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Namasivayam-MacDonald AM, Barbon CEA, Steele CM. A review of swallow timing in the elderly. Physiol Behav 2018; 184:12-26. [PMID: 29101012 PMCID: PMC5742298 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2017.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Revised: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Many studies evaluate dysphagia in elderly patients and compare their swallowing to younger controls to assess the degree of swallowing impairment. Previous research suggests that changes should be expected in swallowing due to aging, and these changes need to be considered when performing swallowing assessments. A systematic review was conducted to elucidate the timing of swallowing in healthy. A comprehensive multiengine literature search was conducted to find articles studying swallowing in the healthy elderly, which yielded 22,852 articles of which 11 were judged to be relevant. Only articles using videofluoroscopy as an assessment method for swallowing timing were included. The articles underwent detailed review for study quality and data extraction. The eleven studies contained data for 32 different parameters, and 10 of the 11 studies compared elderly subjects to a younger group. Timing measures from the studies were compiled for analysis. In general, bolus transit times do not appear to change with age. Of note, elderly subjects tended to have a significantly delayed swallow response times and longer duration of upper esophageal sphincter opening. Results showed a large degree of variability across studies for each of the timing measures. Confidence intervals for timing in healthy older participants were computed across studies. Potential sources of variation were identified, including methodological, stimulus-related and participant-related sources. The results suggests that aging affects only a few very specific swallowing timing parameters, and many parameters appear to be unaffected by aging. Therefore, significant differences from a young reference sample should be interpreted as dysphagia rather than normal changes due to aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashwini M Namasivayam-MacDonald
- Swallowing Rehabilitation Research Laboratory, Toronto Rehabilitation Institute - University Health Network, Toronto, Canada; Adelphi University, Garden City, NY, USA.
| | - Carly E A Barbon
- Swallowing Rehabilitation Research Laboratory, Toronto Rehabilitation Institute - University Health Network, Toronto, Canada; Rehabilitation Sciences Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Catriona M Steele
- Swallowing Rehabilitation Research Laboratory, Toronto Rehabilitation Institute - University Health Network, Toronto, Canada; Rehabilitation Sciences Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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Kim DY, Kim YH, Lee J, Chang WH, Kim MW, Pyun SB, Yoo WK, Ohn SH, Park KD, Oh BM, Lim SH, Jung KJ, Ryu BJ, Im S, Jee SJ, Seo HG, Rah UW, Park JH, Sohn MK, Chun MH, Shin HS, Lee SJ, Lee YS, Park SW, Park YG, Paik NJ, Lee SG, Lee JK, Koh SE, Kim DK, Park GY, Shin YI, Ko MH, Kim YW, Yoo SD, Kim EJ, Oh MK, Chang JH, Jung SH, Kim TW, Kim WS, Kim DH, Park TH, Lee KS, Hwang BY, Song YJ. Clinical Practice Guideline for Stroke Rehabilitation in Korea 2016. BRAIN & NEUROREHABILITATION 2017. [DOI: 10.12786/bn.2017.10.e11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Deog Young Kim
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Korea
| | - Yun-Hee Kim
- Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Korea
| | - Jongmin Lee
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Korea
| | - Won Hyuk Chang
- Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Korea
| | - Min-Wook Kim
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Korea
| | - Sung-Bom Pyun
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Korea University College of Medicine, Korea
| | - Woo-Kyoung Yoo
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Hallym University College of Medicine, Korea
| | - Suk Hoon Ohn
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Hallym University College of Medicine, Korea
| | - Ki Deok Park
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Gachon University College of Medicine, Korea
| | - Byung-Mo Oh
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Korea
| | - Seong Hoon Lim
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Korea
| | - Kang Jae Jung
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Eulji University Hospital & Eulji University School of Medicine, Korea
| | - Byung-Ju Ryu
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Sahmyook Medical Center, Korea
| | - Sun Im
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Korea
| | - Sung Ju Jee
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Korea
| | - Han Gil Seo
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Korea
| | - Ueon Woo Rah
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Ajou University School of Medicine, Korea
| | - Joo Hyun Park
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Korea
| | - Min Kyun Sohn
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Korea
| | - Min Ho Chun
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Korea
| | - Hee Suk Shin
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine and Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine, Korea
| | - Seong Jae Lee
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, College of Medicine Dankook University, Korea
| | - Yang-Soo Lee
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Korea
| | - Si-Woon Park
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University International St Mary's Hospital, Korea
| | - Yoon Ghil Park
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Korea
| | - Nam Jong Paik
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Korea
| | - Sam-Gyu Lee
- Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Korea
| | - Ju Kang Lee
