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Pathogenic Network Analysis Predicts Candidate Genes for Cervical Cancer. COMPUTATIONAL AND MATHEMATICAL METHODS IN MEDICINE 2016; 2016:3186051. [PMID: 27034707 PMCID: PMC4789371 DOI: 10.1155/2016/3186051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Revised: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Purpose. The objective of our study was to predicate candidate genes in cervical cancer (CC) using a network-based strategy and to understand the pathogenic process of CC. Methods. A pathogenic network of CC was extracted based on known pathogenic genes (seed genes) and differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between CC and normal controls. Subsequently, cluster analysis was performed to identify the subnetworks in the pathogenic network using ClusterONE. Each gene in the pathogenic network was assigned a weight value, and then candidate genes were obtained based on the weight distribution. Eventually, pathway enrichment analysis for candidate genes was performed. Results. In this work, a total of 330 DEGs were identified between CC and normal controls. From the pathogenic network, 2 intensely connected clusters were extracted, and a total of 52 candidate genes were detected under the weight values greater than 0.10. Among these candidate genes, VIM had the highest weight value. Moreover, candidate genes MMP1, CDC45, and CAT were, respectively, enriched in pathway in cancer, cell cycle, and methane metabolism. Conclusion. Candidate pathogenic genes including MMP1, CDC45, CAT, and VIM might be involved in the pathogenesis of CC. We believe that our results can provide theoretical guidelines for future clinical application.
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Ichim TE, Minev B, Braciak T, Luna B, Hunninghake R, Mikirova NA, Jackson JA, Gonzalez MJ, Miranda-Massari JR, Alexandrescu DT, Dasanu CA, Bogin V, Ancans J, Stevens RB, Markosian B, Koropatnick J, Chen CS, Riordan NH. Intravenous ascorbic acid to prevent and treat cancer-associated sepsis? J Transl Med 2011; 9:25. [PMID: 21375761 PMCID: PMC3061919 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-9-25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2010] [Accepted: 03/04/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The history of ascorbic acid (AA) and cancer has been marked with controversy. Clinical studies evaluating AA in cancer outcome continue to the present day. However, the wealth of data suggesting that AA may be highly beneficial in addressing cancer-associated inflammation, particularly progression to systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) and multi organ failure (MOF), has been largely overlooked. Patients with advanced cancer are generally deficient in AA. Once these patients develop septic symptoms, a further decrease in ascorbic acid levels occurs. Given the known role of ascorbate in: a) maintaining endothelial and suppression of inflammatory markers; b) protection from sepsis in animal models; and c) direct antineoplastic effects, we propose the use of ascorbate as an adjuvant to existing modalities in the treatment and prevention of cancer-associated sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas E Ichim
- Department of Orthomolecular Studies, Riordan Clinic, 3100 N Hillside, Wichita, Kansas, 67210, USA
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Medistem Inc, 9255 Towne Centre Drive, San Diego, California, 92121. USA
| | - Boris Minev
- Department of Medicine, Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, 3855 Health Sciences Dr, San Diego, California, 92121, USA
| | - Todd Braciak
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Medistem Inc, 9255 Towne Centre Drive, San Diego, California, 92121. USA
- Department of Immunology, Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, 3550 General Atomics Court, La Jolla, California,92121, USA
| | - Brandon Luna
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Medistem Inc, 9255 Towne Centre Drive, San Diego, California, 92121. USA
| | - Ron Hunninghake
- Department of Orthomolecular Studies, Riordan Clinic, 3100 N Hillside, Wichita, Kansas, 67210, USA
| | - Nina A Mikirova
- Department of Orthomolecular Studies, Riordan Clinic, 3100 N Hillside, Wichita, Kansas, 67210, USA
| | - James A Jackson
- Department of Orthomolecular Studies, Riordan Clinic, 3100 N Hillside, Wichita, Kansas, 67210, USA
| | - Michael J Gonzalez
- Department of Human Development, Nutrition Program, University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, 00936-5067, PR
| | - Jorge R Miranda-Massari
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus, School of Pharmacy, San Juan, 00936-5067, PR
| | - Doru T Alexandrescu
- Department of Experimental Studies, Georgetown Dermatology, 3301 New Mexico Ave, Washington DC, 20018, USA
| | - Constantin A Dasanu
