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Theunissen K, Van Hooren B, Plasqui G, Meijer K. Self-paced and fixed speed treadmill walking yield similar energetics and biomechanics across different speeds. Gait Posture 2022; 92:2-7. [PMID: 34801952 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2021.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Treadmill assessments are often performed at a fixed speed. Feedback-controlled algorithms allow users to adjust the treadmill speed, hereby potentially better resembling natural self-paced locomotion. However, it is currently unknown whether the energetics and biomechanics of self-paced differ from fixed-paced treadmill walking. Such information is important for clinicians and researchers using self-paced locomotion for assessing gait. RESEARCH QUESTION To investigate whether energy cost and biomechanics are different between self-paced and matched-speed fixed-paced locomotion. METHODS 18 healthy participants (9 males/9 females, mean ± standard deviation age 24.8 ± 3.3 years, height 1.71 ± 0.81 m, weight 65.9 ± 8.1 kg) walked at four different self-paced speeds (comfortable, slow, very slow, fast) in randomized order on an instrumented treadmill while three-dimensional motion capture and gas exchange were measured continuously. The average walking speed during the last 2 min of the self-paced trials was used to match the speed in fixed-paced conditions. Linear mixed models were used to assess differences in mean values and within-subject variations between conditions (self-paced and fixed-paced) and speeds. Statistical Parametric Mapping was used to assess differences in kinematics of the lower limb between conditions. RESULTS Although self-paced walking consistently resulted in a 4-6% higher net cost of walking, there were no significant differences in the net cost of walking between conditions. Further, there were also no differences of clinical relevance in spatiotemporal outcomes and sagittal-plane lower-limb kinematics between the self-paced and fixed-paced conditions. Within-trial variability was also not significantly different between conditions. SIGNIFICANCE Self-paced and fixed-paced treadmill walking yield similar energetics and kinematics in healthy young individuals when mean values or linear measures of variation are of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyra Theunissen
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands; Rehabilitation Research Center, REVAL, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Hasselt University, Belgium; School of Care and Public Health Research Institute, Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands.
| | - Bas Van Hooren
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands
| | - Guy Plasqui
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands
| | - Kenneth Meijer
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands
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Montoye AHK, Vondrasek JD, Hancock JB. Validity and Reliability of the VO2 Master Pro for Oxygen Consumption and Ventilation Assessment. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXERCISE SCIENCE 2020; 13:1382-1401. [PMID: 33042375 PMCID: PMC7523887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This study assessed validity and reliability of the VO2 Master Pro portable metabolic analyzer for assessment of oxygen consumption (VO2) and minute ventilation (VE). In Protocol 1, eight male participants (height: 182.6 ± 5.8 cm, weight: 79.6 ± 8.3 kg, age: 41.0 ± 12.3 years) with previous competitive cycling experience completed an hour-long stationary cycling protocol twice, progressing from 100-300 Watts every 10 minutes while wearing the VO2 Master and a criterion measure (Parvomedics) for five minutes each, at each stage. In Protocol 2, 16 recreationally active male participants (height: 168.2 ± 8.4 cm, weight: 76.5 ± 13.3 kg, age: 23.0 ± 9.4 years) completed three incremental, maximal stationary cycling tests wearing one of three analyzers for each test (VO2 Master version 1.1.1, VO2 Master version 1.2.1, Parvomedics). For Protocol 1 and convergent validity, the VO2 Master had mean absolute differences from the Parvomedics of <0.3 L/min for absolute VO2 and <5 L/min for VE overall and at each exercise stage. Mean absolute percent differences (MAPD) for VO2 and VE were <9% overall and <12% at each stage. Test-retest reliability of the VO2 Master (MAPD: 8.9-10.9%) was somewhat poorer than the Parvomedics (MAPD: 5.3-7.6%). For Protocol 2, validity was similar for both VO2 Master models (MAPD ~12% overall) compared to the Parvomedics for VO2 and VE. The VO2 Master had an acceptable validity and test-retest reliability for most intensities tested and may be an appealing option for field-based VO2 and VE analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander H K Montoye
