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Khoshbin E, Spencer S, Solomon L, Tang A, Clark S, Stokes E, Wordsworth S, Dabner L, Edwards J, Reeves B, Rogers C. Is there a renoprotective value to leukodepletion during heart valve surgery? A randomized controlled trial (ROLO). J Cardiothorac Surg 2021; 16:58. [PMID: 33771192 PMCID: PMC8004389 DOI: 10.1186/s13019-021-01402-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) adversely affects outcomes after cardiac surgery. A major mediator of AKI is the activation of leukocytes through exposure to the cardiopulmonary bypass circuit. We evaluate the use of leukodepletion filters throughout bypass to protect against post-operative AKI by removing activated leukocytes during cardiac surgery. Methods This is a single-centre, double-blind, randomized controlled trial comparing the use of leukodepletion versus a standard arterial filter throughout bypass. Elective adult patients undergoing heart valve surgery with or without concomitant procedures were investigated. The primary clinical outcome measured was the development of AKI according to the KDIGO criteria. Secondary measures included biomarkers of renal tubular damage (urinary Retinol Binding Protein and Kidney Injury Molecule-1), glomerular kidney injury (urinary Micro Albumin and serum Cystatin C) and urinary Neutrophil Gelatinase Associated Lipocalin, as well as the length of hospital stay and quality of life measures through EQ-5D-5L questionnaires. Results The ROLO trial randomized 64 participants with a rate of recruitment higher than anticipated (57% achieved, 40% anticipated). The incidence of AKI was greater in the leukodepletion filter group (44% versus 23%, risk difference 21, 95% CI − 2 to 44%). This clinical finding was supported by biomarker levels especially by a tendency toward glomerular insult at 48 h, demonstrated by a raised serum Cystatin C (mean difference 0.11, 95% CI 0.00 to 0.23, p = 0.068) in the leukodepleted group. There was however no clear association between the incidence or severity of AKI and length of hospital stay. On average, health related quality of life returned to pre-operative levels in both groups within 3 months of surgery. Conclusions Leukocyte depletion during cardiopulmonary bypass does not significantly reduce the incidence of AKI after valvular heart surgery. Other methods to ameliorate renal dysfunction after cardiac surgery need to be investigated. Trial registration The trial was registered by the International Standard Randomized Controlled Trial Number Registry ISRCTN42121335. Registered on the 18 February 2014. The trial was run by the Bristol Clinical Trials and Evaluation Unit. This trial was financially supported by the National Institute of Health Research (Research for Patient Benefit), award ID: PB-PG-0711-25,090. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13019-021-01402-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Espeed Khoshbin
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Freeman Hospital, High Heaton, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE7 7DN, UK.
| | - Sally Spencer
- School of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Bailing, Upper Market Street, Lancaster, Lancashire, LA1 4YW, UK
| | - Laurence Solomon
- Renal Unit, Lancashire Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sharoe Green Lane, Fulwood, Preston, Lancashire, PR2 9HT, UK
| | - Augustine Tang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Blackpool Victoria Hospital, Blackpool, FY3 8NR, UK
| | - Stephen Clark
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Freeman Hospital, High Heaton, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE7 7DN, UK
| | - Elizabeth Stokes
- Department of Public Health, University of Oxford, Rosemary Rue Building, Old Road Campus, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7LF, UK
| | - Sarah Wordsworth
- Department of Public Health, University of Oxford, Rosemary Rue Building, Old Road Campus, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7LF, UK
| | - Lucy Dabner
- Clinical Trials and Evaluation Unit, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS2 8HW, UK
| | - Julia Edwards
- Clinical Trials and Evaluation Unit, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS2 8HW, UK
| | - Barnaby Reeves
- Clinical Trials and Evaluation Unit, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS2 8HW, UK
| | - Chris Rogers
- Clinical Trials and Evaluation Unit, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS2 8HW, UK
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Rubino AS, Serraino GF, Marsico R, Ventura V, Foti D, Gulletta E, Renzulli A. Leukocyte Filtration Improves Pulmonary Function and Reduces the Need for Postoperative Non-Invasive Ventilation. Int J Artif Organs 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/039139881203500908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Antonino S. Rubino
- Cardiac Surgery Unit, Ferrarotto Hospital, University of Catania, Catania - Italy
| | - Giuseppe F. Serraino
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Cardiac Surgery Unit, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro - Italy
