1
|
Abstract
The asymmetric alkylation of enolates is a particularly versatile method for the construction of α-stereogenic carbonyl motifs, which are ubiquitous in synthetic chemistry. Over the past several decades, the focus has shifted to the development of new catalytic methods that depart from classical stoichiometric stereoinduction strategies (e.g., chiral auxiliaries, chiral alkali metal amide bases, chiral electrophiles, etc.). In this way, the enantioselective alkylation of prochiral enolates greatly improves the step- and redox-economy of this process, in addition to enhancing the scope and selectivity of these reactions. In this review, we summarize the origin and advancement of catalytic enantioselective enolate alkylation methods, with a directed emphasis on the union of prochiral nucleophiles with carbon-centered electrophiles for the construction of α-stereogenic carbonyl derivatives. Hence, the transformative developments for each distinct class of nucleophile (e.g., ketone enolates, ester enolates, amide enolates, etc.) are presented in a modular format to highlight the state-of-the-art methods and current limitations in each area.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy B Wright
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University, 90 Bader Lane, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - P Andrew Evans
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University, 90 Bader Lane, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada.,Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan, P. R. of China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Pàmies O, Margalef J, Cañellas S, James J, Judge E, Guiry PJ, Moberg C, Bäckvall JE, Pfaltz A, Pericàs MA, Diéguez M. Recent Advances in Enantioselective Pd-Catalyzed Allylic Substitution: From Design to Applications. Chem Rev 2021; 121:4373-4505. [PMID: 33739109 PMCID: PMC8576828 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
This Review compiles the evolution, mechanistic understanding, and more recent advances in enantioselective Pd-catalyzed allylic substitution and decarboxylative and oxidative allylic substitutions. For each reaction, the catalytic data, as well as examples of their application to the synthesis of more complex molecules, are collected. Sections in which we discuss key mechanistic aspects for high selectivity and a comparison with other metals (with advantages and disadvantages) are also included. For Pd-catalyzed asymmetric allylic substitution, the catalytic data are grouped according to the type of nucleophile employed. Because of the prominent position of the use of stabilized carbon nucleophiles and heteronucleophiles, many chiral ligands have been developed. To better compare the results, they are presented grouped by ligand types. Pd-catalyzed asymmetric decarboxylative reactions are mainly promoted by PHOX or Trost ligands, which justifies organizing this section in chronological order. For asymmetric oxidative allylic substitution the results are grouped according to the type of nucleophile used.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Pàmies
- Universitat
Rovira i Virgili, Departament de
Química Física i Inorgànica, C/Marcel·lí Domingo, 1, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Jèssica Margalef
- Universitat
Rovira i Virgili, Departament de
Química Física i Inorgànica, C/Marcel·lí Domingo, 1, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Santiago Cañellas
- Discovery
Sciences, Janssen Research and Development, Janssen-Cilag, S.A. Jarama 75A, 45007, Toledo, Spain
| | - Jinju James
- Centre
for Synthesis and Chemical Biology, School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Eric Judge
- Centre
for Synthesis and Chemical Biology, School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Patrick J. Guiry
- Centre
for Synthesis and Chemical Biology, School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Christina Moberg
- KTH
Royal Institute of Technology, Department of Chemistry, Organic Chemistry, SE 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jan-E. Bäckvall
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, SE 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andreas Pfaltz
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Basel. St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Miquel A. Pericàs
- Institute
of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
- Departament
de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica, Universitat de Barcelona. 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Montserrat Diéguez
- Universitat
Rovira i Virgili, Departament de
Química Física i Inorgànica, C/Marcel·lí Domingo, 1, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Dyachenko VD, Sukach SM, Morkovnik AS. 2-Acylcycloalkanones in Organic Synthesis. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070428020060019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
4
|
Affiliation(s)
- Jon A. Tunge
- Department of Chemistry The University of Kansas 1567 Irving Hill Rd. Lawrence, KS 66045 USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Liu J, Mishra S, Aponick A. Enol Acetates: Versatile Substrates for the Enantioselective Intermolecular Tsuji Allylation. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:16152-16158. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b08746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ji Liu
- Florida Center for Heterocyclic Compounds and Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Sourabh Mishra
- Florida Center for Heterocyclic Compounds and Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Aaron Aponick