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Health Science, Alma College, Alma, MI, USA
| | - Joseph D Vondrasek
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Health Science, Alma College, Alma, MI, USA
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Hudson S, Cooke C, Davies S, West S, Gamieldien R, Low C, Lloyd R. Inter-individual variability in load carriage economy and comparisons between different load conditions. APPLIED ERGONOMICS 2020; 82:102968. [PMID: 31600713 DOI: 10.1016/j.apergo.2019.102968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 09/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Equivocal findings exist for the economy associated with load carried close to the body's centre of mass. Individual variation could explain some of the equivocal findings. This research aimed to examine the extent of individual variation in loaded walking economy. Eighteen females carried load on the back, head and split between the front and back. Individual variation in relative load carriage economy (ELI) was primarily assessed using standard deviation, coefficients of variation (CV) and intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC). There was large inter-individual variation in ELI values with highest mean CV's of 16%, 12% and 10% for head-, back- and combined front and back-loading. Mean ELI values were not significantly different between methods. The large amount of individual variation found here suggests future load carriage research should account for individual variation, particularly when considering sample size and when making inferences on the economy associated with different types of load carriage using group mean data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean Hudson
- University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, Yorkshire, UK.
| | | | - Simeon Davies
- Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Sacha West
- Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Raeeq Gamieldien
- Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Chris Low
- Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, Yorkshire, UK
| | - Ray Lloyd
- Leeds Trinity University, Leeds, Yorkshire, UK
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Macfarlane DJ. Open-circuit respirometry: a historical review of portable gas analysis systems. Eur J Appl Physiol 2017; 117:2369-2386. [PMID: 29043499 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-017-3716-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Scientists such as physiologists, engineers, and nutritionists have often sought to estimate human metabolic strain during daily activities and physical pursuits. The measurement of human metabolism can involve direct calorimetry as well as indirect calorimetry using both closed-circuit respirometry and open-circuit methods that can include diluted flow chambers and laboratory-based gas analysis systems. For field studies, methods involving questionnaires, pedometry, accelerometery, heart rate telemetry, and doubly labelled water exist, yet portable metabolic gas analysis remains the gold standard for most field studies on energy expenditure. This review focuses on research-based portable systems designed to estimate metabolic rate typically under steady-state conditions by critically examining each significant historical innovation. Key developments include Zuntz's 1906 innovative system, then a significant improvement to this purely mechanical system by the widely adopted Kofranyi-Michaelis device in the 1940s. Later, a series of technical improvements: in electronics lead to Wolf's Integrating Motor Pneumotachograph in the 1950s; in polarographic O2 cells in 1970-1980's allowed on-line oxygen uptake measures; in CO2 cells in 1990s allowed on-line respiratory exchange ratio determination; and in advanced sensors/computing power at the turn of the century led to the first truly breath-by-breath portable systems. Very recent significant updates to the popular Cosmed and Cortex systems and the potential commercial release of the NASA-developed 'PUMA' system show that technological developments in this niche area are still incrementally advancing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duncan J Macfarlane
- Institute of Human Performance, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong.
