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Tchamgoue J, Tchokokam YRW, Ngouonpe AW, Ngandjui YAT, Tiani GLM, Msagati TAM, Ngadjui BT, Green IR, Kouam SF. The genus Canthium: A comprehensive summary on its traditional use, phytochemistry, and pharmacological activities. Fitoterapia 2024; 172:105754. [PMID: 37992781 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2023.105754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
Canthium Lam. is a genus of flowering plants of the Rubiaceae family with about 80-102 species mainly distributed in Asia, tropical and subtropical Africa. The genus is closely related to Keetia E. Phillips and Psydrax Gaertn. and plants of this genus are used in folk medicine for the treatment of diarrhea, worms, leucorrhoea, constipation, snake bites, diabetes, hypertension, venereal diseases, and malaria. The present review covers a period of 52 years of biological and chemical investigations into the genus Canthium and has resulted in the isolation of about 96 secondary metabolites and several reported biological properties. For the Rubiaceae family, iridoids were reported as being the chemotaxonomic markers of this genus (∼25%). Other reported classes of compounds include alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolic compounds, cyanogenic glycosides, coumarins, sugar alcohols, lignans, triterpenoids, and benzoquinones. The main reported pharmacological properties of most species of this genus include antioxidant, antiplasmodial, antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, neuroprotective and antimicrobial activities with the latter being the most prominent. Considering the diversity of compounds reported from plants of this genus and their wide range of biological activities, it is considered to be worthy to further investigate them for the discovery of potentially new and cost effective drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Tchamgoue
- Department of Chemistry, Higher Teacher Training College, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 47, Yaoundé, Cameroon; Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Yvan Romuald W Tchokokam
- Department of Chemistry, Higher Teacher Training College, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 47, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Alain W Ngouonpe
- Department of Chemistry, Higher Teacher Training College, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 47, Yaoundé, Cameroon; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Yvan Anderson T Ngandjui
- Department of Chemistry, Higher Teacher Training College, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 47, Yaoundé, Cameroon; College of Science Engineering and Technology, Institute for Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability, University of South Africa, Florida 1709, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Gesquière Laure M Tiani
- Department of Chemistry, Higher Teacher Training College, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 47, Yaoundé, Cameroon; Department of Fundamental Science, University Institute for Wood Technology Mbalmayo, P.O. Box 306, Mbalmayo, Cameroon
| | - Titus A M Msagati
- College of Science Engineering and Technology, Institute for Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability, University of South Africa, Florida 1709, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Bonaventure T Ngadjui
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Ivan R Green
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science, University of Stellenbosch, P/Bag X1, Matieland, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa
| | - Simeon F Kouam
- Department of Chemistry, Higher Teacher Training College, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 47, Yaoundé, Cameroon.
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Phytochemical and chemotaxonomic investigations on the aerial parts of Cynanchum auriculatum Royle ex Wight. BIOCHEM SYST ECOL 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bse.2023.104609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
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Liu EH, Zhou T, Li GB, Li J, Huang XN, Pan F, Gao N. Characterization and identification of iridoid glucosides, flavonoids and anthraquinones in Hedyotis diffusa by high-performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2015; 35:263-72. [PMID: 25940590 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201100780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2011] [Revised: 10/24/2011] [Accepted: 10/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The multiple bioactive constituents in Hedyotis diffusa Willd. (H. diffusa) were extracted and characterized by high-performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS(n)). The optimized separation condition was obtained using an Agilent ZorBax SB-C18 column (4.6×150 mm, 5 μm) and gradient elution with water (containing 0.1% formic acid) and acetonitrile (containing 0.1% formic acid), under which baseline separation for the majority of compounds was achieved. Among the compounds detected, 14 iridoid glucosides, 10 flavonoids, 7 anthraquinones, 1 coumarin and 1 triterpene were unambiguously identified or tentatively characterized based on their retention times and mass spectra in comparison with the data from standards or references. The fragmentation behavior for different types of constituents was also investigated, which could contribute to the elucidation of these constituents in H. diffusa. The present study reveals that even more iridoid glycosides were found in H. diffusa than hitherto assumed. The occurrence of two iridoid glucosides and five flavonoids in particular has not yet been described. This paper marks the first report on the structural characterization of chemical compounds in H. diffusa by a developed HPLC-ESI-MS(n) method.
