of Indoles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202200555. [PMID: 35213774 PMCID: PMC9314014 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202200555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The photochemical synthesis of yet unknown 2‐oxospiro[azetidine‐3,3′‐indolines] (17 examples, 80–95 % yield), 2,4‐dioxospiro[azetidine‐3,3′‐indolines] (eight examples, 87–97 % yield), and 1‐oxo‐1,3‐dihydrospiro[indene‐2,3′‐indolines] (17 examples, 85–97 % yield) is described. Starting from readily accessible 3‐substituted indoles, a dearomatization of the indole core was accomplished upon irradiation at λ=420 nm in the presence of thioxanthen‐9‐one (10 mol%) as the sensitizer. Based on mechanistic evidence (triplet energy determination, deuteration experiments, by‐product analysis) it is proposed that the reaction proceeds by energy transfer via a 1,4‐ or 1,5‐diradical intermediate. The latter intermediates are formed by excited state hydrogen atom transfer from suitable alkyl groups within the C3 substituent to the indole C2 carbon atom. Subsequent ring closure proceeds with pronounced diastereoselectivity to generate a 4‐ or 5‐membered spirocyclic dearomatized product with several options for further functionalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Xiong
- Department Chemie and Catalysis Research Center (CRC), School of Natural Sciences, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85747, Garching, Germany
| | - Johannes Großkopf
- Department Chemie and Catalysis Research Center (CRC), School of Natural Sciences, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85747, Garching, Germany
| | - Christian Jandl
- Department Chemie and Catalysis Research Center (CRC), School of Natural Sciences, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85747, Garching, Germany
| | - Thorsten Bach
- Department Chemie and Catalysis Research Center (CRC), School of Natural Sciences, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85747, Garching, Germany
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7
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Piticari A, Antermite D, Higham JI, Moore JH, Webster MP, Bull JA. Stereoselective Palladium‐Catalyzed C(
sp
3
)−H Mono‐Arylation of Piperidines and Tetrahydropyrans with a C(4) Directing Group. Adv Synth Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202200030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amalia‐Sofia Piticari
- Department of Chemistry Imperial College London Molecular Sciences Research Hub White City Campus Wood Lane London W12 0BZ UK
| | - Daniele Antermite
- Department of Chemistry Imperial College London Molecular Sciences Research Hub White City Campus Wood Lane London W12 0BZ UK
| | - Joe I. Higham
- Department of Chemistry Imperial College London Molecular Sciences Research Hub White City Campus Wood Lane London W12 0BZ UK
| | - J. Harry Moore
- Department of Chemistry Imperial College London Molecular Sciences Research Hub White City Campus Wood Lane London W12 0BZ UK
| | | | - James A. Bull
- Department of Chemistry Imperial College London Molecular Sciences Research Hub White City Campus Wood Lane London W12 0BZ UK
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8
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Xiong Y, Großkopf J, Jandl C, Bach T. Visible Light‐Mediated Dearomative Hydrogen Atom Abstraction/ Cyclization Cascade of Indoles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202200555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Xiong
- Technische Universität München: Technische Universitat Munchen Chemistry GERMANY
| | - Johannes Großkopf
- Technische Universität München: Technische Universitat Munchen Chemistry GERMANY
| | - Christian Jandl
- Technische Universität München: Technische Universitat Munchen Chemistry GERMANY
| | - Thorsten Bach
- Technische Universität München Lehrstuhl für Organische Chemie I Lichtenbergstr. 4 85747 Garching GERMANY
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9
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Paul A, Vasseur C, Daniel SD, Seidel D. Synthesis of Polycyclic Isoindolines via α-C-H/N-H Annulation of Alicyclic Amines. Org Lett 2022; 24:1224-1227. [PMID: 35100511 PMCID: PMC9039734 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c00018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Relatively unstable cyclic imines, generated in situ from their corresponding alicyclic amines via oxidation of their lithium amides with simple ketone oxidants, engage aryllithium compounds containing a leaving group on an ortho-methylene functionality to provide polycyclic isoindolines in a single operation. The scope of this transformation includes pyrrolidine, piperidine, azepane, azocane, and piperazines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Daniel Seidel
- Corresponding Author: Daniel Seidel – Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
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10
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Abstract
This review deals with the synthesis of naturally occurring alkaloids containing partially or completely saturated pyrimidine nuclei. The interest in these compounds is associated with their structural diversity, high biological activity and toxicity. The review is divided into four parts, each of which describes a number of synthetic methodologies toward structurally different naturally occurring alkaloids containing saturated cyclic six-membered amidine, guanidine, aminal and urea (thiourea) moieties, respectively. The development of various synthetic strategies for the preparation of these compounds has remarkably increased during the past few decades. This is primarily due to the fact that some of these compounds are isolated only in limited quantities, which makes it practically impossible to study their full structural characteristics and biological activity.