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Brisswalter J, Tartaruga MP. Comparison of COSMED’S FitMate™ and K4b2 metabolic systems reliability during graded cycling exercise. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation 2014; 74:722-4. [DOI: 10.3109/00365513.2014.930711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeanick Brisswalter
- University of Nice Sophia Antipolis, Laboratory of Human Motricity, Education Sport and Health,
Nice, France
| | - Marcus P. Tartaruga
- Midwest State University of Paraná, Biomechanics Laboratory,
Guarapuava, Brazil
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Keir DA, Thériault F, Serresse O. Evaluation of the Running-Based Anaerobic Sprint Test as a Measure of Repeated Sprint Ability in Collegiate-Level Soccer Players. J Strength Cond Res 2013; 27:1671-8. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0b013e31827367ba] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Darter BJ, Rodriguez KM, Wilken JM. Test-retest reliability and minimum detectable change using the K4b2: oxygen consumption, gait efficiency, and heart rate for healthy adults during submaximal walking. RESEARCH QUARTERLY FOR EXERCISE AND SPORT 2013; 84:223-231. [PMID: 23930548 PMCID: PMC4023251 DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2013.784720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Oxygen consumption (VO2; mLO2/kg/min), gait efficiency (GE; mlO2/kg/m) and heart rate (HR; beats per minute) are measures of physiological gait performance. However, the collection device, procedures for data normalization, and biological factors can affect measurement variability. The purpose of this study was to determine the test-retest reliability and minimum detectable change (MDC) for VO2, GE, and HR with the K4b2 at submaximal walking speeds in healthy young adults. A second purpose was to determine if net measures improved reproducibility. METHOD Twenty-two participants completed 2 identical treadmill tests on separate days at submaximal walking speeds from 0.71 m/s to 1.65 m/s. RESULTS Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) values for gross VO2, gross GE, and HR were greater than .85 for all walking speeds. Associated MDC values were approximately 7% to 10% for gross VO2 and GE, and approximately 9% to 12% for HR. ICC values for resting VO2 were lower, with MDC values approaching 25%. Subtracting out resting values to derive net VO2 and GE values produced ICC values below .76 for the 2 slowest speeds but ICC values greater than .83 for the faster speeds. MDC values for net VO2 and GE were up to 20% for the slowest speeds. CONCLUSIONS The results demonstrate metabolic cost can be assessed reliably using the K4b2 during submaximal walking and that gross measures are more reliable than net measures. Furthermore, changes at self-selected speeds exceeding 1.0 mLO2/kg/min in gross VO2 and 0.01 mLO2/kg/m in gross GE can be considered a true change in walking performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J Darter
- Department of Physical Therapy, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1200 East Broad Street, P. O. Box 980224, Richmond, VA 23298, USA.
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Louis J, Hausswirth C, Brisswalter J. Reproductibilité du système métabolique Fitmate™ Cosmed pour mesurer la dépense énergétique sous maximale du pédalage. Sci Sports 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2011.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Katzel LI, Sorkin JD, Macko RF, Smith B, Ivey FM, Shulman LM. Repeatability of aerobic capacity measurements in Parkinson disease. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2012; 43:2381-7. [PMID: 21606869 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0b013e31822432d4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Maximal or peak aerobic capacity (VO(2peak)) during a maximal-effort graded exercise test is considered by many to be the "gold standard" outcome for assessing the effect of exercise training on cardiorespiratory fitness. The reliability of this measure in Parkinson disease (PD) has not been established, where the degree of motor impairment can vary greatly and is influenced by medications. This study examined the reliability of VO(2peak) during a maximal-effort graded exercise test in subjects with PD. METHODS Seventy healthy middle-aged and older subjects with PD Hoehn and Yahr stage 1.5-3 underwent a screening/acclimatization maximal-effort treadmill test followed by two additional maximal-effort treadmill tests with repeated measurements of VO(2peak). A third VO(2peak) test was performed in a subset of 21 subjects. RESULTS The mean VO(2peak) measurement was 2.4% higher in the second test compared with the first test (21.42 ± 4.3 vs 21.93 ± 4.50 mL·kg(-1)·min(-1), mean ± SD, P = 0.03). The intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) for VO(2peak) expressed either as milliliters per kilogram per minute or as liters per minute were highly reliable, with ICC of 0.90 and 0.94, respectively. The maximum HR (ICC of 0.91) and final speed achieved during the tests (ICC of 0.94) were also highly reliable, with the respiratory quotient being the least reliable of the parameters measured (ICC of 0.65). CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that measurement of VO(2peak) is reliable and repeatable in subjects with mild to moderate PD, thereby validating use of this parameter for assessing the effects of exercise interventions on cardiorespiratory fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie I Katzel