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Affiliation(s)
- E-Hu Liu
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, P. R. China
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Son DJ, Lee GR, Oh S, Lee SE, Choi WS. Gastroprotective efficacy and safety evaluation of scoparone derivatives on experimentally induced gastric lesions in rodents. Nutrients 2015; 7:1945-64. [PMID: 25781220 PMCID: PMC4377892 DOI: 10.3390/nu7031945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Revised: 02/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the gastroprotective efficacy of synthesized scoparone derivatives on experimentally induced gastritis and their toxicological safety. Six scoparone derivatives were synthesized and screened for gastroprotective activities against HCl/ethanol- and indomethacin-induced gastric ulcers in rats. Among these compounds, 5,6,7-trimethoxycoumarin and 6,7,8-trimethoxycoumarin were found to have gastroprotective activity greater than the standard drug rebamipide; 6-methoxy-7,8-methylenedioxycoumarin, 6-methoxy-7,8-(1-methoxy)-methylenedioxycoumarin, 6,7-methylenedioxycoumarin, and 6,7-(1-methoxy)-methylenedioxycoumarin were found to be equipotent or less potent that of rebamipide. Pharmacological studies suggest that the presence of a methoxy group at position C-5 or C-8 of the scoparone's phenyl ring significantly improves gastroprotective activity, whereas the presence of a dioxolane ring at C-6, C-7, or C-8 was found to have decreased activity. In order to assess toxicological safety, two of the potent gastroprotective scoparone derivatives-5,6,7-trimethoxycoumarin and 6,7,8-trimethoxycoumarin-were examined for their acute toxicity in mice as well as their effect on cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzyme activity. These two compounds showed low acute oral toxicity in adult male and female mice, and caused minimal changes to CYP3A4 and CYP2C9 enzyme activity. These results indicate that compared to other scoparone derivatives, 5,6,7-trimethoxycoumarin and 6,7,8-trimethoxycoumarin can improve gastroprotective effects, and they have low toxicity and minimal effects on drug-metabolizing enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Ju Son
- School of Applied Bioscience, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Korea.
| | - Gyung Rak Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Natural Sciences, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, Chungnam 336-745, Korea.
| | - Sungil Oh
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Natural Sciences, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, Chungnam 336-745, Korea.
| | - Sung Eun Lee
- School of Applied Bioscience, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Korea.
| | - Won Sik Choi
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Natural Sciences, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, Chungnam 336-745, Korea.
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Kouam SF, Ngouonpe AW, Bullach A, Lamshöft M, Kuigoua GM, Spiteller M. Monoterpenes with antibacterial activities from a Cameroonian medicinal plant Canthium Multiflorum (Rubiaceae). Fitoterapia 2013; 91:199-204. [PMID: 24028969 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2013.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2013] [Revised: 08/27/2013] [Accepted: 08/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Investigation of the crude extract obtained from the aerial parts of Canthium multiflorum led to the isolation of a new iridoid (1) together with twelve known compounds. The structures of these compounds were elucidated by interpretation of 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopic data, accurate mass measurements and comparison with analytical data of previously known analogues. Most of the isolated compounds have been reported for the first time from C. multiflorium. The antimicrobial activities of the isolated compounds were evaluated on five different bacterial strains using agar diffusion technique. The Gram-positive bacterium Staphylococcus aureus subsp. aureus (DSM 799), and the Gram-negative bacteria Actinobacter calco-aceticus (DSM 30006), Serratia plymuthica (DSM 4540), Pseudomonas stutzeri (DSM 4166) and Escherichia coli (DSM 1116) were employed for this purpose. The new iridoid, named 6-oxo-genipin (1), demonstrated significant inhibitory activity against all microbial strains tested, especially the pathogen Staphylococcus aureus. In addition, the compounds 3, 4 and 9 exhibited antiplasmodial activity against Plasmodium falciparum strain K1 and weak cytotoxicity against L6 cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simeon Fogue Kouam
- Department of Chemistry, Higher Teachers' Training College, University of Yaounde I, P. O. Box 47, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Alain Wembe Ngouonpe
- Department of Chemistry, Higher Teachers' Training College, University of Yaounde I, P. O. Box 47, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Anke Bullach
- Institute of Environmental Research (INFU), Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Chair of Environmental Chemistry and Analytical Chemistry, TU Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Marc Lamshöft
- Institute of Environmental Research (INFU), Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Chair of Environmental Chemistry and Analytical Chemistry, TU Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Guy Merlin Kuigoua
- Department of Chemistry, Higher Teachers' Training College, University of Yaounde I, P. O. Box 47, Yaounde, Cameroon; Institute of Environmental Research (INFU), Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Chair of Environmental Chemistry and Analytical Chemistry, TU Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Michael Spiteller
- Institute of Environmental Research (INFU), Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Chair of Environmental Chemistry and Analytical Chemistry, TU Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
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Bero J, Hérent MF, Schmeda-Hirschmann G, Frédérich M, Quetin-Leclercq J. In vivo antimalarial activity of Keetia leucantha twigs extracts and in vitro antiplasmodial effect of their constituents. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2013; 149:176-183. [PMID: 23792125 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2013.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2013] [Revised: 06/10/2013] [Accepted: 06/13/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The West African tree Keetia leucantha (Rubiaceae) is used in traditional medicine in Benin to treat malaria. The twigs dichloromethane extract was previously shown to inhibit in vitro Plasmodium falciparum growth with no cytotoxicity (>100µg/ml on human normal fibroblasts). MATERIALS AND METHODS The dichloromethane and aqueous extracts of twigs of K. leucantha were evaluated in vivo against Plasmodium berghei NK 173 by the 4-day suppressive test and in vitro against a chloroquine-sensitive strain of Plasmodium falciparum (3D7) using the measurement of the plasmodial lactate dehydrogenase activity. Bioguided fractionations were realized and compounds were structurally elucidated using extensive spectroscopic analysis. RESULTS The in vivo antimalarial activity of K. leucantha dichloromethane and aqueous twigs extracts were assessed in mice at the dose of 200mg/kg/day. Both extracts exhibited significant effect in inhibiting parasite growth by 56.8% and 53.0% (p<0.0001) on day 7-postinfection. An LC-MS analysis and bioguided fractionations on the twigs dichloromethane extract led to the isolation and structural determination of scopoletin (1), stigmasterol (2), three phenolic compounds: vanillin (3), hydroxybenzaldehyde (4) and ferulaldehyde (5), eight triterpenic esters (6-13), oleanolic acid and ursolic acid. The antiplasmodial activity of the mixture of the eight triterpenic esters showed an antiplasmodial activity of 1.66 ± 0.54 µg/ml on the 3D7 strain, and the same range of activity was observed for isolated isomers mixtures. CONCLUSIONS This is the first report on the in vivo activity of K. leucantha extracts, the isolation of thirteen compounds and analysis of their antiplasmodial activity. The results obtained may partially justify the traditional use of K. leucantha to treat malaria in Benin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne Bero
- Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Pharmacognosy Research Group, Avenue E. Mounier, B1 72.03, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium.