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11
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Mantry L, Maayuri R, Kumar V, Gandeepan P. Photoredox catalysis in nickel-catalyzed C-H functionalization. Beilstein J Org Chem 2021; 17:2209-2259. [PMID: 34621388 PMCID: PMC8451005 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.17.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Catalytic C‒H functionalization has become a powerful strategy in organic synthesis due to the improved atom-, step- and resource economy in comparison with cross-coupling or classical organic functional group transformations. Despite the significant advances in the metal-catalyzed C‒H activations, recent developments in the field of metallaphotoredox catalysis enabled C‒H functionalizations with unique reaction pathways under mild reaction conditions. Given the relative earth-abundance and cost-effective nature, nickel catalysts for photoredox C‒H functionalization have received significant attention. In this review, we highlight the developments in the field of photoredox nickel-catalyzed C‒H functionalization reactions with a range of applications until summer 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lusina Mantry
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Tirupati, Tirupati – Renigunta Road, Settipalli Post, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh 517506, India
| | - Rajaram Maayuri
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Tirupati, Tirupati – Renigunta Road, Settipalli Post, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh 517506, India
| | - Vikash Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Tirupati, Tirupati – Renigunta Road, Settipalli Post, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh 517506, India
| | - Parthasarathy Gandeepan
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Tirupati, Tirupati – Renigunta Road, Settipalli Post, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh 517506, India
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12
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Valles DA, Dutta S, Paul A, Abboud KA, Ghiviriga I, Seidel D. α,α'-C-H Bond Difunctionalization of Unprotected Alicyclic Amines. Org Lett 2021; 23:6367-6371. [PMID: 34323490 PMCID: PMC8609614 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c02187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A simple one-pot procedure enables the sequential, regioselective, and diastereoselective introduction of the same or two different substituents to the α- and α'-positions of unprotected azacycles. Aryl, alkyl, and alkenyl substituents are introduced via their corresponding organolithium compounds. The scope of this transformation includes pyrrolidines, piperidines, azepanes, and piperazines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A. Valles
- Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Subhradeep Dutta
- Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Anirudra Paul
- Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Khalil A. Abboud
- Center for X-ray Crystallography, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Ion Ghiviriga
- Center for NMR Spectroscopy, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Daniel Seidel
- Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
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13
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Pd-catalyzed methylene γ-C(sp3)—H alkenylation of N-picolinoylcycloalkylamines with alkenyl iodides promoted by 2-tert-butyl-1,4-benzoquinone. Tetrahedron Lett 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2021.153130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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14
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Yu B, Zou S, Huang H. Palladium-Catalyzed Ring-Closing Reaction for the Synthesis of Saturated N-Heterocycles with Aminodienes and N,O-Acetals. J Org Chem 2021; 86:7849-7863. [PMID: 34030442 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c00752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
An efficient palladium-catalyzed ring-closing reaction of aminodienes with N,O-acetals for the synthesis of saturated N-heterocycles is described. The reaction is consistently operated at room temperature and tolerates a wide range of functional groups with volatile MeOH as the sole byproduct. This method provides rapid and practical access to a broad range of saturated N-heterocycles with diverse structural backbones that are useful building blocks in natural product synthesis and drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bangkui Yu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Suchen Zou
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Hanmin Huang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China.,Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis of CAS, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China
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15
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Aguilera EY, Sanford MS. Palladium‐Mediated C
γ
−H Functionalization of Alicyclic Amines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202101782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Y. Aguilera
- Department of Chemistry University of Michigan 930 North University Avenue Ann Arbor MI 48109 USA
| | - Melanie S. Sanford
- Department of Chemistry University of Michigan 930 North University Avenue Ann Arbor MI 48109 USA
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16
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Chen W, Seidel D. α-C-H/N-H Annulation of Alicyclic Amines via Transient Imines: Preparation of Polycyclic Lactams. Org Lett 2021; 23:3729-3734. [PMID: 33881883 PMCID: PMC8175037 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c01125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Polycyclic lactams are prepared in a single operation from o-toluamides and cyclic amines in a process that involves transient cyclic imines, species that are conveniently obtained in situ from the corresponding lithium amides and simple ketone oxidants. Imines thus generated, such as 1-pyrroline and 1-piperideine, engage lithiated o-toluamides in a facile annulation process. Undesired side reactions such as imine deprotonation and o-toluamide dimerization are suppressed through the judicious choice of reaction conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijie Chen
- Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32611, United States
| | - Daniel Seidel
- Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32611, United States
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17
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Aguilera EY, Sanford MS. Palladium-Mediated C γ -H Functionalization of Alicyclic Amines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:11227-11230. [PMID: 33720500 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202101782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes a new method for the transannular functionalization of the γ-C-H bonds in alicyclic amines to install C(sp3 )-halogen, oxygen, nitrogen, boron, and sulfur bonds. The key challenge for this transformation is controlling the relative rate of Cγ -H versus Cα -H functionalization. We demonstrate that this selectivity can be achieved by pre-complexation of the substrate with Pd prior to the addition of oxidant. This approach enables the use of diverse oxidants that ultimately install various heteroatom functional groups at the γ-position with high site- and diastereoselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Y Aguilera
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Melanie S Sanford
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
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18
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Haley HS, Payer SE, Papidocha SM, Clemens S, Nyenhuis J, Sarpong R. Bioinspired Diversification Approach Toward the Total Synthesis of Lycodine-Type Alkaloids. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:4732-4740. [PMID: 33729783 PMCID: PMC8017526 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c00457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Nitrogen heterocycles (azacycles) are common structural motifs in numerous pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and natural products. Many powerful methods have been developed and continue to be advanced for the selective installation and modification of nitrogen heterocycles through C-H functionalization and C-C cleavage approaches, revealing new strategies for the synthesis of targets containing these structural entities. Here, we report the first total syntheses of the lycodine-type Lycopodium alkaloids casuarinine H, lycoplatyrine B, lycoplatyrine A, and lycopladine F as well as the total synthesis of 8,15-dihydrohuperzine A through bioinspired late-stage diversification of a readily accessible common precursor, N-desmethyl-β-obscurine. Key steps in the syntheses include oxidative C-C bond cleavage of a piperidine ring in the core structure of the obscurine intermediate and site-selective C-H borylation of a pyridine nucleus to enable cross-coupling reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Richmond Sarpong
- Department of Chemistry, University
of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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19
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Caplin MJ, Foley DJ. Emergent synthetic methods for the modular advancement of sp 3-rich fragments. Chem Sci 2021; 12:4646-4660. [PMID: 34168751 PMCID: PMC8179648 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc00161b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Fragment-based drug discovery is an important and increasingly reliable technology for the delivery of clinical candidates. Notably, however, sp3-rich fragments are a largely untapped resource in molecular discovery, in part due to the lack of general and suitably robust chemical methods available to aid their development into higher affinity lead and drug compounds. This Perspective describes the challenges associated with developing sp3-rich fragments, and succinctly highlights recent advances in C(sp3)-H functionalisations of high potential value towards advancing fragment hits by 'growing' functionalised rings and chains from unconventional, carbon-centred vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max J Caplin
- School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, University of Canterbury Christchurch New Zealand
| | - Daniel J Foley
- School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, University of Canterbury Christchurch New Zealand
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20
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Kim JH, Paul A, Ghiviriga I, Seidel D. α-C-H Bond Functionalization of Unprotected Alicyclic Amines: Lewis-Acid-Promoted Addition of Enolates to Transient Imines. Org Lett 2021; 23:797-801. [PMID: 33464093 PMCID: PMC7924990 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c04024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Enolizable cyclic imines, obtained in situ from their corresponding lithium amides by oxidation with simple ketone oxidants, are readily alkylated with a range of enolates to provide mono- and polycyclic β-aminoketones in a single operation, including the natural product (±)-myrtine. Nitrile anions also serve as competent nucleophiles in these transformations, which are promoted by BF3 etherate. β-Aminoesters derived from ester enolates can be converted to the corresponding β-lactams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Hyun Kim
- Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Anirudra Paul
- Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Ion Ghiviriga
- Center for NMR Spectroscopy, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Daniel Seidel
- Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
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21
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Paul A, Kim JH, Daniel SD, Seidel D. Diversification of Unprotected Alicyclic Amines by C-H Bond Functionalization: Decarboxylative Alkylation of Transient Imines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:1625-1628. [PMID: 32975859 PMCID: PMC7854982 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202011641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Despite extensive efforts by many practitioners in the field, methods for the direct α-C-H bond functionalization of unprotected alicyclic amines remain rare. A new advance in this area utilizes N-lithiated alicyclic amines. These readily accessible intermediates are converted to transient imines through the action of a simple ketone oxidant, followed by alkylation with a β-ketoacid under mild conditions to provide valuable β-amino ketones with unprecedented ease. Regioselective α'-alkylation is achieved for substrates with existing α-substituents. The method is further applicable to the convenient one-pot synthesis of polycyclic dihydroquinolones through the incorporation of a SN Ar step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anirudra Paul
- Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Jae Hyun Kim
- Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
- Current address: College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Scott D Daniel
- Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Daniel Seidel
- Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
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22
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Murugesh V, Sahoo AR, Achard M, Sharma GVM, Bruneau C, Suresh S. Ruthenium Catalyzed Regioselective β‐C(
sp
3
)−H Functionalization of
N
‐Alkyl‐
N′
‐
p–
nitrophenyl Substituted Piperazines using Aldehydes as Alkylating Agents. Adv Synth Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202001060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- V. Murugesh
- Department of Organic Synthesis and Process Chemistry CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (CSIR-IICT) Hyderabad 500 007 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) Ghaziabad 201002 India
| | - Apurba Ranjan Sahoo
- Univ Rennes CNRS, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes) UMR 6226 F 35000 Rennes France
| | - Mathieu Achard
- Univ Rennes CNRS, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes) UMR 6226 F 35000 Rennes France
| | - Gangavaram V. M. Sharma
- Department of Organic Synthesis and Process Chemistry CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (CSIR-IICT) Hyderabad 500 007 India
| | - Christian Bruneau
- Univ Rennes CNRS, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes) UMR 6226 F 35000 Rennes France
| | - Surisetti Suresh
- Department of Organic Synthesis and Process Chemistry CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (CSIR-IICT) Hyderabad 500 007 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) Ghaziabad 201002 India
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23
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Paul A, Kim JH, Daniel SD, Seidel D. Diversification of Unprotected Alicyclic Amines by C−H Bond Functionalization: Decarboxylative Alkylation of Transient Imines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202011641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anirudra Paul
- Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, Department of Chemistry University of Florida Gainesville FL 32611 USA
| | - Jae Hyun Kim
- Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, Department of Chemistry University of Florida Gainesville FL 32611 USA
- Current address: College of Pharmacy Kangwon National University Chuncheon 24341 Republic of Korea
| | - Scott D. Daniel
- Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, Department of Chemistry University of Florida Gainesville FL 32611 USA
| | - Daniel Seidel
- Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, Department of Chemistry University of Florida Gainesville FL 32611 USA
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24
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Ong DY, Chen JH, Chiba S. Reductive Functionalization of Carboxamides: A Recent Update. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2020. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20200182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Derek Yiren Ong
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Jia-hua Chen
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Shunsuke Chiba
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
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25
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Voutyritsa E, Garreau M, Kokotou MG, Triandafillidi I, Waser J, Kokotos CG. Photochemical Functionalization of Heterocycles with EBX Reagents: C−H Alkynylation versus Deconstructive Ring Cleavage**. Chemistry 2020; 26:14453-14460. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202002868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Revised: 07/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Errika Voutyritsa
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry Department of Chemistry National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Panepistimiopolis 15771 Athens Greece
- Laboratory of Catalysis and Organic Synthesis Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Marion Garreau
- Laboratory of Catalysis and Organic Synthesis Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Maroula G. Kokotou
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry Department of Chemistry National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Panepistimiopolis 15771 Athens Greece
| | - Ierasia Triandafillidi
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry Department of Chemistry National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Panepistimiopolis 15771 Athens Greece
| | - Jérôme Waser
- Laboratory of Catalysis and Organic Synthesis Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Christoforos G. Kokotos
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry Department of Chemistry National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Panepistimiopolis 15771 Athens Greece
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26
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Kapoor M, Singh A, Sharma K, Hua Hsu M. Site‐Selective C(
sp
3
)−H and C(
sp
2
)−H Functionalization of Amines Using a Directing‐Group‐Guided Strategy. Adv Synth Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202000689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohit Kapoor
- Chitkara University Institute of Engineering and Technology Chitkara University Punjab India 140401
| | - Adhish Singh
- Chitkara University Institute of Engineering and Technology Chitkara University Punjab India 140401
| | - Kirti Sharma
- Chitkara University Institute of Engineering and Technology Chitkara University Punjab India 140401
| | - Ming Hua Hsu
- Department of Chemistry National Changhua University of Education Taiwan 500, R.O.C Changhua
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27