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, University of Connecticut, 115 North Eagleville Road, Hartford, Connecticut, 06269, USA
| | - Vladimir Bogin
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Medistem Inc, 9255 Towne Centre Drive, San Diego, California, 92121. USA
| | - Janis Ancans
- Department of Surgery, University of Latvia, 19 Raina Blvd, Riga, LV 1586, Latvia
| | - R Brian Stevens
- Department of Surgery, Microbiology, and Pathology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 42nd and Emile, Omaha, Nebraska, 86198, USA
| | - Boris Markosian
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Medistem Inc, 9255 Towne Centre Drive, San Diego, California, 92121. USA
| | - James Koropatnick
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and Department of Oncology, Lawson Health Research Institute and The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario, N2G 3M5, Canada
| | - Chien-Shing Chen
- School of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Loma Linda University,24851 Circle Dr, Loma Linda, California, 92354, USA
| | - Neil H Riordan
- Department of Orthomolecular Studies, Riordan Clinic, 3100 N Hillside, Wichita, Kansas, 67210, USA
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Medistem Inc, 9255 Towne Centre Drive, San Diego, California, 92121. USA
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de Souza AP, Bonorino C. Tumor immunosuppressive environment: effects on tumor-specific and nontumor antigen immune responses. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2009; 9:1317-32. [PMID: 19761435 DOI: 10.1586/era.09.88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The interactions between cancer cells and host immune cells in tumoral microenvironments create an immunosuppressive network that promotes tumor growth, protects the tumor from immune attack and attenuates the efficacy of immunotherapeutic approaches. The development of immune tolerance becomes predominant in the immune system of patients with advanced-stage tumors. Several mechanisms have been described by which tumors can suppress the immune system, including secretion of cytokines, alterations in antigen-presenting cell subsets, costimulatory and coinhibitory molecule alterations and altered ratios of Tregs to effector T cells. It is well demonstrated that these mechanisms of immunosuppression can impair tumor specific immune responses. However, it is not well established whether this immunosuppressive environment can affect immune responses to nontumor antigens, specifically in regard to priming and the development of memory. The few existing studies indicate that responses to nontumor antigens seem unaffected, although there is still a deep lack of understanding of this phenomenon. This is an important issue regarding patient endurance and quality of life. Here, we review the existing evidence on immunosuppression promoted by tumors, with particular attention to its impact on specific immune responses. Understanding these interactions can help us subvert tumor-induced tolerance and optimize anti-tumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula de Souza
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular (FABIO) and Instituto de Pesquisas Biomédicas, PUCRS. Av. Ipiranga, 6690 2o andar; 90610-90000 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The purpose of this review is to understand the role of the host immune system in clearing the human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, strategies adopted by HPV to subvert the host immune responses and analyze the challenges to the future immunotherapeutic treatment modalities. RECENT FINDINGS Cervical epithelium provides a protective niche to the virus to subvert the immune responses. The absence of an inflammatory milieu in the cervix makes the resident dendritic and langerhan cells tolerogenic to HPV antigens. CD4 cells predominated in regressing cervical intraepithelial neoplasia lesions, whereas CD8 cells were dominant in invasive carcinoma. A reduced expression of T cell signaling molecule T-cell receptor zeta chain was observed in CD8 lymphocytes. Decreased numbers of NKG2D expressing natural killer and T cells were present in patients with cervical cancer and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. Increased frequencies of CD4 CD25+ FoxP3+ T regulatory cells were observed in patients with cervical cancer. The Nrp-1+Treg showed greater suppressive activity. A network of Treg and indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase expressed in tumor cells facilitates immune escape of tumor cells. SUMMARY The HPV uses different strategies to evade immune recognition. Understanding the immune evasion mechanisms used by HPV will help in designing newer therapeutic strategies for cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati Patel
- Chiplunkar Lab, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer, Tata Memorial Centre, Navi Mumbai, India
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