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Issa M, Nofal M, Miotk N, Seitz A, Unterberg A, El Damaty A. ShuntScope-Guided Versus Free-Hand Technique for Ventricular Catheter Placement: A Retrospective Comparative Study of Intraventricular Catheter Tip Position and Complication Rate. J Neurol Surg A Cent Eur Neurosurg 2023; 84:521-527. [PMID: 35144299 DOI: 10.1055/a-1768-3892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The position of the ventricular catheter (VC) is essential for a proper function of cerebrospinal fluid diversion system. A ShuntScope-guided (SG) method might be helpful in reducing complications. The purpose of this study is to compare the accuracy of catheter placement and the complication and revision rates between SG and free-hand (FH) techniques. METHODS This is a retrospective study based on a prospectively acquired database of patients who underwent VC placement between September 2018 and July 2021. Accuracy of catheter placement was graded on postoperative imaging using the 3-point Hayhurst grading system. Complication and revision rates were documented and compared between both groups with an average follow-up period of 20.84 months. RESULTS Fifty-seven patients were included. The SG technique was used in 29 patients (mean age was 6.3 years, 1.4-27.7 years, 48.1% females), and the FH technique was used in 28 patients (mean age was 26.7 years, 0.83-79.5 years, 67.9% female). The success rate for the optimal placement of the VC with grade I on the Hayhurst scale was significantly higher in the SG group (93.1%) than in the FH group (60.7%), p = 0.012. The revision rate was higher in the FH group with 35.7% versus 20.7% in the SG group, p = 0.211. CONCLUSION VC placement using the SG technique is a safe and effective procedure, which enabled a significantly higher success rate and lower revision and complication rate. Accordingly, we recommend using the SG technique especially in patients with difficult anatomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Issa
- Department of Neurosurgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mohammed Nofal
- Department of Neurosurgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nikolai Miotk
- Department of Neuroradiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Angelika Seitz
- Department of Neuroradiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andreas Unterberg
- Department of Neurosurgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ahmed El Damaty
- Department of Neurosurgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
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2
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Unal TC, Dolas I, Sahin D, Gulsever CI, Dolen D, Aras Y, Aydoseli A, Sabanci PA, Sencer A. Intraoperative ultrasound-guided ventricular cannulation in patients with normal-sized ventricles. Neurochirurgie 2023; 69:101463. [PMID: 37393990 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuchi.2023.101463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Many pathologies require normal-sized ventricle cannulation, which may be technically challenging even with neuronavigation guidance. This study presents a series of ventricular cannulation of normal-sized ventricles using intraoperative ultrasound (iUS) guidance and the outcomes of patients treated by this technique, for the first time. METHODS The study included patients who underwent ultrasound-guided ventricular cannulation of normal-sized ventricles (either ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunting or Ommaya reservoir) between January 2020 and June 2022. All patients underwent iUS-guided ventricular cannulation from the right Kocher's point. The inclusion criteria for normal-sized ventricles were as follows: (1) Evans index <30%, and (2) widest third ventricle diameter <6mm. Medical records and pre-, intra- and post-operative imaging were retrospectively analyzed. RESULTS Nine of the 18 included patients underwent VP shunt placement; 6 had idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH), 2 had resistant cerebrospinal fluid fistula following posterior fossa surgery, and 1 had iatrogenic intracranial pressure elevation following foramen magnum decompression. Nine patients underwent Ommaya reservoir implantation, 6 of whom had breast carcinoma and leptomeningeal metastases and 3 hematologic disease and leptomeningeal infiltration. All catheter tip positions were achieved in a single attempt, and none were placed suboptimally. Mean follow-up was 10 months. One IIH patient (5.5%) had early shunt infection which necessitated shunt removal. CONCLUSION iUS is a simple and safe method for accurate cannulation of normal-sized ventricles. It provides an effective real-time guidance option for challenging punctures.
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Affiliation(s)
- T C Unal
- Department of Neurosurgery, Istanbul University, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul Tip Fakultesi, Nörolojik Bilimler Binasi, Fatih/Istanbul 34093, Turkey.
