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Pycke JR, Billat V. Marathon Performance Depends on Pacing Oscillations between Non Symmetric Extreme Values. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19042463. [PMID: 35206654 PMCID: PMC8877899 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19042463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
A marathon was recently run in less than 2 h by a man who ran the three fastest marathons ever recorded in a span of three years—Eliud Kipchoge—in the Tokyo Olympic games. Here, we demonstrate that the best marathons were run according to a pace distribution that is statistically not constant and with negative asymmetry. The concept of mirror race enables us to show that the sign of asymmetry is not due to sampling fluctuations. We show that marathon performance depends on pacing oscillations between extreme values, and that even the best marathons ever run differ and can be improved upon. The utilization of extreme values and oscillations allows for recovery and optimization of the complementary aerobic and anaerobic metabolisms. Our findings suggest new ways to approach the pacing for optimizing endurance performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Renaud Pycke
- UMR8071—CNRS-Laboratoire de Mathématiques et Modélisation d’Evry (LaMME), University of Paris-Saclay (Evry), 91037 Evry, France
- Correspondence:
| | - Véronique Billat
- Department of STAPS, University of Paris-Saclay (Evry), 91037 Evry, France;
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Molinari CA, Palacin F, Poinsard L, Billat VL. Determination of Submaximal and Maximal Training Zones From a 3-Stage, Variable-Duration, Perceptually Regulated Track Test. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2020; 15:853-861. [PMID: 32176864 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2019-0423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To validate a new perceptually regulated, self-paced maximal oxygen consumption field test (the Running Advisor Billat Training [RABIT] test) that can be used by recreational runners to define personalized training zones. DESIGN In a cross-sectional study, male and female recreational runners (N = 12; mean [SD] age = 43 [8] y) completed 3 maximal exercise tests (2 RABIT tests and a University of Montreal Track Test), with a 48-hour interval between tests. METHODS The University of Montreal Track Test was a continuous, incremental track test with a 0.5-km·h-1 increment every minute until exhaustion. The RABIT tests were conducted at intensities of 11, 14, and 17 on the rating of perceived exertion (RPE) scale for 10, 5, and 3 minutes, respectively, with a 1-minute rest between efforts. RESULTS The 2 RABIT tests and the University of Montreal Track Test gave similar mean (SD) maximal oxygen consumption values (53.9 [6.4], 56.4 [9.1], and 55.4 [7.6] mL·kg-1·min-1, respectively, P = .722). The cardiorespiratory and speed responses were reliable as a function of the running intensity (RPE: 11, 14, and 17) and the relative time point for each RPE stage. Indeed, the oxygen consumption, heart rate, ventilation, and speed values did not differ significantly when the running time was expressed as a relative duration of 30%, 60%, or 90% (ie, at 3, 6, and 9 min of a 10-min effort at RPE 11; P = .997). CONCLUSIONS The results demonstrate that the RABIT test is a valid method for defining submaximal and maximal training zones in recreational runners.
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Trojbicz LR, Damasceno MV, Pasqua LA, Gáspari AF, Lima-Silva AE, Bertuzzi R. Parasympathetic activity delayed after self-paced exercise. Eur J Sport Sci 2018; 18:842-850. [PMID: 29667537 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2018.1462855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The main purpose of this study was to compare the effect of the constant load and self-paced exercise with similar total work on autonomic control after endurance exercise. Ten physically active men were submitted to (i) a maximal incremental exercise test, (ii) a 4-km cycling time trial (4-km TT), and (iii) a constant workload test with identical total external work performed at 4-km TT. Gas exchange was measured throughout the tests, while blood lactate, heart rate, and heart rate variability (HRV) were measured during the passive recovery. Power output measured at the last lap (i.e. 3600-4000 m) of 4-km TT (316 ± 89 W) was statistically higher than power output measured at the end of the constant workload exercise (211 ± 42 W). The 4-km TT produced higher values of blood lactate concentration (8.8 ± 2.1 mmol L-1) than the constant workload test (7.8 ± 2.1 mmol L-1). The heart rate recovery measured at 60 s (constant workload: 37 ± 7 bpm; 4-km TT: 30 ± 6) and 120 s (constant workload: 57 ± 9 bpm; 4-km TT: 51 ± 9 bpm) were higher in the constant workload than in the self-paced exercise. The HRV (i.e. RMSSD30s) was statistically higher in the constant load exercise measured at 120, 420, 450, 480, 540, and 570 s than the self-paced exercise. These findings suggest that the autonomic control responses were dependent of the endurance exercise modalities, with parasympathetic activity being delayed after self-paced exercise, as evidenced by post-exercise heart rate indices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Rosiello Trojbicz
- a Endurance Sports Research Group (GEDAE-USP), School of Physical Education and Sport , University of São Paulo , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Mayara Vieira Damasceno
- a Endurance Sports Research Group (GEDAE-USP), School of Physical Education and Sport , University of São Paulo , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Leonardo Alves Pasqua