| | - Roberto Marsico
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Cardiac Surgery Unit, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro - Italy
| | - Valeria Ventura
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Pathology Unit, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro - Italy
| | - Daniela Foti
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Pathology Unit, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro - Italy
| | - Elio Gulletta
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Pathology Unit, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro - Italy
| | - Attilio Renzulli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Cardiac Surgery Unit, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro - Italy
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Schetz M, Bove T, Morelli A, Mankad S, Ronco C, Kellum J. Prevention of Cardiac Surgery-Associated Acute Kidney Injury. Int J Artif Organs 2018; 31:179-89. [DOI: 10.1177/039139880803100211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Numerous strategies have been evaluated to prevent early CSA-AKI. Although correction of hemodynamic problems is paramount, there are no clinical studies that compare different hemodynamic management or monitoring strategies with regard to their effect on kidney function. Pharmacologic strategies including diuretics, different classes of vasodilators and drugs with anti-inflammatory effects such as N-acetyl-cysteine, do not appear to be effective. Most of the studies are underpowered and use physiological rather than clinical endpoints. Further trials are warranted with fenoldopam and nesiritide (rhBNP). Observational and underpowered randomized studies show beneficial renal effects of off-pump technique and avoidance of aortic manipulation. There is very limited evidence for preoperative fluid loading and preemptive RRT. Potentially nephrotoxic agents should be used with caution in patients at risk of CSA-AKI. Tranexamic acid or aminocaproic acid should be preferred over aprotinin. No pharmacologic intervention has been adequately tested in the prevention of late CSA-AKI. A single-center study, including a predominance of patients after cardiac surgery, showed a decrease of kidney injury with tight glycemic control.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Schetz
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, University of Leuven, Leuven - Belgium
| | - T. Bove
- Department of Cardiothoracic Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan - Italy
| | - A. Morelli
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, University of Rome, La Sapienza, Rome - Italy
| | - S. Mankad
- Division of Cardiology, The Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota - USA
| | - C. Ronco
- Department of Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation, St. Bortolo Hospital - International Renal Research Institute Vicenza (IRRIV), Vicenza - Italy
| | - J.A. Kellum
- Department of Critical Care Medicine. University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania - USA
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Ortega-Loubon C, Fernández-Molina M, Carrascal-Hinojal Y, Fulquet-Carreras E. Cardiac surgery-associated acute kidney injury. Ann Card Anaesth 2017; 19:687-698. [PMID: 27716701 PMCID: PMC5070330 DOI: 10.4103/0971-9784.191578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac surgery-associated acute kidney injury (CSA-AKI) is a well-recognized complication resulting with the higher morbid-mortality after cardiac surgery. In its most severe form, it increases the odds ratio of operative mortality 3-8-fold, length of stay in the Intensive Care Unit and hospital, and costs of care. Early diagnosis is critical for an optimal treatment of this complication. Just as the identification and correction of preoperative risk factors, the use of prophylactic measures during and after surgery to optimize renal function is essential to improve postoperative morbidity and mortality of these patients. Cardiopulmonary bypass produces an increased in tubular damage markers. Their measurement may be the most sensitive means of early detection of AKI because serum creatinine changes occur 48 h to 7 days after the original insult. Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-2 and insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7 are most promising as an early diagnostic tool. However, the ideal noninvasive, specific, sensitive, reproducible biomarker for the detection of AKI within 24 h is still not found. This article provides a review of the different perspectives of the CSA-AKI, including pathogenesis, risk factors, diagnosis, biomarkers, classification, postoperative management, and treatment. We searched the electronic databases, MEDLINE, PubMed, EMBASE using search terms relevant including pathogenesis, risk factors, diagnosis, biomarkers, classification, postoperative management, and treatment, in order to provide an exhaustive review of the different perspectives of the CSA-AKI.