| | - I Dolas
- Department of Neurosurgery, Istanbul University, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul Tip Fakultesi, Nörolojik Bilimler Binasi, Fatih/Istanbul 34093, Turkey
| | - D Sahin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Istanbul University, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul Tip Fakultesi, Nörolojik Bilimler Binasi, Fatih/Istanbul 34093, Turkey
| | - C I Gulsever
- Department of Neurosurgery, Istanbul University, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul Tip Fakultesi, Nörolojik Bilimler Binasi, Fatih/Istanbul 34093, Turkey
| | - D Dolen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Istanbul University, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul Tip Fakultesi, Nörolojik Bilimler Binasi, Fatih/Istanbul 34093, Turkey
| | - Y Aras
- Department of Neurosurgery, Istanbul University, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul Tip Fakultesi, Nörolojik Bilimler Binasi, Fatih/Istanbul 34093, Turkey
| | - A Aydoseli
- Department of Neurosurgery, Istanbul University, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul Tip Fakultesi, Nörolojik Bilimler Binasi, Fatih/Istanbul 34093, Turkey
| | - P A Sabanci
- Department of Neurosurgery, Istanbul University, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul Tip Fakultesi, Nörolojik Bilimler Binasi, Fatih/Istanbul 34093, Turkey
| | - A Sencer
- Department of Neurosurgery, Istanbul University, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul Tip Fakultesi, Nörolojik Bilimler Binasi, Fatih/Istanbul 34093, Turkey
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Bounajem MT, Cameron B, Sorensen K, Parr R, Gibby W, Prashant G, Evans JJ, Karsy M. Improved Accuracy and Lowered Learning Curve of Ventricular Targeting Using Augmented Reality-Phantom and Cadaveric Model Testing. Neurosurgery 2023; 92:884-891. [PMID: 36562619 DOI: 10.1227/neu.0000000000002293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Augmented reality (AR) has demonstrated significant potential in neurosurgical cranial, spine, and teaching applications. External ventricular drain (EVD) placement remains a common procedure, but with error rates in targeting between 10% and 40%. OBJECTIVE To evaluate Novarad VisAR guidance system for the placement of EVDs in phantom and cadaveric models. METHODS Two synthetic ventricular phantom models and a third cadaver model underwent computerized tomography imaging and registration with the VisAR system (Novarad). Root mean square (RMS), angular error (γ), and Euclidian distance were measured by multiple methods for various standard EVD placements. RESULTS Computerized tomography measurements on a phantom model (0.5-mm targets showed a mean Euclidean distance error of 1.20 ± 0.98 mm and γ of 1.25° ± 1.02°. Eight participants placed EVDs in lateral and occipital burr holes using VisAR in a second phantom anatomic ventricular model (mean RMS: 3.9 ± 1.8 mm, γ: 3.95° ± 1.78°). There were no statistically significant differences in accuracy for postgraduate year level, prior AR experience, prior EVD experience, or experience with video games ( P > .05). In comparing EVDs placed with anatomic landmarks vs VisAR navigation in a cadaver, VisAR demonstrated significantly better RMS and γ, 7.47 ± 0.94 mm and 7.12° ± 0.97°, respectively ( P ≤ .05). CONCLUSION The novel VisAR AR system resulted in accurate placement of EVDs with a rapid learning curve, which may improve clinical treatment and patient safety. Future applications of VisAR can be expanded to other cranial procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael T Bounajem
- Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neurosciences Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | | | | | | | - Wendell Gibby
- Novarad, Provo, Utah, USA
- Department of Radiology, University of California-San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Giyarpuram Prashant
- Department of Neurosurgery, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - James J Evans
- Department of Neurosurgery, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Michael Karsy
- Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neurosciences Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
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4
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Ruf L, Greuter L, Guzman R, Soleman J. Distal shunt placement in pediatric ventriculoperitoneal shunt surgery: an international survey of practice. Childs Nerv Syst 2023; 39:1555-1563. [PMID: 36780037 DOI: 10.1007/s00381-023-05855-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Ventriculoperitoneal shunt (VPS) surgery is a common treatment for hydrocephalus in children and adults, making it one of the most common procedures in neurosurgery. Children being treated with a VPS often require several revisions during their lifetime with a lifetime revision rate of up to 80%. Several different techniques exist for inserting the distal catheter, while mini-laparotomy, trocar, or laparoscopy is traditionally used. As opposed to adults, only few studies exist, comparing the outcome of the different distal catheter placement techniques in children. This international survey aims to investigate the current daily practice concerning distal shunt placement techniques in children. MATERIAL AND METHODS An online questionnaire investigating the different techniques used to place the distal catheter in pediatric VPS surgery was distributed internationally. All results were analyzed using descriptive and comparative statistics. RESULTS A total of 139 responses were obtained. Mini-laparotomy was reported to be the most frequently used technique (n = 104, 74.8%) for distal shunt placement in children, while laparoscopic or trocar-assisted placements were only used by 3.6% (n = 5) and 21.6% (n = 30) of all respondents, respectively. Over half (n = 75, 54.0%) of all respondents do not believe that laparoscopic placement improves the outcome. CONCLUSION This international survey shows that mini-laparotomy is the most frequently used technique for distal VPS placement in children all over the world. Further randomized trials are needed to elucidate this matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linus Ruf
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ladina Greuter
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital of Basel, Spitalstrasse 21, 4031, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Raphael Guzman
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital of Basel, Spitalstrasse 21, 4031, Basel, Switzerland.,Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, University Children's Hospital of Basel (UKBB), Spitalstrasse 21, 4031, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jehuda Soleman
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland. .,Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital of Basel, Spitalstrasse 21, 4031, Basel, Switzerland. .,Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, University Children's Hospital of Basel (UKBB), Spitalstrasse 21, 4031, Basel, Switzerland.