- a Endurance Sports Research Group (GEDAE-USP), School of Physical Education and Sport , University of São Paulo , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Arthur Fernandes Gáspari
- a Endurance Sports Research Group (GEDAE-USP), School of Physical Education and Sport , University of São Paulo , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Adriano Eduardo Lima-Silva
- b Sports Science Research Group, Faculty of Nutrition , Federal University of Pernambuco , Recife , Brazil.,c Human Performance Research Group , Technological Federal University of Parana , Parana , Brazil
| | - Rômulo Bertuzzi
- a Endurance Sports Research Group (GEDAE-USP), School of Physical Education and Sport , University of São Paulo , São Paulo , Brazil
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Skorski S, Abbiss CR. The Manipulation of Pace within Endurance Sport. Front Physiol 2017; 8:102. [PMID: 28289392 PMCID: PMC5326767 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
In any athletic event, the ability to appropriately distribute energy is essential to prevent premature fatigue prior to the completion of the event. In sport science literature this is termed "pacing." Within the past decade, research aiming to better understand the underlying mechanisms influencing the selection of an athlete's pacing during exercise has dramatically increased. It is suggested that pacing is a combination of anticipation, knowledge of the end-point, prior experience and sensory feedback. In order to better understand the role each of these factors have in the regulation of pace, studies have often manipulated various conditions known to influence performance such as the feedback provided to participants, the starting strategy or environmental conditions. As with all research there are several factors that should be considered in the interpretation of results from these studies. Thus, this review aims at discussing the pacing literature examining the manipulation of: (i) energy expenditure and pacing strategies, (ii) kinematics or biomechanics, (iii) exercise environment, and (iv) fatigue development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Skorski
- Institute of Sports and Preventive Medicine, Saarland University Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Chris R Abbiss
- Centre for Exercise and Sports Science Research, School of Exercise and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University Joondalup, WA, Australia
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Hou SK, Chiu YH, Tsai YF, Tai LC, Hou PC, How CK, Yang CC, Kao WF. Clinical Impact of Speed Variability to Identify Ultramarathon Runners at Risk for Acute Kidney Injury. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0133146. [PMID: 26176768 PMCID: PMC4503592 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ultramarathon is a high endurance exercise associated with a wide range of exercise-related problems, such as acute kidney injury (AKI). Early recognition of individuals at risk of AKI during ultramarathon event is critical for implementing preventative strategies. OBJECTIVES To investigate the impact of speed variability to identify the exercise-related acute kidney injury anticipatively in ultramarathon event. METHODS This is a prospective, observational study using data from a 100 km ultramarathon in Taipei, Taiwan. The distance of entire ultramarathon race was divided into 10 splits. The mean and variability of speed, which was determined by the coefficient of variation (CV) in each 10 km-split (25 laps of 400 m oval track) were calculated for enrolled runners. Baseline characteristics and biochemical data were collected completely 1 week before, immediately post-race, and one day after race. The main outcome was the development of AKI, defined as Stage II or III according to the Acute Kidney Injury Network (AKIN) criteria. Multivariate analysis was performed to determine the independent association between variables and AKI development. RESULTS 26 ultramarathon runners were analyzed in the study. The overall incidence of AKI (in all Stages) was 84.6% (22 in 26 runners). Among these 22 runners, 18 runners were determined as Stage I, 4 runners (15.4%) were determined as Stage II, and none was in Stage III. The covariates of BMI (25.22 ± 2.02 vs. 22.55 ± 1.96, p = 0.02), uric acid (6.88 ± 1.47 vs. 5.62 ± 0.86, p = 0.024), and CV of speed in specific 10-km splits (from secondary 10 km-split (10th - 20th km-split) to 60th - 70th km-split) were significantly different between runners with or without AKI (Stage II) in univariate analysis and showed discrimination ability in ROC curve. In the following multivariate analysis, only CV of speed in 40th - 50th km-split continued to show a significant association to the development of AKI (Stage II) (p = 0.032). CONCLUSIONS The development of exercise-related AKI was not infrequent in the ultramarathon runners. Because not all runners can routinely receive laboratory studies after race, variability of running speed (CV of speed) may offer a timely and efficient tool to identify AKI early during the competition, and used as a surrogate screening tool, at-risk runners can be identified and enrolled into prevention trials, such as adequate fluid management and avoidance of further NSAID use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sen-Kuang Hou
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Yu-Hui Chiu
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Fang Tsai
- Department of General Surgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ling-Chen Tai
