(Modic-)Signalveränderungen vertebraler Endplatten und ihr Bezug zu einer minimalinvasiven Injektionstherapie lumbaler Bandscheibenvorfälle

Spontaneous resorption of lumbar disc herniation is less likely when modic changes are present

STUDY DESIGN

A retrospective survey on 85 consecutive patients with primary single-level lumbar disc herniation (LDH).

OBJECTIVE

To investigate associations between Modic changes (MCs) and the likelihood of resorption of herniated lumbar intervertebral discs.

SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA

Spontaneous resorption of LDH has been demonstrated, whereas the mechanisms are unclear. MCs are closely associated with disc degeneration, but research focusing on their association with spontaneous resorption of LDH has not been specifically investigated.

METHODS

Eighty-five consecutive patients with LDH (52 males, 33 females, aged 20-66 yr) were included. Patients' diagnosis was based on clinical presentation, magnetic resonance imaging, and computed tomography. Patients were divided into surgical and conservative groups and further divided into MC and non-MC subgroups. Spontaneous resorption and clinical success in the conservative group were assessed by reduction in the herniated volume and Oswestry Disability Index. Disc tissues collected from the surgical group were examined histologically, and immunohistochemistry was used to identify endothelial cells and macrophages.

RESULTS

In total, 35 of 85 patients showed MC, mostly type II. Herniated tissue in MC group contained relatively more hyaline cartilage endplate than that in non-MC group (on average, 50% vs. 8%, P < 0.05) but less nucleus pulposus (18% vs. 55%, P < 0.05). Conservative treatment reduced Oswestry Disability Index scores in non-MC group from 29.4 to 23.5 on average (P < 0.05), but reductions in MC group (30.1-29.0) were nonsignificant. Herniated volumes reduced after conservative treatment in non-MC group (0.44-0.21 cm3, P < 0.05) but not in MC group (0.52-0.45 cm3, P > 0.05). More neovascularization and macrophage infiltration was observed in herniated tissue from non-MC group than from MC group (P < 0.001).

CONCLUSION

MCs in patients with LDH are associated with cartilaginous herniations that resorb poorly, so that patients respond less well to conservative treatments. Loss of cartilaginous endplate may explain the origins of MCs and their association with disc infection.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE

3.

Epidural steroids: a comprehensive, evidence-based review

Epidural steroid injections (ESIs) are the most widely utilized pain management procedure in the world, their use supported by more than 45 placebo-controlled studies and dozens of systematic reviews. Despite the extensive literature on the subject, there continues to be considerable controversy surrounding their safety and efficacy. The results of clinical trials and review articles are heavily influenced by specialty, with those done by interventional pain physicians more likely to yield positive findings. Overall, more than half of controlled studies have demonstrated positive findings, suggesting a modest effect size lasting less than 3 months in well-selected individuals. Transforaminal injections are more likely to yield positive results than interlaminar or caudal injections, and subgroup analyses indicate a slightly greater likelihood for a positive response for lumbar herniated disk, compared with spinal stenosis or axial spinal pain. Other factors that may increase the likelihood of a positive outcome in clinical trials include the use of a nonepidural (eg, intramuscular) control group, higher volumes in the treatment group, and the use of depo-steroid. Serious complications are rare following ESIs, provided proper precautions are taken. Although there are no clinical trials comparing different numbers of injections, guidelines suggest that the number of injections should be tailored to individual response, rather than a set series. Most subgroup analyses of controlled studies show no difference in surgical rates between ESI and control patients; however, randomized studies conducted by spine surgeons, in surgically amenable patients with standardized operative criteria, indicate that in some patients the strategic use of ESI may prevent surgery.

Epidural steroid injections

Epidural steroid injection (ESI) is the most commonly performed intervention in pain clinics across the United States. This article provides an evidence-based review of ESI, including data on efficacy, patient selection, comparison of types, and complications. The data strongly suggest that ESI can provide short-term relief for radicular symptoms but are less compelling for long-term effects or relief of back pain. Although it has been asserted that transforaminal ESIs are more efficacious than interlaminar injections, the evidence supporting this is limited.

Minimum two-year follow-up of cases with recurrent disc herniation treated with microdiscectomy and posterior dynamic transpedicular stabilisation

The objective of this article is to evaluate two-year clinical and radiological follow-up results for patients who were treated with microdiscectomy and posterior dynamic transpedicular stabilisation (PDTS) due to recurrent disc herniation. This article is a prospective clinical study. We conducted microdiscectomy and PDTS (using a cosmic dynamic screw-rod system) in 40 cases (23 males, 17 females) with a diagnosis of recurrent disc herniation. Mean age of included patients was 48.92 +/- 12.18 years (range: 21-73 years). Patients were clinically and radiologically evaluated for follow-up for at least two years. Patients' postoperative clinical results and radiological outcomes were evaluated during the 3rd, 12th, and 24th months after surgery. Forty patients who underwent microdiscectomy and PDTS were followed for a mean of 41 months (range: 24-63 months). Both the Oswestry and VAS scores showed significant improvements two years postoperatively in comparison to preoperative scores (p<0.01). There were no significant differences between any of the three measured radiological parameters (alpha, LL, IVS) after two years of follow-up (p > 0.05). New recurrent disc herniations were not observed during follow-up in any of the patients. We observed complications in two patients. Performing microdiscectomy and PDTS after recurrent disc herniation can decrease the risk of postoperative segmental instability. This approach reduces the frequency of failed back syndrome with low back pain and sciatica.

Vertebral endplate signal changes (Modic change): a systematic literature review of prevalence and association with non-specific low back pain

The prevalence of "vertebral endplate signal changes" (VESC) and its association with low back pain (LBP) varies greatly between studies. This wide range in reported prevalence rates and associations with LBP could be explained by differences in the definitions of VESC, LBP, or study sample. The objectives of this systematic critical review were to investigate the current literature in relation to the prevalence of VESC (including Modic changes) and the association with non-specific low back pain (LBP). The MEDLINE, EMBASE, and SveMED databases were searched for the period 1984 to November 2007. Included were the articles that reported the prevalence of VESC in non-LBP, general, working, and clinical populations. Included were also articles that investigated the association between VESC and LBP. Articles on specific LBP conditions were excluded. A checklist including items related to the research questions and overall quality of the articles was used for data collection and quality assessment. The reported prevalence rates were studied in relation to mean age, gender, study sample, year of publication, country of study, and quality score. To estimate the association between VESC and LBP, 2 x 2 tables were created to calculate the exact odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence intervals. Eighty-two study samples from 77 original articles were identified and included in the analysis. The median of the reported prevalence rates for any type of VESC was 43% in patients with non-specific LBP and/or sciatica and 6% in non-clinical populations. The prevalence was positively associated with age and was negatively associated with the overall quality of the studies. A positive association between VESC and non-specific LBP was found in seven of ten studies from the general, working, and clinical populations with ORs from 2.0 to 19.9. This systematic review shows that VESC is a common MRI-finding in patients with non-specific LBP and is associated with pain. However, it should be noted that VESC may be present in individuals without LBP.