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5
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Tsermoulas G, Thant KZ, Byrne ME, Whiting JL, White AM, Sinclair AJ, Mollan SP. The Birmingham Standardized Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension Shunt Protocol: Technical Note. World Neurosurg 2022; 167:147-151. [PMID: 36089279 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2022.08.154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Insertion of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) shunts in patients with idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) is challenging mainly due to the small ventricles and phenotypical body habitus. In this report the authors present their surgical protocol for insertion of a ventriculoperitoneal shunt (VPS) in patients with IIH and the associated revision rates. METHODS The protocol comprises the following: shunt surgery by neurosurgeons with expertise in CSF disorders; a frontal VPS usually right sided but left sided if the left ventricle is bigger; use of the proGAV 2.0 valve with gravitational unit, set at 10 and the M.scio telemetric sensor; cannulation of the ventricle with StealthStation EM navigation system; and laparoscopic insertion of the peritoneal catheter. The authors describe the protocol and rationale and evidence behind each component and present the results of a prospective analysis on revision rates. RESULTS The protocol has been implemented since 1 July, 2019, and by 28 February, 2022, sixty-two patients with IIH had undergone primary VPS insertion. The 30-day revision rate was 6.5%, and overall 11.3% of patients underwent revision during the study period, which compares favorably with the literature. The etiology for early failures was related to the surgical technique. CONCLUSIONS The components of the Birmingham standardized IIH shunt protocol are evidence based and address the technical challenges of CSF diversion in patients with IIH. This protocol is associated with a low revision rate, and the authors recommend standardization for CSF shunting in IIH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Tsermoulas
- Department of Neurosurgery, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom; Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
| | - Kyaw Zayar Thant
- Department of Neurosurgery, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Marian E Byrne
- Department of Neurosurgery, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - John L Whiting
- Department of Upper Gastrointestinal Surgery, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Anwen M White
- Department of Neurosurgery, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Alexandra J Sinclair
- Department of Neurology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom; Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Susan P Mollan
- Birmingham Neuro-Ophthalmology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom; Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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Aljoghaiman M, Bergen B, Takroni R, Wang B, Eangles P, Farrokhyar F, Sharma S. Image-Guided versus Freehand Ventricular Drain Insertion: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. World Neurosurg 2022; 160:85-93.e5. [PMID: 35033689 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2022.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ventricular drain insertion is a common neurosurgical procedure, typically performed using freehand approach. Use of image-guidance during drain insertion could improve the accuracy and reduce the incidence of drain failure. This review aim to assess the impact of image-guidance on drain placement accuracy, failure rate, and number of ventricular cannulation attempts. METHODS MEDLINE, EMBASE and Cochrane Library databases were searched from inception to February 2021 for studies comparing image-guided versus freehand ventricular drain insertion. Two reviewers independently screened studies for eligibility, extracted data, and assessed risk of bias and quality of evidence. Pooled data were reported using random effects model. ROBINS-I tool was used to assess risk of bias and GRADE approach was used to assess quality of evidence. RESULTS Of 1102 studies retrieved, 17 were included with a total of 3404 patients. . All included studies were of non-randomized design. Pooled data on drain accuracy and drain failure rates showed favourable effect of image-guidance with risk ratio of 1.31 (95% CI of 1.13 - 1.51, low quality evidence) and 0.63 (95% CI 0.48 - 0.83, moderate quality evidence), respectively. Pooled data were equivocal for number of attempts with mean difference score of -0.11 times (95% CI -0.31 - 0.09, very low-quality evidence). Heterogeneity was substantial for drain accuracy and failure rate outcomes. CONCLUSIONS In patients undergoing ventricular drain insertion, the use of image-guidance may enhance drain accuracy and reduce drain failure rate. The use of image-guidance probably does not decrease number of drain insertion attempts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majid Aljoghaiman
- Neurosurgery division, Surgery Department, McMaster University, Hamilton ON, Canada; Neurosurgery division, Surgery Department, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Bradley Bergen
- Neurosurgery division, Surgery Department, McMaster University, Hamilton ON, Canada
| | - Radwan Takroni
- Neurosurgery division, Surgery Department, McMaster University, Hamilton ON, Canada
| | - Bill Wang
- Neurosurgery division, Surgery Department, McMaster University, Hamilton ON, Canada
| | - Paul Eangles
- Department of Surgery and Critical Care, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Forough Farrokhyar
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, Hamilton Health Sciences and McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Sunjay Sharma
- Neurosurgery division, Surgery Department, McMaster University, Hamilton ON, Canada
