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Seeing the unseen of Chinese herbal medicine processing ( Paozhi): advances in new perspectives. Chin Med 2018; 13:4. [PMID: 29375653 PMCID: PMC5773022 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-018-0163-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Processing (Paozhi) represents a unique Chinese pharmaceutic technique to facilitate the use of Chinese herbal medicines (CHMs) for a specific clinical need in the guidance of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) theory. Traditionally, most CHMs require a proper processing to meet the needs of specific clinical syndromes before being prescribed by TCM practitioners. During processing, significant changes in chemical profiles occur, which inevitably influence the associated pharmacological properties of a CHM. However, although processing is formed in a long-term practice, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear for most CHMs. The deepening understanding of the mechanism of processing would provide scientific basis for standardization of processing. This review introduced the role of processing in TCM and several typical methods of processing. We also summarized the up-to-date efforts on the mechanistic study of CHM processing. The processing mechanisms mainly include the following aspects: (i) directly reducing contents of toxic constituents; (ii) structural transformation of constituents; (iii) improving solubility of constituents; (iv) physically changing the existing form of constituents; (v) and influence by excipients. These progress may give new insights into future researches.
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Patel K, Laloo D, Singh GK, Gadewar M, Patel DK. A review on medicinal uses, analytical techniques and pharmacological activities of Strychnos nux-vomica Linn.: A concise report. Chin J Integr Med 2017:10.1007/s11655-016-2514-1. [PMID: 28120207 DOI: 10.1007/s11655-016-2514-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this review is to provide comprehensive and relevant information on the utilization and pharmacological activities of Strychnos nux-vomica Linn. (Loganiaceae), used for the treatment of various diseases. Strychnos nux-vomica is an evergreen tree native to Southeast Asia and its dried seeds are used for the treatment of neurodisorders, arthritis and vomiting. The different use of this plant as herbal remedy in Chinese medicine is also reported in the literature. Strychnine and brucine are major pharmacologically active phytoconstituents of Strychnos nux-vomica, which are central nervous stimulant, but also found to be poisonous at high dosage. Owing to its diversity of phytoconstituents, it is used for treatment of various disorders. Pharmacologically it has been validated for its effect on inflammation, microbial infections, gastrointestinal problem, nervous system, bones cells, cardiovascular systems, cancer and blood glucose level. It also has antioxidant activity and antifeedant activity. Informations about Strychnos nux-vomica, compiled in the present review article could be useful to the researchers for the scientific validation of its traditional claim in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanika Patel
- GLA Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Mathura, 281406, India
| | - Damiki Laloo
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Gireesh Kumar Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Manoj Gadewar
- Sri Kakatiya Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Warangal, 506004, India
| | - Dinesh Kumar Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India.
- Department of Pharmacy, Galgotias University, Greater Noida, 203201, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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Nakamura Y, Matsunaga H, Haginaka J. Preparation of molecularly imprinted polymers for strychnine by precipitation polymerization and multistep swelling and polymerization and their application for the selective extraction of strychnine from nux-vomica
extract powder. J Sep Sci 2016; 39:1542-50. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201600027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Revised: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yukari Nakamura
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences; Mukogawa Women's University; Nishinomiya Japan
| | - Hisami Matsunaga
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences; Mukogawa Women's University; Nishinomiya Japan
| | - Jun Haginaka
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences; Mukogawa Women's University; Nishinomiya Japan
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Maurya SK, Seth A, Laloo D, Singh NK, Gautam DNS, Singh AK. Śodhana: An Ayurvedic process for detoxification and modification of therapeutic activities of poisonous medicinal plants. Anc Sci Life 2015; 34:188-97. [PMID: 26283803 PMCID: PMC4535066 DOI: 10.4103/0257-7941.160862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Ayurveda involves the use of drugs obtained from plants, animals, and mineral origin. All the three sources of drugs can be divided under poisonous and nonpoisonous category. There are various crude drugs, which generally possess unwanted impurities and toxic substances, which can lead to harmful health problems. Many authors have reported that not all medicinal plants are safe to use since they can bear many toxic and harmful phytoconstituents in them. Śodhana (detoxification/purification) is the process, which involves the conversion of any poisonous drug into beneficial, nonpoisonous/nontoxic ones. Vatsanābha (Aconitum species), Semecarpus anacardium, Strychnos nux-vomica, Acorus calamus, Abrus precatorius etc., are some of the interesting examples of toxic plants, which are still used in the Indian system of medicine. Aconite, bhilawanols, strychnine, β-asarone, abrin are some of the toxic components present in these plants and are relatively toxic in nature. Śodhana process involves the purification as well as reduction in the levels of toxic principles which sometimes results in an enhanced therapeutic efficacy. The present review is designed to extensively discuss and understand the scientific basis of the alternative use of toxic plants as a medicine after their purification process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh Kumar Maurya
- Department of Ayurveda Pharmacy, Ayurvedic Pharmacy Laboratory, Rajiv Gandhi South Campus, Banaras Hindu University, Barkachha, Mirzapur, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ankit Seth
- Department of Ayurveda Pharmacy, Ayurvedic Pharmacy Laboratory, Rajiv Gandhi South Campus, Banaras Hindu University, Barkachha, Mirzapur, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Damiki Laloo
- Department of Ayurveda Pharmacy, Ayurvedic Pharmacy Laboratory, Rajiv Gandhi South Campus, Banaras Hindu University, Barkachha, Mirzapur, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Narendra Kumar Singh
- Department of Ayurveda Pharmacy, Ayurvedic Pharmacy Laboratory, Rajiv Gandhi South Campus, Banaras Hindu University, Barkachha, Mirzapur, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Dev Nath Singh Gautam
- Department of Ayurveda Pharmacy, Ayurvedic Pharmacy Laboratory, Rajiv Gandhi South Campus, Banaras Hindu University, Barkachha, Mirzapur, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Anil Kumar Singh
- Department of Dravyaguna, Faculty of Ayurveda, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
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CHEN J, HOU T, FANG Y, CHEN ZP, LIU X, CAI H, LU TL, YAN GJ, CAI BC. HPLC Determination of Strychnine and Brucine in Rat Tissues and the Distribution Study of Processed Semen Strychni. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2011; 131:721-9. [DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.131.721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jun CHEN
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine
| | - Ting HOU
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine
| | - Yun FANG
- Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School
| | - Zhi-peng CHEN
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine
| | - Xiao LIU
- Engineering Center of State Ministry of Education for Standardization of Chinese Medicine Processing, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine
| | - Hao CAI
- Engineering Center of State Ministry of Education for Standardization of Chinese Medicine Processing, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine
| | - Tu-lin LU
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine
| | - Guo-jun YAN
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine
| | - Bao-chang CAI
- Engineering Center of State Ministry of Education for Standardization of Chinese Medicine Processing, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine
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Haghi G, Hatami A, Safaei A. Hydrophilic-Interaction Chromatography with UV Detection for Analysis of Strychnine and Brucine in the Crude Seeds of Strychnos nux-vomica and Their Processed Products. Chromatographia 2009. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-009-1414-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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