Recent Advances in the Synthesis and Applications of 2-Arylbenzothiazoles

Multicomponent Synthesis of 2,4,5-Trisubstituted Thiazoles Using a Sustainable Carbonaceous Catalyst and Assessment of Its Herbicidal and Antibacterial Potential

Herein, a novel, biocatalyzed, and on-water microwave-assisted multicomponent methodology have been developed for the synthesis of trisubstituted thiazoles (4a-4v). The reaction was catalyzed using a sulfonated peanut shell residue-derived carbonaceous catalyst (SPWB). The developed catalyst was characterized using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), a Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area analyzer, a field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX), and a particle size analyzer (PSA). The acidic sites have been established using acid-base back-titration methods. The molecular structures of all the synthesized compounds were validated using FT-IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, elemental, and HRMS analyses. Herbicidal potential was evaluated by using Raphanus sativus L. as a model. Furthermore, the antibacterial potential of thiazoles was evaluated against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Xanthomonas campestris, Escherichia coli, Micrococcus luteus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacterial strains. The compound 4r displayed improved seed growth inhibition in Raphanus sativus L. versus a commercially available herbicide, i.e., pendimethalin. The antibacterial activity was promising against bacterial strains (MIC: 4-64 μg/mL). The compound 4r was the most potent against P. aeruginosa and S. aureus (MIC: 0.0076 μM) versus standard drug streptomycin (MIC: 0.0138 μM). Moreover, in silico studies performed with the most effective compound 4r against P. aeruginosa revealed its potential binding mode within the protein binding pocket. The biological data revealed compound 4r as a potential candidate for the development of potent herbicidal and antibacterial agents. In a nutshell, this study offers peanut shell biowaste to be a sustainable biomass for heterogeneous acid catalyst preparation and its application in the multicomponent synthesis of bioactive thiazoles, accommodating the concept of sustainable development goals and circular bioeconomy.

Approaches to the synthesis of heterocyclic C-nucleosides

This review is focused on the synthetic strategies to heterocyclic C-nucleosides and covers the literature from 2011 to 2021. The main attention is paid to the following three approaches: the direct C-C coupling of a carbohydrate moiety with a preformed aglycon unit, the construction of a (pseudo)sugar residue on a pre-formed aglycon, and the construction of an aglycon on a pre-formed (pseudo)sugar. In each Section, the literature data are categorized in terms of the size of aglycon from simple to complex, the advantages and drawbacks of the reviewed approaches are discussed.

Iron(III)-Catalyzed Regioselective Synthesis of Electron-Rich Benzothiazoles from Aryl Isothiocyanates via C-H Functionalization

We report herein a direct synthetic route for the preparation of 2-arylbenzothiazoles using aryl isothiocyanates and electron-rich arenes. The synthetic route involves triflic acid promoted addition of the arenes to aryl isothiocyanates followed by FeCl₃-catalyzed C-S bond formation via C-H functionalization. The approach provides the advantage of synthesis of benzothiazoles without the conventional use of aryl aldehyde/carboxylic acid precursors employing the less expensive iron(III) catalyst.

A Green Approach to 2-Substituted Benzo- and Naphthothiazoles via N-bromosuccinimide/Bromide-Mediated C(aryl)-S Bond Formation

2-Substituted benzo- and naphthothiazoles have been conveniently prepared from the intramolecular cyclization of phenylthioureas and activated thiobenzanilides or the coupling of isothiocyanates with amines under mild conditions using N-bromosuccinimide/tetrabutylammonium bromide in 1,2-dimethoxyethane (DME) under ambient conditions. The reactions produce moderate to excellent yields with good functional group tolerance and avoid the use of harsh thermal conditions, corrosive reagents, halogenated solvents, toxic metal salts, and expensive metal catalysts, and are amenable to preparations on a gram-scale.

[3 + 2] cycloaddition of nonstabilized azomethine ylides and 2-benzothiazolamines to access imidazolidine derivatives

A simple and practical method for the construction of 1,3,5-trisubstituted imidazolidine derivatives via [3 + 2] cycloaddition reaction has been developed. This reaction could smoothly proceed between nonstabilized azomethine ylides generated in situ and 2-benzothiazolamines to deliver a wide scope of differently substituted imidazolidines in high yields (up to 98%). The structure of one example was confirmed by X-ray single-crystal structure analysis.