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Nguyen TT, Donahue BS. Sex matching and red cell safety. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2016; 152:233-4. [PMID: 27130299 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2016.03.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thanh T Nguyen
- Division of Pediatric Anesthesia, Department of Anesthesiology, Monroe Carell Jr Children's Hospital at Vanderbilt, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tenn
| | - Brian S Donahue
- Division of Pediatric Anesthesia, Department of Anesthesiology, Monroe Carell Jr Children's Hospital at Vanderbilt, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tenn.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND There is some evidence for the benefits of leukodepletion in patients undergoing coronary artery surgery. Its effectiveness in higher risk patients, such as those undergoing heart valve surgery, particularly in terms of overall clinical outcomes, is currently unclear. OBJECTIVES To assess the beneficial and harmful effects of leukodepletion on clinical, patient-reported and economic outcomes in patients undergoing heart valve surgery. SEARCH METHODS We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) (2013, Issue 3 of 12) in The Cochrane Library, the NHS Economic Evaluations Database (1960 to April 2013), MEDLINE Ovid (1946 to April week 2 2013), EMBASE Ovid (1947 to Week 15 2013), CINAHL (1982 to April 2013) and Web of Science (1970 to 17 April 2013) on 19 April 2013. We also searched the World Health Organization (WHO) International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP), the US National Institutes of Health (NIH) clinical trials database and the International Standard Randomised Controlled Trial Number Register (ISRCTN) in April 2013 for ongoing studies. No language or time period restrictions were applied. We examined the reference lists of all included randomised controlled trials and contacted authors of identified trials. We searched the 'grey' literature at OpenGrey and handsearched relevant conference proceedings. SELECTION CRITERIA Randomised controlled trials comparing a leukocyte-depleting arterial line filter with a standard arterial line filter, on the arterial outflow of the heart-lung bypass circuit, in elective patients undergoing heart valve surgery. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Data were collected on the study characteristics, three primary outcomes (1. post-operative in-hospital all-cause mortality within three months, 2. post-operative all-cause mortality excluding inpatient mortality < 30 days, 3. length of stay in hospital, 4. adverse events and serious adverse events) and seven secondary outcomes (1. tubular or glomerular kidney injury, 2. validated health-related quality of life scales, 3. validated renal injury scales, 4. use of continuous veno-venous haemo-filtration, 5. length of stay in intensive care, 6. costs of care). Data were extracted by one author and verified by a second author. Insufficient data were available to perform a meta-analysis or sensitivity analysis. MAIN RESULTS Eight studies were eligible for inclusion in the review but data on prespecified review outcomes were available from only one, modestly powered (24 participants) study (Hurst 1997). There were no differences between a leuko-depleting versus standard filter in length of stay in the intensive care unit (ICU) (mean difference (MD) 0.80 days; 95% confidence interval (CI) -0.24 to 1.84) or length of hospital stay (MD 0.20 days; 95% CI -1.78 to 2.18). AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS There are currently insufficient good quality trials with valve surgery patients to inform recommendations for changes in clinical practice. A future National Institute for Health Research (NIHR)-funded feasibility study (recruiting mid-year 2013) comparing leukodepletion with a standard arterial line filter in patients undergoing elective heart valve surgery (the ROLO trial) will be the largest study to date and will make a significant contribution to future updates of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally Spencer
- Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK.
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Renal dysfunction and CABG. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2012; 12:181-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2012.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2011] [Revised: 01/30/2012] [Accepted: 02/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Ferraris VA, Brown JR, Despotis GJ, Hammon JW, Reece TB, Saha SP, Song HK, Clough ER, Shore-Lesserson LJ, Goodnough LT, Mazer CD, Shander A, Stafford-Smith M, Waters J, Baker RA, Dickinson TA, FitzGerald DJ, Likosky DS, Shann KG. 2011 update to the Society of Thoracic Surgeons and the Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists blood conservation clinical practice guidelines. Ann Thorac Surg 2011; 91:944-82. [PMID: 21353044 DOI: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2010.11.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 859] [Impact Index Per Article: 66.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2010] [Revised: 11/20/2010] [Accepted: 11/29/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Practice guidelines reflect published literature. Because of the ever changing literature base, it is necessary to update and revise guideline recommendations from time to time. The Society of Thoracic Surgeons recommends review and possible update of previously published guidelines at least every three years. This summary is an update of the blood conservation guideline published in 2007. METHODS The search methods used in the current version differ compared to the previously published guideline. Literature searches were conducted using standardized MeSH terms from the National Library of Medicine PUBMED database list of search terms. The following terms comprised the standard baseline search terms for all topics and were connected with the logical 'OR' connector--Extracorporeal circulation (MeSH number E04.292), cardiovascular surgical procedures (MeSH number E04.100), and vascular diseases (MeSH number C14.907). Use of these broad search terms allowed specific topics to be added to the search with the logical 'AND' connector. RESULTS In this 2011 guideline update, areas of major revision include: 1) management of dual anti-platelet therapy before operation, 2) use of drugs that augment red blood cell volume or limit blood loss, 3) use of blood derivatives including fresh frozen plasma, Factor XIII, leukoreduced red blood cells, platelet plasmapheresis, recombinant Factor VII, antithrombin III, and Factor IX concentrates, 4) changes in management of blood salvage, 5) use of minimally invasive procedures to limit perioperative bleeding and blood transfusion, 6) recommendations for blood conservation related to extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and cardiopulmonary perfusion, 7) use of topical hemostatic agents, and 8) new insights into the value of team interventions in blood management. CONCLUSIONS Much has changed since the previously published 2007 STS blood management guidelines and this document contains new and revised recommendations.