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Unal TC, Gulsever CI, Sahin D, Dagdeviren HE, Dolas I, Sabanci PA, Aras Y, Sencer A, Aydoseli A. Versatile Use of Intraoperative Ultrasound Guidance for Brain Puncture. Oper Neurosurg (Hagerstown) 2021; 21:409-417. [PMID: 34624101 DOI: 10.1093/ons/opab330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intraoperative ultrasound (iUS) is an effective guidance and imaging system commonly used in neuro-oncological surgery. Despite the versatility of iUS, its utility for single burr hole puncture guidance remains fairly underappreciated. OBJECTIVE To highlight the simplicity, versatility, and effectiveness of iUS guidance in brain puncture by presenting the current case series and technical note collection. METHODS We present 4 novel uses of iUS guidance for single burr hole brain puncture: cannulation of normal-sized ventricles, endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV) guidance, evacuation of interhemispheric empyema, and stereotactic biopsy assistance. RESULTS All techniques were performed successfully in a total of 16 patients. Normal-sized ventricles were cannulated in 7 patients, among whom 5 underwent Ommaya reservoir placement and 2 underwent ventriculoperitoneal shunt placement for idiopathic intracranial hypertension. No more than 1 attempt was needed for cannulation. All ventricular tip positions were optimal as shown by postoperative imaging. iUS guidance was used in 5 ETV procedures. The working cannula was successfully introduced to the lateral ventricle, providing the optimal trajectory to the third ventricular floor in these cases. Interhemispheric subdural empyema was aspirated with iUS guidance in 1 patient. Volume reduction was clearly visible, allowing near-total evacuation of the empyema. iUS guidance was used for assistive purposes during stereotactic biopsy in 3 patients. No major perioperative complications were observed throughout this series. CONCLUSION iUS is an effective and versatile guidance system that allows for real-time imaging and can be easily and safely employed for various brain puncture procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tugrul Cem Unal
- Department of Neurosurgery, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Cafer Ikbal Gulsever
- Department of Neurosurgery, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Duran Sahin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Huseyin Emre Dagdeviren
- Department of Neurosurgery, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ilyas Dolas
- Department of Neurosurgery, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Pulat Akin Sabanci
- Department of Neurosurgery, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Yavuz Aras
- Department of Neurosurgery, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Altay Sencer
- Department of Neurosurgery, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Aydin Aydoseli
- Department of Neurosurgery, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Leu S, Halbeisen F, Mariani L, Soleman J. Intraoperative ultrasound-guided compared to stereotactic navigated ventriculoperitoneal shunt placement: study protocol for a randomised controlled study. Trials 2021; 22:350. [PMID: 34011396 PMCID: PMC8132376 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-021-05306-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ventriculoperitoneal shunt (VPS) placement is one of the most frequent neurosurgical procedures and the operation is performed in a highly standardised manner under maintenance of highest infection precautions. Short operation times are important since longer duration of surgery can increase the risk for VPS complications, especially infections. The position of the proximal ventricular catheter influences shunt functioning and survival. With freehand placement, rates of malpositioned VPS are still high. Several navigation techniques for improvement of shunt placement have been developed. Studies comparing these techniques are sparse. The aim of this study is to prospectively compare ultrasound (US) guided to stereotactic navigated shunt placement using optical tracking with the focus on operation time and efficiency. METHODS In this prospective randomised, single-centre, partially-blinded study, we will include all patients undergoing VPS placement in our clinic. The patients will be randomised into two groups, one group undergoing US-guided (US-G) and the other group stereotactic navigated VPS placement using optical tracking. The primary outcome will be the surgical intervention time. This time span consists of the surgical preparation time together with the operation time and is given in minutes. Secondary outcomes will be accuracy of catheter positioning, VPS dysfunction and need for revision surgery, total operation and anaesthesia times, and amount of intraoperative ventricular puncture attempts as well as complications, any morbidity and mortality. DISCUSSION To date, there is no prospective data available comparing these two navigation techniques. A randomised controlled study is urgently needed in order to provide class I evidence for the best possible surgical technique of this frequent surgery. TRIAL REGISTRATION Business Administration System for Ethical Committees (BASEC) 2019-02157, registered on 21 November 2019, https://www.kofam.ch/de/studienportal/suche/88135/studie/49552 ; clinicalTrials.gov: NCT04450797 , registered on 30 June 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Severina Leu
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital of Basel, Spitalstrasse 21, 4031, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Florian Halbeisen
- Basel Institute for Clinical Epidemiology & Biostatistics, University Hospital of Basel, Spitalstrasse 12, 4031, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Luigi Mariani
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital of Basel, Spitalstrasse 21, 4031, Basel, Switzerland.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 61, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jehuda Soleman
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital of Basel, Spitalstrasse 21, 4031, Basel, Switzerland.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 61, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
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