Synthesis of N-alkoxy amines and hydroxylamines via the iridium-catalyzed transfer hydrogenation of oximes

Cationic iridium (Ir) complexes were found to catalyze the transfer hydrogenation of oximes to access N-alkoxy amines and hydroxylamines, and the reaction was accelerated by trifluoroacetic acid. The practical application of this protocol was demonstrated by a gram-scale transformation and two-step synthesis of the fungicide furmecyclox (BAS 389F) in overall yields of 92 and 85%, respectively. An asymmetric protocol using chiral Ir complexes to afford chiral N-alkoxy amines was demonstrated, but the low yields/ee obtained indicated that further development was required.

Ionic Reactivity of 2-Isocyanoaryl Thioethers: Access to 2-Halo and 2-Aminobenzothia/Selenazoles

An ionic cascade insertion/cyclization reaction of thia-/selena-functionalized arylisocyanides has been successfully developed for the efficient and practical synthesis of 2-halobenzothiazole/benzoselenazole derivatives. This synthetic protocol, incorporating a halogen atom when forming the five-membered ring of benzothia/selenazoles, is different from the existing ones, where halogenation of the preformed benzothia/selenazole precursors happens. Additionally, a facile access to 2-aminobenzothiazoles is also achieved by the one-pot cascade reaction of 2-isocyanoaryl thioethers, iodine, and amines.

Palladium-Catalysed Intermolecular Direct C–H Bond Arylation of Heteroarenes with Reagents Alternative to Aryl Halides: Current State of the Art

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Abstract: This unprecedented review with 322 references provides a critical up-to-date picture of the Pd-catalysed intermolecular direct C–H bond arylation of heteroarenes with arylating reagents alternative to aryl halides that include aryl sulfonates (aryl triflates, tosylates, mesylates, and imidazole-1-sulfonates), diaryliodonium salts, [(diacetoxy)iodo]arenes, arenediazonium salts, 1-aryltriazenes, arylhydrazines and N’-arylhydrazides, arenesulfonyl chlorides, sodium arenesulfinates, arenesulfinic acids, and arenesulfonohydrazides. Particular attention has been paid to summarise the preparation of the various arylating reagents and to highlight the practicality, versatility, and limitations of the various developed arylation protocols, also comparing their results with those achieved in analogous Pd-catalysed arylation reactions involving the use of aryl halides as electrophiles. Mechanistic proposals have also been briefly summarised and discussed. However, data concerning Pd-catalysed direct C–H bond arylations involving the C–H bonds of aryl substituents of the examined heteroarene derivatives have not been taken into account.

Dibromination of Cinnamamides with CBr4 Under Mild Conditions

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A novel, mild and efficient protocol to synthesize dibrominated propanamides has been developed. The presented methodology provides several merits, such as easy-to-handle and stable brominated substrate, catalyst-free, additive free and facile experimental operation. The preliminary mechanism study indicated that a free radical pathway might be involved in the presented reaction.

Photocatalyst- and Transition-Metal-Free Visible-Light-Promoted Intramolecular C(sp2)-S Formation

A photocatalyst- and transition-metal-free visible-light-induced cyclization of ortho-halothiobenzanilides has been developed. Upon irradiation with visible light, substrates undergo dehalogenative cyclization to 2-aryl benzothiazoles with high efficiency and selectivity. This photocyclization exhibits a high tolerance to various functional groups, is applicable for the synthesis of 2-alkyl benzothiazoles, and is easy to set up for gram-scale reaction.

Synthesis of spirocyclic Δ4-isoxazolines via [3 + 2] cycloaddition of indanone-derived ketonitrones with alkynes

A [3 + 2] cycloaddition of indanone-derived nitrones and alkynes under mild conditions is developed, allowing facile synthesis of spirocyclicindenyl isoxazolines with structural diversity. The sequential protocol of generated in situ ketonitrone from unsaturated ketones and N-alkylhydroxylamines is also achieved successfully, affording the desired products in considerable yield with moderate to good diastereoselectivity. Moreover, the spirocyclic product can be conveniently transformed into indenyl-based allylic alcohol and enamide.

A [3 + 2] cycloaddition of indanone-derived nitrones with alkynes under mild conditions has been developed. It is a highly efficient and straightforward method for the synthesis of diverse spirocyclicindenyl isoxazolines.