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Gachon University College of Medicine, Korea
| | - Seong-Eun Koh
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Korea
| | - Don-Kyu Kim
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Korea
| | - Geun-Young Park
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Korea
| | - Yong Il Shin
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Pusan National University Hospital, Korea
| | - Myoung-Hwan Ko
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Korea
| | - Yong Wook Kim
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Korea
| | - Seung Don Yoo
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Korea
| | - Eun Joo Kim
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, National Rehabilitation Hospital, Korea
| | - Min-Kyun Oh
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine and Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine, Korea
| | - Jae Hyeok Chang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Pusan National University Hospital, Korea
| | - Se Hee Jung
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Korea
| | - Tae-Woo Kim
- TBI rehabilitation center, National Traffic Injury Rehabilitation Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Korea
| | - Won-Seok Kim
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Korea
| | - Dae Hyun Kim
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Veterans Health Service Medical Center, Korea
| | - Tai Hwan Park
- Department of Neurology, Seoul Medical Center, Korea
| | - Kwan-Sung Lee
- Department of Neurosurgery, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Korea
| | - Byong-Yong Hwang
- Department of Physical Therapy, Yong-In University College of Health & Welfare, Korea
| | - Young Jin Song
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Korea
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Park DH, Chun MH, Lee SJ, Song YB. Comparison of swallowing functions between brain tumor and stroke patients. Ann Rehabil Med 2013; 37:633-41. [PMID: 24231855 PMCID: PMC3825939 DOI: 10.5535/arm.2013.37.5.633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2013] [Accepted: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the swallowing functions according to the lesion locations between brain tumor and stroke patients. METHODS Forty brain tumor patients and the same number of age-, lesion-, and functional status-matching stroke patients were enrolled in this study. Before beginning the swallowing therapy, swallowing function was evaluated in all subjects by videofluoroscopic swallowing study. Brain lesions were classified as either supratentorial or in-fratentorial. We evaluated the following: the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA) National Outcome Measurement System (NOMS) swallowing scale, clinical dysphagia scale, functional dysphagia scale (FDS), penetration-aspiration scale (PAS), oral transit time, pharyngeal transit time, the presence of vallecular pouch residue, pyriform sinus residue, laryngopharyngeal incoordination, premature spillage, a decreased swal-lowing reflex, pneumonia, and the feeding method at discharge. RESULTS The incidence of dysphagia was similar in brain tumor and stroke patients. There were no differences in the results of the various swallowing scales and other parameters between the two groups. When compared brain tumor patients with supratentorial lesions, brain tumor patients with infratentorial lesions showed higher propor-tion of dysphagia (p=0.01), residue (p<0.01), FDS (p<0.01), PAS (p<0.01), and lower ASHA NOMS (p=0.02) at initial evaluation. However, there was no significant difference for the swallowing functions between benign and malig-nant brain tumor patients. CONCLUSION Swallowing function of brain tumor patients was not different from that of stroke patients according to matching age, location of lesion, and functional status. Similar to the stroke patients, brain tumor patients with infratentorial lesions present poor swallowing functions. However, the type of brain tumor as malignancy does not influence swallowing functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dae Hwan Park
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Malandraki GA, McCullough G, He X, McWeeny E, Perlman AL. Teledynamic evaluation of oropharyngeal swallowing. JOURNAL OF SPEECH, LANGUAGE, AND HEARING RESEARCH : JSLHR 2011; 54:1497-505. [PMID: 22052284 PMCID: PMC4165336 DOI: 10.1044/1092-4388(2011/10-0284)] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The objective of the present investigation was to test the feasibility and clinical utility of a real-time Internet-based protocol for remote, telefluoroscopic evaluation of oropharyngeal swallowing. METHOD In this prospective cohort study, the authors evaluated 32 patients with a primary diagnosis of stroke or head/neck cancer. All patients participated in 2 separate fluoroscopic swallowing evaluations--one traditional on site and one telefluoroscopic off site--through the use of a telemedicine system. Agreement between sites was tested for 3 categories of variables: (a) overall severity of swallowing difficulty, (b) presence and extent of laryngeal penetration and aspiration as rated by the 8-point Penetration-Aspiration scale, and (c) treatment recommendations. RESULTS Results showed overall good agreement in subjective severity ratings (κ = 0.636) and in Penetration-Aspiration scale ratings (mean absolute difference = 1.1 points) between the onsite and offsite clinicians. Agreement in treatment recommendations was moderate to high, ranging from 69.3% to 100%. CONCLUSIONS The present study supports the feasibility and clinical utility of a telemedicine system for evaluating oropharyngeal swallowing. Given the difficulty and expertise needed to complete such evaluations, this study offers promising clinical avenues for patients in rural, remote, and underserved communities and countries where expert swallowing specialists are not available.