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Rubino AS, Serraino GF, Mariscalco G, Marsico R, Sala A, Renzulli A. Leukocyte Depletion During Extracorporeal Circulation Allows Better Organ Protection but Does Not Change Hospital Outcomes. Ann Thorac Surg 2011; 91:534-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2010.09.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2010] [Revised: 09/27/2010] [Accepted: 09/30/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Invited commentary. Ann Thorac Surg 2011; 91:540-1. [PMID: 21256309 DOI: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2010.11.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2010] [Revised: 11/11/2010] [Accepted: 11/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Joannidis M, Druml W, Forni LG, Groeneveld ABJ, Honore P, Oudemans-van Straaten HM, Ronco C, Schetz MRC, Woittiez AJ. Prevention of acute kidney injury and protection of renal function in the intensive care unit. Expert opinion of the Working Group for Nephrology, ESICM. Intensive Care Med 2010; 36:392-411. [PMID: 19921152 DOI: 10.1007/s00134-009-1678-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2008] [Accepted: 08/13/2009] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute renal failure on the intensive care unit is associated with significant mortality and morbidity. OBJECTIVES To determine recommendations for the prevention of acute kidney injury (AKI), focusing on the role of potential preventative maneuvers including volume expansion, diuretics, use of inotropes, vasopressors/vasodilators, hormonal interventions, nutrition, and extracorporeal techniques. METHOD A systematic search of the literature was performed for studies using these potential protective agents in adult patients at risk for acute renal failure/kidney injury between 1966 and 2009. The following clinical conditions were considered: major surgery, critical illness, sepsis, shock, and use of potentially nephrotoxic drugs and radiocontrast media. Where possible the following endpoints were extracted: creatinine clearance, glomerular filtration rate, increase in serum creatinine, urine output, and markers of tubular injury. Clinical endpoints included the need for renal replacement therapy, length of stay, and mortality. Studies are graded according to the international Grades of Recommendation, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) group system. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS Several measures are recommended, though none carries grade 1A. We recommend prompt resuscitation of the circulation with special attention to providing adequate hydration whilst avoiding high-molecular-weight hydroxy-ethyl starch (HES) preparations, maintaining adequate blood pressure using vasopressors in vasodilatory shock. We suggest specific vasodilators [corrected] under strict hemodynamic control, sodium bicarbonate for emergency procedures administering contrast media, and periprocedural hemofiltration in severe chronic renal insufficiency undergoing coronary intervention. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s00134-009-1678-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Joannidis
- Medical Intensive Care Unit, Department of Internal Medicine I, Medical University Innsbruck, Anichstasse 31, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
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Park M, Coca SG, Nigwekar SU, Garg AX, Garwood S, Parikh CR. Prevention and treatment of acute kidney injury in patients undergoing cardiac surgery: a systematic review. Am J Nephrol 2010; 31:408-18. [PMID: 20375494 PMCID: PMC2883845 DOI: 10.1159/000296277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2010] [Accepted: 03/02/2010] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute kidney injury (AKI) is common in patients undergoing cardiac surgery and is associated with a high rate of death, long-term sequelae and healthcare costs. We conducted a systematic review of randomized controlled trials for strategies to prevent or treat AKI in cardiac surgery. METHODS We screened Medline, Scopus, Cochrane Renal Library, and Google Scholar for randomized controlled trails in cardiac surgery for prevention or treatment of AKI in adults. RESULTS We identified 70 studies that contained a total of 5,554 participants published until November 2008. Most studies were small in sample size, were single-center, focused on preventive strategies, and displayed wide variation in AKI definitions. Only 26% were assessed to be of high quality according to the Jadad criteria. The types of strategies with possible protective efficacy were dopaminergic agents, vasodilators, anti-inflammatory agents, and pump/perfusion strategies. When analyzed separately, dopamine and N-acetylcysteine did not reduce the risk for AKI. CONCLUSIONS This summary of all the literature on prevention and treatment strategies for AKI in cardiac surgery highlights the need for better information. The results advocate large, good-quality, multicenter studies to determine whether promising interventions reliably reduce rates of acute renal replacement therapy and mortality in the cardiac surgery setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meyeon Park