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Coleman JA, Navratna V, Antermite D, Yang D, Bull JA, Gouaux E. Chemical and structural investigation of the paroxetine-human serotonin transporter complex. eLife 2020; 9:56427. [PMID: 32618269 PMCID: PMC7470834 DOI: 10.7554/elife.56427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Antidepressants target the serotonin transporter (SERT) by inhibiting serotonin reuptake. Structural and biochemical studies aiming to understand binding of small-molecules to conformationally dynamic transporters like SERT often require thermostabilizing mutations and antibodies to stabilize a specific conformation, leading to questions about relationships of these structures to the bonafide conformation and inhibitor binding poses of wild-type transporter. To address these concerns, we determined the structures of ∆N72/∆C13 and ts2-inactive SERT bound to paroxetine analogues using single-particle cryo-EM and x-ray crystallography, respectively. We synthesized enantiopure analogues of paroxetine containing either bromine or iodine instead of fluorine. We exploited the anomalous scattering of bromine and iodine to define the pose of these inhibitors and investigated inhibitor binding to Asn177 mutants of ts2-active SERT. These studies provide mutually consistent insights into how paroxetine and its analogues bind to the central substrate-binding site of SERT, stabilize the outward-open conformation, and inhibit serotonin transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan A Coleman
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, United States
| | - Vikas Navratna
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, United States
| | - Daniele Antermite
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, London, United Kingdom
| | - Dongxue Yang
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, United States
| | - James A Bull
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, London, United Kingdom
| | - Eric Gouaux
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, United States.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, United States
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28
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Conformationally Driven Ru(II)-Catalyzed Multiple ortho-C–H Bond Activation in Diphenylpyrazine Derivatives in Water: Where Is the Limit? Catalysts 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/catal10040421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Ru(II)/carboxylate/PPh3 catalyst system enabled the preparation of highly conjugated pyrazine derivatives in water under microwave irradiation. Both nitrogen atoms efficiently dictated cleavage of the ortho-C–H bonds in both benzene rings of 2,3-diphenylpyrazine substrates through chelation assistance. In conformationally more flexible diphenyldihydropyrazine 1, the arylation of four ortho-C–H bonds was possible, while in the aromatic analog 2, the triarylation was the limit.
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29
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Vázquez-Amaya LY, Quintero L, Rodrı Guez-Molina B, Sartillo-Piscil F. Transition-Metal-Free Total Synthesis and Revision of the Absolute Configuration of Pipermethystine. J Org Chem 2020; 85:3949-3953. [PMID: 31994875 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b03218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Starting from 3-hydroxy piperidines, a novel transition-metal-free strategy to 5-hydroxy-5,6-dihydro-2(1H)pyridones is reported. This unprecedented approach, which provides a practical, economical, and ecofriendly alternative to either the classical ring-closing metathesis of N-homoallyl-unsaturated amides or the dehydrogenation of amides, occurs by means of a triple C-H functionalization of three unreactive piperidine sp3 carbons. The completion of the total synthesis revealed that the natural levo-isomer possesses the R absolute configuration, not S.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Y Vázquez-Amaya
- Centro de Investigación de la Facultad de Ciencias Quı́micas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla (BUAP), 14 Sur Esq. San Claudio, Col. San Manuel, Puebla 72570, México
| | - Leticia Quintero
- Centro de Investigación de la Facultad de Ciencias Quı́micas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla (BUAP), 14 Sur Esq. San Claudio, Col. San Manuel, Puebla 72570, México
| | - Braulio Rodrı Guez-Molina
- Instituto de Quı́mica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México 04510, México
| | - Fernando Sartillo-Piscil
- Centro de Investigación de la Facultad de Ciencias Quı́micas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla (BUAP), 14 Sur Esq. San Claudio, Col. San Manuel, Puebla 72570, México
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30
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Paul A, Chandak HS, Ma L, Seidel D. Redox-Annulations of Cyclic Amines with ortho-Cyanomethylbenzaldehydes. Org Lett 2020; 22:976-980. [PMID: 31984752 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b04506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Amines such as 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline undergo redox-neutral annulations with ortho-cyanomethylbenzaldehydes. These amine α-C-H bond functionalization reactions are promoted by acetic acid. The resulting β-aminonitriles can be converted to the corresponding β-aminoalcohols in diastereoselective fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anirudra Paul
- Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, Department of Chemistry , University of Florida , Gainesville , Florida 32611 , United States.,Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology , Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey , Piscataway , New Jersey 08854 , United States
| | - Hemant S Chandak
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology , Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey , Piscataway , New Jersey 08854 , United States
| | - Longle Ma
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology , Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey , Piscataway , New Jersey 08854 , United States
| | - Daniel Seidel
- Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, Department of Chemistry , University of Florida , Gainesville , Florida 32611 , United States.,Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology , Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey , Piscataway , New Jersey 08854 , United States
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