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Affiliation(s)
- GA Malandraki
- Department of Biobehavioral Sciences, Program of Speech and Language Pathology, Teachers College, Columbia University, New York
- Department of Speech and Hearing Science, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign
- Corresponding Author Address and Contact Information: Adrienne L Perlman, PhD, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Department of Speech and Hearing Science, 901 South Sixth St., Champaign, IL 61820,
| | - G McCullough
- Department of Speech Language Pathology, University of Central Arkansas, Conway
| | - X He
- Department of Statistics, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign
| | - E McWeeny
- Department of Audiology and Speech Pathology, University of Arkansas at Little Rock and University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences
| | - AL Perlman
- Department of Speech and Hearing Science, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign
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Kang SH, Kim DK, Seo KM, Seo JH. Usefulness of videofluoroscopic swallow study with mixed consistency food for patients with stroke or other brain injuries. J Korean Med Sci 2011; 26:425-30. [PMID: 21394313 PMCID: PMC3051092 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2011.26.3.425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2010] [Accepted: 01/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated the feasibility of mixed consistency foods test in patients with dysphagia which developed after stroke or other brain injuries. The findings of a videofluoroscopic swallow study (VFSS) were compared using single versus mixed consistency foods. Forty-nine patients with stroke or other brain injuries who had no significant abnormal findings in the single consistency food VFSS and started regular hospital diet were recruited for this study. Twenty-five (51%) of the 49 patients showed normal findings whereas 24 (49%) patients showed abnormal findings in the mixed consistency food VFSS. Abnormal findings included posterior spillage of liquid prematurely to pyriform sinus (n = 23), laryngeal penetration (n = 6), subglottic aspiration in the oral preparatory phase of swallowing (chewing), solid components (n = 2), and significant (more than 10%) residue in valleculae or pyriform sinus (n = 2). There was an increased risk of abnormal findings in mixed consistency food VFSS such as aspiration and penetration when a patient showed delayed pharyngeal delay time in single consistency food using liquids. In conclusion, VFSS protocols using mixed consistency foods would be useful before starting regular diet for patients after stroke or other brain injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Hyun Kang
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Don-Kyu Kim
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyung-Mook Seo
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong-Hyun Seo
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Abstract
Oropharyngeal dysphagia is frequent during the acute phase of stroke, but most patients recover. Dysphagia is related to higher incidence of aspiration, pneumonia and death. Frequently neither clinical history nor neurological evaluation predicts the presence of aspiration. In 64 patients not recovered from severe stroke after the acute phase with clinically suspected oropharyngeal dysphagia we investigated: (i) the correlation between clinical manifestations and videofluoroscopic findings; (ii) predictive factors of aspiration and silent aspiration. Clinical examination showed that 44% had impaired gag reflex, 47% cough during oral feeding, and 13% changes in voice after swallowing. Videofluoroscopy revealed some abnormality in 87%: 53% in the oral phase and 84% in the pharyngeal phase (aspiration in 66%; half being silent). Impaired pharyngeal safety was more frequent in posterior territory lesions and patients with a history of pneumonia (P<0.01). No correlation was found between clinical evaluation findings and presence of aspiration. Silent aspirations were more frequent in patients with previous orotracheal intubation (P<0.05) and abnormalities in velopharyngeal reflexes (P<0.05). We concluded that in patients not recovered from severe stroke after the acute phase and with suspected oropharyngeal dysphagia, clinical evaluation is of scant use in predicting aspiration and silent aspiration. Videofluoroscopic examination is mandatory in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Terré
- Unit of Functional Digestive Rehabilitation, Neurorehabilitation Hospital, Institut Guttmann, Badalona, Spain.
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Gross RD, Atwood CW, Grayhack JP, Shaiman S. Lung volume effects on pharyngeal swallowing physiology. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2003; 95:2211-7. [PMID: 12909607 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00316.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The experiment was a prospective, repeated-measures design intended to determine how the variation of lung volume affects specific measures of swallowing physiology. Swallows were recorded in 28 healthy subjects, who ranged in age from 21 to 40 yr (mean age of 29 yr), by using simultaneous videofluoroscopy, bipolar intramuscular electromyography, and respiratory inductance plethysmography. Each subject swallowed three standardized pudding-like consistency boluses at three randomized lung volumes: total lung capacity, functional residual capacity, and residual volume. The results showed that pharyngeal activity duration of deglutition for swallows produced at residual volume was significantly longer than those occurring at total lung capacity or at functional residual capacity. No significant differences were found for bolus transit time or intramuscular electromyography of the superior constrictor. The results of this experiment lend support to the hypothesis that the respiratory system may have a regulatory function related to swallowing and that positive subglottic air pressure may be important for swallowing integrity. Eventually, new treatment paradigms for oropharyngeal dysphagia that are based on respiratory physiology may be developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roxann Diez Gross
- Department of Audiology and Speech Pathology, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA 15240, USA.
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