- Clinical Epidemiology Research Center, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, West Haven, Conn., USA
- Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn., USA
| | - Steven G. Coca
- Clinical Epidemiology Research Center, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, West Haven, Conn., USA
- Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn., USA
| | - Sagar U. Nigwekar
- Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, N.Y., USA
| | - Amit X. Garg
- Division of Nephrology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ont., Canada
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Western Ontario, London, Ont., Canada
- Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences, Toronto, Ont., Canada
| | - Susan Garwood
- Department of Anesthesiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn., USA
| | - Chirag R. Parikh
- Clinical Epidemiology Research Center, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, West Haven, Conn., USA
- Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn., USA
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Endre ZH, Pickering JW. Outcome definitions in non-dialysis intervention and prevention trials in acute kidney injury (AKI). Nephrol Dial Transplant 2009; 25:107-18. [PMID: 19812232 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfp501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The risk, injury, failure, loss-of-function, end-stage-renal-failure (RIFLE) and acute kidney injury network (AKIN) consensus definitions of acute kidney injury (AKI) were established in part to facilitate comparison of trials. Contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) has traditionally used a less demanding definition. OBJECTIVES To review use of RIFLE and AKIN as AKI trial outcome variables and contrast these with outcomes for CIN. METHODS We conducted a search of PubMed from 1 January 2005 to 31 December 2008 and 9 trial registries for randomized control trials for preventional or interventional treatment of AKI and CIN. RESULTS RIFLE or AKIN were outcome variables in 36% (n = 8) of the published (n = 22) and 18% (n = 4) of the current (n = 22) AKI trials. RIFLE was used to triage to intervention in three trials. The urine output definition of RIFLE and AKIN was an outcome in only two trials. In 18% (n = 8) of AKI trials, the CIN definition (increase in serum creatinine of > or =25% and/or > or =44 micromol/l) was the primary outcome. This was also the primary outcome in 56% (n = 13) of published (n = 12) and current (n = 11) CIN trials. Three published CIN trials used RIFLE or AKIN as an outcome (13%). The duration over which outcomes were determined varied from 24 h to 7 days. CONCLUSIONS Considerable heterogeneity remains in outcome variables of AKI and CIN clinical trials. Even when the RIFLE or AKIN criteria were used, they were not applied consistently. There is a need for further consensus on surrogate outcome variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoltán H Endre
- Department of Medicine, Christchurch Kidney Research Group, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand.
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Nouri-Majalan N, Ardakani EF, Forouzannia K, Moshtaghian H. Effects of allopurinol and vitamin E on renal function in patients with cardiac coronary artery bypass grafts. Vasc Health Risk Manag 2009; 5:489-94. [PMID: 19554089 PMCID: PMC2697583 DOI: 10.2147/vhrm.s5761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Acute renal failure is a common complication of cardiac surgery, with oxidants found to play an important role in renal injury. We therefore assessed whether the supplemental antioxidant vitamin E and the inhibitor of xanthine oxidase allopurinol could prevent renal dysfunction after coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery. Methods: Of 60 patients with glomerular filtration rate (GFR) < 60 mL/min scheduled to undergo CABG surgery, 30 were randomized to treatment with vitamin E and allopurinol for 3–5 days before surgery and 30 to no treatment. Serum creatinine levels and potassium and creatinine clearances were measured preoperatively and daily until day 5 after surgery. Results: The patients consisted of 31 males and 29 females, with a mean age of 63 ± 9 years. After surgery, there were no significant differences in mean serum creatinine (1.2 ± 0.33 vs 1.2 ± 0.4 mg/dL; p = 0.43) concentrations, or creatinine clearance (52 ± 12.8 vs 52 ± 12.8 mL/min; p = 0.9). The frequency of acute renal failure did not differ in treatment group compared with control (16% vs 13%; p = 0.5). Length of stay in the intensive care unit (ICU) was significantly longer in the control than in the treated group (3.9 ± 1.5 vs 2.6 ± 0.7 days; p < 0.001). Conclusion: Prophylactic treatment with vitamin E and allopurinol had no renoprotective effects in patients with pre-existing renal failure undergoing CABG surgery. Treatment with these agents, however, reduces the duration of ICU stay.
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Current World Literature. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol 2008; 21:85-8. [DOI: 10.1097/aco.0b013e3282f5415f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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