- Florida Center for Heterocyclic Compounds and Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Vita MV, Caramenti P, Waser J. Enantioselective Synthesis of Homoallylic Azides and Nitriles via Palladium-Catalyzed Decarboxylative Allylation. Org Lett 2015; 17:5832-5. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.5b03002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jerome Waser
- Laboratory
of Catalysis and Organic Synthesis, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL SB ISIC LCSO, BCH 4306, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Craig RA, Loskot SA, Mohr JT, Behenna DC, Harned AM, Stoltz BM. Palladium-Catalyzed Enantioselective Decarboxylative Allylic Alkylation of Cyclopentanones. Org Lett 2015; 17:5160-3. [PMID: 26501770 PMCID: PMC4640231 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.5b02376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The first general method for the enantioselective construction of all-carbon quaternary centers on cyclopentanones by enantioselective palladium-catalyzed decarboxylative allylic alkylation is described. Employing the electronically modified (S)-(p-CF3)3-t-BuPHOX ligand, α-quaternary cyclopentanones were isolated in yields up to >99% with ee's up to 94%. Additionally, in order to facilitate large-scale application of this method, a low catalyst loading protocol was employed, using as little as 0.15 mol % Pd, furnishing the product without any loss in ee.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Craig
- Warren and Katharine Schlinger Laboratory for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology , MC 101-20, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Steven A Loskot
- Warren and Katharine Schlinger Laboratory for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology , MC 101-20, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Justin T Mohr
- Warren and Katharine Schlinger Laboratory for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology , MC 101-20, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Douglas C Behenna
- Warren and Katharine Schlinger Laboratory for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology , MC 101-20, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Andrew M Harned
- Warren and Katharine Schlinger Laboratory for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology , MC 101-20, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Brian M Stoltz
- Warren and Katharine Schlinger Laboratory for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology , MC 101-20, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Behenna DC, Liu Y, Yurino T, Kim J, White DE, Virgil SC, Stoltz BM. Enantioselective construction of quaternary N-heterocycles by palladium-catalysed decarboxylative allylic alkylation of lactams. Nat Chem 2011; 4:130-3. [PMID: 22270628 PMCID: PMC3266627 DOI: 10.1038/nchem.1222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2011] [Accepted: 11/07/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The enantioselective synthesis of nitrogen-containing heterocycles (N-heterocycles) represents a substantial chemical research effort and resonates across numerous disciplines, including the total synthesis of natural products and medicinal chemistry. In this Article, we describe the highly enantioselective palladium-catalysed decarboxylative allylic alkylation of readily available lactams to form 3,3-disubstituted pyrrolidinones, piperidinones, caprolactams and structurally related lactams. Given the prevalence of quaternary N-heterocycles in biologically active alkaloids and pharmaceutical agents, we envisage that our method will provide a synthetic entry into the de novo asymmetric synthesis of such structures. As an entry for these investigations we demonstrate how the described catalysis affords enantiopure quaternary lactams that intercept synthetic intermediates previously used in the synthesis of the Aspidosperma alkaloids quebrachamine and rhazinilam, but that were previously only available by chiral auxiliary approaches or as racemic mixtures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Douglas C. Behenna
- The Warren and Katharine Schlinger Laboratory for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and The Caltech Center for Catalysis and Chemical Synthesis, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125
| | - Yiyang Liu
- The Warren and Katharine Schlinger Laboratory for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and The Caltech Center for Catalysis and Chemical Synthesis, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125
| | - Taiga Yurino
- The Warren and Katharine Schlinger Laboratory for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and The Caltech Center for Catalysis and Chemical Synthesis, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125
| | - Jimin Kim
- The Warren and Katharine Schlinger Laboratory for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and The Caltech Center for Catalysis and Chemical Synthesis, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125
| | - David E. White
- The Warren and Katharine Schlinger Laboratory for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and The Caltech Center for Catalysis and Chemical Synthesis, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125
| | - Scott C. Virgil
- The Warren and Katharine Schlinger Laboratory for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and The Caltech Center for Catalysis and Chemical Synthesis, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125
| | - Brian M. Stoltz
- The Warren and Katharine Schlinger Laboratory for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and The Caltech Center for Catalysis and Chemical Synthesis, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Organocatalytic enantioselective Michael addition reactions of fluoromalonates with α,β-unsaturated aldehydes. Sci China Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-010-0031-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|