- Department of General Surgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Peter C. Hou
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Chorng-Kuang How
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Chang Yang
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Fong Kao
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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Hanson NJ, Buckworth J. The effect of endpoint knowledge on perceived exertion, affect, and attentional focus during self-paced running. J Strength Cond Res 2014; 29:934-41. [PMID: 25353077 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000000737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of endpoint knowledge on psychophysiological variables. Twenty-two runners (11 men and 11 women) participated in 2 conditions: a run with an unknown endpoint and a run to the same distance with knowledge of the endpoint. Rating of perceived exertion (RPE), affect, heart rate, and attentional focus were assessed during testing. Subjects ran faster when the endpoint was known (p < 0.01) but no differences in RPE, affect, or heart rate between conditions were present (p > 0.05). There were differences in attentional focus between conditions (p = 0.034) and subjects reported more associative thoughts in the known endpoint condition. Cardiorespiratory fitness was a significant predictor of attentional focus in the known endpoint condition. In sum, when the endpoint was known, subjects used more associative strategies as RPE increased, and those with higher fitness levels used more associative strategies overall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Hanson
- Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
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High-intensity interval training, solutions to the programming puzzle: Part I: cardiopulmonary emphasis. Sports Med 2013; 43:313-38. [PMID: 23539308 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-013-0029-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 679] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
High-intensity interval training (HIT), in a variety of forms, is today one of the most effective means of improving cardiorespiratory and metabolic function and, in turn, the physical performance of athletes. HIT involves repeated short-to-long bouts of rather high-intensity exercise interspersed with recovery periods. For team and racquet sport players, the inclusion of sprints and all-out efforts into HIT programmes has also been shown to be an effective practice. It is believed that an optimal stimulus to elicit both maximal cardiovascular and peripheral adaptations is one where athletes spend at least several minutes per session in their 'red zone,' which generally means reaching at least 90% of their maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max). While use of HIT is not the only approach to improve physiological parameters and performance, there has been a growth in interest by the sport science community for characterizing training protocols that allow athletes to maintain long periods of time above 90% of VO2max (T@VO2max). In addition to T@VO2max, other physiological variables should also be considered to fully characterize the training stimulus when programming HIT, including cardiovascular work, anaerobic glycolytic energy contribution and acute neuromuscular load and musculoskeletal strain. Prescription for HIT consists of the manipulation of up to nine variables, which include the work interval intensity and duration, relief interval intensity and duration, exercise modality, number of repetitions, number of series, as well as the between-series recovery duration and intensity. The manipulation of any of these variables can affect the acute physiological responses to HIT. This article is Part I of a subsequent II-part review and will discuss the different aspects of HIT programming, from work/relief interval manipulation to the selection of exercise mode, using different examples of training cycles from different sports, with continued reference to T@VO2max and cardiovascular responses. Additional programming and periodization considerations will also be discussed with respect to other variables such as anaerobic glycolytic system contribution (as inferred from blood lactate accumulation), neuromuscular load and musculoskeletal strain (Part II).
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Billat V, Petot H, Karp JR, Sarre G, Morton RH, Mille-Hamard L. The sustainability of VO2max: effect of decreasing the workload. Eur J Appl Physiol 2012; 113:385-94. [PMID: 22752344 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-012-2424-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2011] [Accepted: 05/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Véronique Billat
- INSERM U902, University Genopole Evry, ZAC Bras de Fer, 3 bis impasse Christophe Colomb, Evry, France.
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Schlader ZJ, Raman A, Morton RH, Stannard SR, Mündel T. Exercise modality modulates body temperature regulation during exercise in uncompensable heat stress. Eur J Appl Physiol 2010; 111:757-66. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-010-1692-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/05/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Thatcher J, Kuroda Y, Thatcher R, Legrand F. Perceptual and cognitive responses during exercise: Relationships with metamotivational state and dominance. Eur J Sport Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/17461390903470012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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