- Geriatrics Research Education and Clinical Center, Baltimore Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
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Shephard RJ, Aoyagi Y. Measurement of human energy expenditure, with particular reference to field studies: an historical perspective. Eur J Appl Physiol 2011; 112:2785-815. [PMID: 22160180 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-011-2268-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2011] [Accepted: 11/23/2011] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Over the years, techniques for the study of human movement have ranged in complexity and precision from direct observation of the subject through activity diaries, questionnaires, and recordings of body movement, to the measurement of physiological responses, studies of metabolism and indirect and direct calorimetry. This article reviews developments in each of these domains. Particular reference is made to their impact upon the continuing search for valid field estimates of activity patterns and energy expenditures, as required by the applied physiologist, ergonomist, sports scientist, nutritionist and epidemiologist. Early observers sought to improve productivity in demanding employment. Direct observation and filming of workers were supplemented by monitoring of heart rates, ventilation and oxygen consumption. Such methods still find application in ergonomics and sport, but many investigators are now interested in relationships between habitual physical activity and chronic disease. Even sophisticated questionnaires still do not provide valid information on the absolute energy expenditures associated with good health. Emphasis has thus shifted to use of sophisticated pedometer/accelerometers, sometimes combining their output with GPS and other data. Some modern pedometer/accelerometers perform well in the laboratory, but show substantial systematic errors relative to laboratory reference criteria such as the metabolism of doubly labeled water when assessing the varied activities of daily life. The challenge remains to develop activity monitors that are sufficiently inexpensive for field use, yet meet required accuracy standards. Possibly, measurements of oxygen consumption by portable respirometers may soon satisfy part of this need, although a need for valid longer term monitoring will remain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy J Shephard
- Faculty of Physical Education and Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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Sawyer BJ, Blessinger JR, Irving BA, Weltman A, Patrie JT, Gaesser GA. Walking and running economy: inverse association with peak oxygen uptake. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2011; 42:2122-7. [PMID: 20351592 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0b013e3181de2da7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that V˙O2peak is positively correlated with the regression coefficients of the curve-linear relationship between V˙O2 and speed during a protocol consisting of submaximal walking and running. METHODS Nineteen healthy men (mean ± SD: age = 26.4 ± 6.4 yr, height = 179.9 ± 7.2 cm, weight = 77.7 ± 8.7 kg, % fat = 16.3 ± 7.3) and 21 healthy women (age = 25.6 ± 4.9 yr, height = 167.2 ± 5.4 cm, weight = 61.6 ± 7.7 kg, % fat = 24.0 ± 6.8) underwent an incremental treadmill test to determine VO2peak and on two separate days performed an exercise protocol consisting of treadmill walking on a level grade at 2.0 mph (54 m·min−¹), 3.0 mph (80 m·min−¹), and 4.0 mph (107 m·min−¹) and running at 6.0 mph (161 m·min−¹). Subjects exercised for 5 min at each velocity, with 3 min of rest in between each exercise bout. Pulmonary ventilation (VE) and gas exchange were measured breath-by-breath each minute. The average of VO2 values obtained during the last 2 min of exercise for both exercise sessions was used in polynomial random coefficient regression analysis. RESULTS In the polynomial random coefficient regression analysis for walking speeds only, both linear (r = 0.31, P = 0.053) and quadratic (r = 0.35, P = 0.029) coefficients were modestly correlated with VO2peak. Steady-state VO2 during walking at 3.0 and 4.0 mph and running at 6.0 mph was also modestly correlated with VO2peak (r = 0.30-0.48). CONCLUSIONS The results confirm our hypothesis and suggest that, as walking speed increases, the increase in VO2 is positively correlated with the VO2peak. Our findings are consistent with the notion that cardiorespiratory fitness and exercise economy are inversely related.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon J Sawyer
- Department of Kinesiology, Point Loma Nazarene University, San Diego, CA, USA.
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