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Ilboudo DP, Basilico N, Parapini S, Corbett Y, D'Alessandro S, Dell'Agli M, Coghi P, Karou SD, Sawadogo R, Gnoula C, Simpore J, Nikiema JB, Monti D, Bosisio E, Taramelli D. Antiplasmodial and anti-inflammatory activities of Canthium henriquesianum (K. Schum), a plant used in traditional medicine in Burkina Faso. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2013; 148:763-769. [PMID: 23680158 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2013.04.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2013] [Revised: 03/27/2013] [Accepted: 04/26/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Canthium henriquesianum (K. Schum) is traditionally used in Burkina Faso for the treatment of malaria, but has not been properly investigated, yet. The aim of this study was to characterize in vitro the antiplasmodial and the anti-inflammatory activity of extracts from Canthium henriquesianum (K. Schum). In parallel, extracts of Gardenia sokotensis (Hutch) and Vernonia colorata (Willd), also traditionally used together in Burkina Faso and already reported with antimalarial activity, were compared. MATERIALS AND METHODS Plant extracts were tested in vitro for antimalarial activity against chloroquine susceptible (D10) and resistant (W2) strains of Plasmodium falciparum using the lactate dehydrogenase assay. Cell cytotoxicity was assessed on human dermal fibroblast (HDF) by the MTT assay. The selectivity index (SI) was used as the ratio of the activity against the parasites compared to the toxicity of the plant extract against HDF. In vitro cytokine production was assessed by ELISA technique. RESULTS Canthium henriquesianum aqueous extract had a moderate antimalarial activity (IC50<50 µg/ml) with a good selectivity index (SI=HDF/D10>7). Canthium henriquesianum diisopropyl ether extract was the most potent inhibitor of parasite growth with an IC50 9.5 µg/ml on W2 and 8.8 µg/ml on D10 and limited toxicity (SI>2). Gardenia sokotensis and Vernonia colorata aqueous extracts were shown to be significantly less active (IC50≥50 µg/ml) with substantial toxicity. In addition, when the production of IL-1β and TNFα by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or hemozoin (malaria pigment) stimulated human THP-1 monocytes was assayed, it was found that the extract of Canthium henriquesianum induced a dose-dependent inhibition of IL-1β, but not of TNFα production, thus confirming its traditional use as antipyretic. By NMR analysis, the chromone was identified as the mostly represented compound in the diisopropyl ether extract of Canthium henriquesianum. Chromone however, was less active as antimalarial than the crude extract and it did not inhibit cytokine production at not toxic doses, indicating that other molecules in the total extracts contribute to the antiplasmodial and anti-inflammatory activity. CONCLUSION Canthium henriquesianum seems to possess antimalarial activity in vitro and the ability to inhibit the production of the pyrogenic cytokine IL-1β.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise P Ilboudo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Pascal 36, 20133 Milan, Italy.
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Abstract
This review covers the isolation and structure determination of triterpenoids including squalene derivatives, protostanes, lanostanes, holostanes, cycloartanes, dammaranes, euphanes, tirucallanes, tetranortriterpenoids, lupanes, oleananes, friedelanes, ursanes, hopanes, isomalabaricanes and saponins; 574 references are cited.
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Traoré-Coulibaly M, Ziegler HL, Olsen CE, Hassanata MK, Pierre GI, Nacoulma OG, Guiguemdé TR, Christensen SB. 19α-Hydroxy-3-oxo-ursa-1,12-dien-28-oic acid, an antiplasmodial triterpenoid isolated fromCanthium multiflorum. Nat Prod Res 2009; 23:1108-11. [DOI: 10.1080/14786410802401481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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